POWER PLANT/ENGINE

(ATA 71)

Engine Integration for Most

Civil Transport
A. Wing-mounted (below the wing)
–> Medium & Large Jet Airplane
B. Fuselage-mounted (at the back of
fuselage) –> Small Jet Airplane
 Engine Integration
Considerations:
 C.G. range: B requires 30% (MAC), 10% higher than A.

 Wing weight: A lower, but more complex.

 Engine accessibility: A is better

 Flow around wing: A disturbing

 HLD: A less efficient and complex.

 FOD: B is better

 Nose wheel spray: A is better

 Thrust reverser: A influence slats, B influence rudder.

 Ground handling damage: B is better

 Take-off rotation angle: B is better due to c.g. position.

 Effect of in-advertent in-flight deployment of thrust

reverser: B is better (flow around leading edge).
 Becoming a trend for jet airplane (medium & large)
Airworthiness Requirements
 Airworthiness Requirements
§ 25.903 Engines.
(a) Engine type certificate.
(1) Each engine must have a type certificate and must meet the
applicable requirements of part 34 of this chapter. (lihat fuel syst)
(2) Each turbine engine must comply with one of the following:

(i) Sections 33.76, 33.77 and 33.78 of this chapter in effect on

December 13, 2000, or as subsequently amended; or
(ii) Sections 33.77 and 33.78 of this chapter in effect on April 30, 1998,
or as subsequently amended before December 13, 2000; or
(iii) Comply with § 33.77 of this chapter in effect on October 31, 1974,
or as subsequently amended prior to April 30, 1998, unless that
engine's foreign object ingestion service history has resulted in an
unsafe condition; or
(iv) Be shown to have a foreign object ingestion service history in
similar installation locations which has not resulted in any unsafe
condition.
 Airworthiness Requirements
Thrust Ratings
FAR 33.7
(c) For turbine engines, ratings and operating limitations are
established relating to the following:
(1) Horsepower, torque, or thrust, rpm, gas temperature, and time for
(i) Rated maximum continuous power or thrust (augmented);
(ii) Rated maximum continuous power or thrust (unaugmented);
(iii) Rated takeoff power or thrust (augmented);
(iv) Rated takeoff power or thrust (unaugmented);
(v) Rated 30 minute OEI power;
(vi) Rated 2 1/2 minute OEI power;
(vii) Rated continuous OEI power; and
(viii) Rated 2-minute OEI power;
(ix) Rated 30-second OEI power; and
(x) Auxiliary power unit (APU) mode of operation.
Operating
Envelope
Gasturbine is a volumetric machine
Engine limiters
Influence of O.A.T. on N1
 Background of Thrust Requirements

 Take-off length (Table 1)

 OEI performance (Rocky Mountains, Table 2)
 Climb performance (Table 3, Fig. 5)
 Cruise speed (Table 4)
 Idle rating:
 flight: bleed air press, anti icing
 approach: min 3.2% climb gradient after 8s.
 ground: max. thrust during taxi, no frequent
braking (6-7% Take-off thrust).
Background of Thrust Requirements
Table 6.1 Take-off length
Background of Thrust Requirements
Table 2 OEI performance
Background of Thrust Requirements
Table 3 Climb performance
 Fig. 5
Background of
Thrust
Requirements
Climb
performance
(mass in 1000 lb,
transition due to
CAS and Mach Nr)
Background of Thrust Requirements
Table 4 Cruise speed
GTE Thermodynamic Cycle
 GTE Type

Turbojet Turboprop

Turbofan
GTE: Turbofan Engine
Turbofan = Gas Generator + Fan

Total Thrust: T  Tc  Th
Bypass Ratio
Low  B<2
m c
B Medium  2 < B < 3
m h High  B>3

Aft-Fan Turbine blade extension

Bolted to the compressor

Forward-Fan Connected to reduction gear

Driven by free turbine

 GTE: Turbofan Engine

Principles of Operation:

the basic principles of the

turbofan engine operation is
similar to that of the turbojet,
except in turbofan engine some
of the air do not enter the
engine’s core
 Exhaust
 Consists of a jet-pipe and a thrust
reverser.
 When thrust reverser stowed:
 good engine performance
 no extra base drag
 good engine noise attenuation
 When thrust reverser deployed:
 no effect on operating limits
 good reverser performance in ground
roll
 good aircraft directional stab. & control
 no exhaust or FO ingestion
Exhaust
Exhaust
Exhaust
 Noise
 ICAO Annex 16, Chapter 3 Noise Regulation:
Three measurement stations:
 - 2000 m before beginning of runway
(approach)
 - 450 m aside of the runway
 - 6500 m after take-off roll (fly-over)
 As a function of A/C weight
(B747 stage 3, Fo-28 stage 2)
 NAP: Noise Abatement Procedure (flight path
optimization)
Noise Level
Noise Level
Noise Spectrum
Noise Suppression
 Starting
Possible power sources:
- Electrical motor (up to 4000 shp or 5000 lbs)
- Hydraulic motor (helicopters)
- Turbine (military)
- Jet fuel starter (mini gas turbine, military)
- Hydrazine turbine motor (military)
- High pressure air turbine (200 bar)
- Low pressure air turbine (2-4 bar)
> 40 pax, requires air turbine starter
Starting
Starting
 Starting
Subject to be considered:
- Start time (torque charact., accessory drag,
starting envelope, max start time, shock
limit, available pressure) :
- Clutch disengagement/reengagement speed
- Crash engagement

Restart capability
Windmill: From 20000 ft, requires no more
than 5000 ft for restarting
Starting
Envelope
Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)
APU
APU
Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)
Fuel Control
Fuel injection system
Oli Cooling System