Chapter III

PROPOSED PROJECT DESIGN

This chapter presents the proposed layout of facilities, design considerations and design

standards and specifications. Preliminary viable design of the project is also presented together

with standards which are used to come up with it. All designs presented in this chapter are based

on the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP), National Building Code of the

Philippines (NBCP) and Department of Education Educational Facilities Manual.

A. Proposed Layout of Facilities

Academic facilities must be a priority of a school development plan since these facilities

will help on the educational growth of students which will lead them as qualified participants

of nation building. Academic laboratories, buildings and gymnasiums are one of these

facilities.

According to the population growth table of Calantas National High School as discussed

on chapter 1 under table., the school’s total population will boost up to 850 persons by year

2029. This implies that additional facilities must be built to accommodate the growth. Also,

since the school offers ABM, HUMSS and TechVoc (Agriculture) tracks, related laboratories

and buildings must also be built.

Site Development Plan

PLEASE INSERT SITE DEV PIC. Include description

 The proposed facilities are placed on the school’s lot profile considering the site’s

topography, direction of water flow, air circulation and natural lights. These facilities

include:

1. Four Storey Two Classroom Academic Buildings

PLEASE INSERT the two four storey building pics. Include description

The four storey academic building is intended for the students’ classes. Also, the

building has faculty rooms for the staffs of each department and storage rooms for the

files or other important materials. Restrooms are also included in the building plan

divided into male, female and persons with disabilities (PWD) restrooms. Table shows

the dimension of facilities located in the building.

Table 6

Four Storey Two Classroom Academic Buildings

Four Storey Two Classroom Junior High School Building

Standard

Facilities Dimension (m) Area (m2) Capacity (based from

NBC)
1.4 sq. m per
Classroom 7.00 x 9.00 63.00 45 students
occupant
14 faculty
Faculty Room 9.00 x 4.50 40.50 -
teachers
Comfort Room 4.50 x 3.50 15.75 4 cubicles -
(Male and Female)
PWD Comfort
2.75 x 2.70 7.425 1 person
Room
Storage Room 2.75 x 2.70 7.425 - -

Table 6

Four Storey Two Classroom Academic Buildings

Four Storey Two Classroom Senior High School Building

Standard

Facilities Dimension (m) Area (m2) Capacity (based from

NBC)
1.4 sq. m per
Classroom 7.00 x 9.00 63.00 45 students
occupant
14 faculty
Faculty Room 9.00 x 4.50 40.50 -
teachers
Comfort Room
4.50 x 3.50 15.75 4 cubicles -
(Male and Female)
PWD Comfort
2.75 x 2.70 7.425 1 person -
Room
Storage Room 2.75 x 2.70 7.425 - -

The facilities for both of the four storey two-classroom buildings are the same.

For aesthetic purposes, their only difference is the placement of stairs and the building’s

finishing accessories. In this way, the visitors may easily distinguish whether the building

is for senior high school or junior high school. The stairs for senior high school academic
building is placed at the center of the building while for the junior high school academic

building; the stairs are placed at both of the building’s ends.

Every storey of both buildings has two academic classrooms with a total area of

63 square meters and a dimension of 7 meters x 9 meters. Each room will be well-spaced

and well-ventilated enough to accommodate a total of 45 students. A total of 8

classrooms will be constructed per building which can accommodate a total of 360

students. This is based on the total projection of the student population after 10 years

which is 800 students. Faculty rooms are located on the ends of the second and third

floor of the building with a dimension of 9 meters by 4.50 meters which can

accommodate a total of 56 faculties per building. Every room also has their own comfort

room of 3 square meter area. PWD restrooms are located at both ends of the ground floor

with a total area of 7.425 square meters. Male restrooms will be located at the left ends of

ground floor and third floor while the female restrooms will be located on the other ends.

Every restroom has a total area of 15.75 square meters that has 4 cubicles each. At fourth

floor, storage rooms are situated at both ends with area similar to the PWD restroom

which is 7.425 square meters.

Each classroom has 2 main doors, 4 –double panel sliding windows, and an extra

1 door at the back as fire exit. 3-double panel windows, 1 main door and 1 door and 1

awning window for CR are installed for every faculty rooms. Storage rooms, PWD

restrooms and male and female restrooms both have 1 awning window and 1 entrance

door.
 Accessories for academic classrooms include armchairs, glass boards, and a

teacher’s table. Whereas for faculty rooms, office tables, chairs and cabinets are the main

accessories. For safety reasons, railings and handrails will be installed on every

building’s stairs and balconies. Also, handrails will be installed in the PWD restroom in

compliance with the NBCP. Ramps will also be constructed at the entrance for persons

with disabilities.

2. Two Storey Laboratory Building

PLEASE INSERT the lab building pic Include description

Actual works relating to the subjects the students are taking will be done in the laboratory.

The proposed two storey laboratory building consists of TechVoc Laboratory, Science

Laboratory and Computer Laboratory. Male and female restrooms are also included in the

building together with Storage rooms. The dimensions of the facilities are summed up into

table

Table 6

Four Storey Two Classroom Academic Buildings

Four Storey Two Classroom Junior High School Building

Facilities Dimension (m) Area (m2) Capacity Standard

(based from
 NBC)
Technical

Vocational 2.1 sq. m per

7.00 x 27.00 189.00 60 students
Laboratory (TVL occupant

LAB)
Storage Room 9.00 x 4.50 40.50 - -
Comfort Room
4.50 x 3.50 15.75 4 cubicles -
(Male and Female)
2.1 sq. m per
Science Laboratory 7.00 x 18.00 126.00 60 students
person
PWD Comfort
2.75 x 2.70 7.425 1 person
Room
Computer
2 laboratory
Laboratory 2.75 x 2.70 7.425 -
technicians
Technician’s Office

Technical Vocational Laboratory (TVL Laboratory or TechVoc Laboratory) is

located on the ground floor of the building. It is intended for the use of senior high school

students taking up the Agriculture Strand under TVL Track. The facility has a dimension

of 7 meters x 27 meters with a total area of 126 square meters. It can accommodate a total

of 60 students during their laboratory works regarding agriculture. It will also serve as

storage place for farming equipment. Also, if there is an upcoming event to be held in the

school, the TVL Laboratory may be used as function hall by removing its foldable

partitions.

Science Laboratory and Computer Laboratory is placed at the second floor of the

building. The Science laboratory will be used as a place where the junior high school
students will perform their experiments on Physics or Chemistry. Laboratory chairs and

tables and glass boards are the accessories of this laboratory. Meanwhile, storage rooms

for this laboratory are placed at both ends of the building’s second floor. Materials which

are fragile, and heavy will be stored on the storage room adjacent with the laboratory

together with the different chemicals. Lightweight materials and laboratory gowns will be

kept in the farther storage room. Storage rooms will be provided with cabinets and closets

for materials.

On the other hand, students taking up ABM Track will use the provided

Computer Laboratory for their computations as part of their subjects. The laboratory can

accommodate a total of 45 students with provided personal computer for every student.

Glass boards will also be installed for lectures about computer use.

PWD restrooms will be provided at the first floor of the building with a total area

of 7.425 square meters. Male and female restrooms is located on the second floor with a

total area of 15.75 square meters each that can accommodate a total of 4 persons at a

time.

All rooms will be properly ventilated by installing doors and windows. Air will

be circulated using ceiling fans. The Computer Laboratory will be air-conditioned for the

maintenance of personal computers. It will be installed with 4 double-paneled windows ,

2 main doors and a fire exit. The same number and kind of doors and windows are also

installed at the Science Laboratory. 3-double panel windows, 1 main door and 1 door
 are installed for every storage rooms. PWD restrooms and male and female restrooms

both have 1 awning window and 1 entrance door.

3. Proposed Gymnasium

The proposed site development plan of Calantas National High School

incorporates the design of a gymnasium as part of the proposed project. The facility will

serve as a location for sport activities in the school such as intramurals and other special

occassions held in the school. The proposed gymnasium has a dimension of 30 m x 45 m

that can accomodate 680 students. A stage will also be included within the gymnasium

with an elevation of 1 meter from the ground. Table shows the list of facilities included

in the proposed gymnasium.

Table

Facilities of Proposed Gymnasium

Proposed Gymnasium
Facilities Dimension (m) Area (m2) Capacity
Basketball Court 30.00 x 45.00 1,350 680 students
6 cubicles & 3
Comfort Room 3.00 x 4.00 31.50
urinals

Comfort rooms are also included on the gymnasium. Each comfort room will have its

own floor drains with the floor slightly sloping towards it.
4. Retaining Walls

Insert pic of retaining walls with description.

Retaining walls will be built along the sloping areas where erosion is present and where

cutting of land will be done. Cantilever retaining walls will be constructed with a total

length of INSERT LENGTH NUNG RETAINING WALLS NA 3METERS for retaining

walls with a height of 3.2m while a total length of INSERT LENGTH NUNG RETAINING

WALLS NA 2.7METERS for walls with height of 3 meters. These walls will be designed to

prevent erosion and for aesthetic purposes, as division of the different land elevations on the

site.

5. Perimeter Fence

Insert pic of perimeter fence with description

The overall perimeter and boundaries of the site will be laid out with perimeter

fence. The fence will be constructed of Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB#5) for its walls

with 12mm diameter rebars for horizontal and vertical reinforcements, reinforced

concrete for columns with 4-16 mm and 2-12mm rebars, and tubular bars for entrance

gates and angular bars for perimeter grills. The column of the fence will have a

dimension of 300mm by 300mm. The total perimeter of the fence will be 416.69 meters.

6. Elevated Water Tank

Insert pic of e.w.tank with description.

The water demand on site is approximated to be 45 cubic meters per day after 10 years.

This approximation is based on the total projected population which is 850 persons, from a
 projected 5 cubic meters for the school farm’s irrigation and from an allowance of 10 cubic

meters in case of emergencies. The water tank will be positioned at the center of the existing

establishments and the two four storey buildings.

1. Concrete Road and Parking

The concrete road will be designed based from the standards set by the Department of Public

Works and Highways (DPWH). The road width will be 3.5m. This concrete road will be used as

an access to the different buildings and facilities of Calantas National High School. The parking

on the other hand will be located in an area which it is more efficient, where vehicles can move

with ease. Signs or symbols will be slightly placed to guide or inform the drivers.

The proposed road section of the proposed project shows in Figure 6 . A seven (7) meters

wide and insert total length of roads meters long concrete paved road will be constructed to have

access from the outside to the proposed site development of Calantas National high School
 Figure 5.

Proposed Road Pavement Cross Section

Based on Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) that shows in Figure 5, item

105 means subgrade material, item 200 is the aggregate subbase course and item 311 is the

porland cement concrete.

Utilities And Other Related Facilities

This college building as art of the facilities will feature the common utility that includes:

1. Power Supply

The Batangas Electric Cooperative II Inc. (BATELEC II) supplies the electricity in the site

being the nearest source of electricity that can be accessed. Also, the proposed facilities are

equipped with generator to provide secondary source of electricity in case deficiency of

electricity in the school occurs.

2. Plumbing and Water System

The shallow well with electric pump and Municipality Water District supply the water in the

site. Other supplies are from barangays water works, deep well and shallow tube well. The water

from the water district is stored on tanks to supply the college school in case of water deficiency.

3. Drainage System

The drainage system in this project should follow all the provison implemented by the

municipal ordinances. The project also uses the drainage line present in the barangay road and

also uses a septic tank for sanitary reason.

B. Design Consideration

Calantas National High School will use different references and bases for the standard

designs of the buildings such as the National Building Code, Educational Facilities Manual 2010

and National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP 2015).

School Site Development

Site Development Plan is a graphic presentation of the Site Development Program. Its

main function is to show the school site in its present status and the current program period.

Thus, preparing the site development plan is an exercise in the layout of infrastructure based on

the physical requirements established in the Site Development Program.

1. Principles in the Preparation of the Site Development Plan.

The principle in the preparation of the Site Development Plan is that all physical structures

with similar functions shall be grouped together. The grouping of these structures is in

accordance with the most favorable option for grounds utilization which creates functional zones

and sets the basic pattern for physical development

2. Layout of Buildings and Other Structures.

School buildings shall be oriented in accordance with the sun path or the east-west course of

the sun during the day. Variations in the sun path on certain season of the year are negligible. To

prevent the direct entry of sunlight into the instructional spaces, buildings shall be laid out along

the east-west axis so that the windows have a north-south exposure.

3. Arrangement of Buildings.
 Buildings shall be arranged to facilitate cross ventilation by exposing the window sides to the

direction of prevailing breezes which is generally northeast-southeast. However, the east-west

orientation is sufficient inasmuch as it allows adequate cross-ventilation.

4. Site Limitations.

When there are site limitations, such as the unfavorable area and/or shape of the site, prevent

the proper solar orientation of buildings, economical alternatives shall be resorted to. For

example, trees near the building are effective for minimizing the direct entry of sunlight into

instructional spaces. Also, trees and shrubs between the buildings and street will serve as

acoustic barriers.

Layout

The layout of school building on the school site refers to the location and arrangement of

school buildings to achieve maximum functional efficiency and aesthetic effect. As a general

rule, the different school buildings shall be laid out according to functional grouping. The

distances between school buildings shall be such that:

a. Ventilation is not obstructed;

b. Natural illumination is not impeded; and

c. Sounds in one building do not carry into the next building.

d. The suggested minimum distances between buildings are:

 Eight (8) meters between one-storey buildings positioned side by side;

 Ten (10) meters between non-academic buildings;

  For a main building facing the front gate, at least ten (10) meters distance is

suggested.

 Greater distance than the minimum between school buildings is desirable. Wider

distance between buildings allows for adequate free space to be utilized for many

school-related activities.

e. The recommended minimum setback of a school from the street is five (5) meters to

minimize intrusive sounds.

f. The School Site Development Plan must be considered in the laying-out of school

buildings.

Table 9 shows the standards and requirements between the distances of each building and

setback as per Educational Facilities Manual. It includes the distances used by the proponents

in their designs together with setback used for the Calantas National High School.

Table

Distances between Buildings

Proposed Buildings Minimum Distances (m) Distances Used (m)

4-Storey 4-Storey Junior High
10 10
School Building
4-Storey Senior High School
10 10
Building
2-Storey Laboratory Building 10 10
 Gymnasium 10 15 & 12

Setback of School
Minimum Setback Setback Used
5 meters 5 meters

Table shows the summarized standard minimum distances between buildings and the

distances used on each proposed building. Standard minimum setback and the setback used are

also included in the table. This shows that the following buildings have followed the standard

requirements prescribed.

Design Requirements

The following pertinent requirements prescribed in the National Building Code of the

Philippines shall be considered in the design of school buildings:

a. Windows.

Window openings shall be equal to or at least ten (10) percent of the floor area of the

room, provided that such opening shall be not less than one square meter, except those in

toilets and baths which shall be not less than one-twentieth of the floor area of such rooms, or

not less than 240 square millimeters.

b. Ceiling Height.

The ceiling height of rooms with natural ventilation shall be not less than 2.70 meters

measured from the floor to the ceiling; rooms provided with artificial ventilation shall have

ceiling heights not less than 2.40 meters.

c. Floor Construction.

All floors shall be so framed and secured into the framework and supporting walls so as to

form an integral part of the whole building; the type of floor construction used shall

provide means to keep the beam and girders from lateral buckling.

d. Roof Construction.

All roofs shall be so framed and tied into the framework and supporting walls so as to

form an integral part of the whole building; dark stops, roof drains, flushing, etc., shall be

provided. Purlins can be made up of angle bars instead of the conventional C-purlins where

text screws easily loosen resulting in detachment of roofs. The thickness of the angle bar

serves as a knot, holding text screws firmly. Purlins are securely welded to steel trusses

creating a sturdy roof framework.

e. Exit Doors.

At least two (2) exit doors are required where the number of room occupants is over 50 in

the case of classrooms, conference rooms, exhibit rooms, gymnasium, school shops,

vocational institutions, laboratories, and auditorium; a door shall not be less than 2.10 meters

high and 900 millimeters wide.

f. Corridors.

Corridors are required at ground level if appropriate direct access to enclosed spaces is

provided. Every corridor shall not be less than 1.10 meters wide and shall be unobstructed.

Above ground level, the minimum clear width is 2.00 meters provided that the provisions of

the National Building and Fire Codes of the Philippines and other relevant rules and

regulations are observed.

 g. Stairways.

Stairways serving an occupant load of 50 or less must be 1.10 meters wide; those servings

more than 50 shall not be less than 1.50 meters. The rise of every step shall not exceed 200

millimeters and the tread shall not be less than 250 millimeters. Handrails shall be provided

on each side of every stairway having more than four steps.

Table 19

Design Requirements

Minimum Measurements (m) Measurements Used

Windows Opening - 10% floor area Opening > 10% floor area
For natural ventilation > 2.70
Ceiling Height natural ventilation – 3.00
For artificial ventilation > 2.40
Height – 2.10 Height – 2.10
Exit Doors
Width - 0.90 Width – 1.00
For ground level > 1.10 For ground level – 4.00
Corridors
Above ground level > 2.00 Above ground level – 4.00
Width – 1.50 Width - 1.50

Stairways Rise < 0.20 Rise - 0.20

Tread > 0.25 Tread - 0.25

Table shows the summarized standard design requirements considered on the design and the

measurements used on the design. This shows that it has followed the standard requirements

pertinent requirements prescribed in the National Building Code of the Philippines.

Science Laboratory
 In designing/constructing a Science Laboratory, the building must have the following features

based from Educational Facilities Manual of 2010.

1. The science laboratory should be designed as a wide space to allow mobility inside the

room.

2. There should be at least two (2) entry/exit doors for easy access and egress. The doors

should be swing out to facilitate exit of students in case of emergency.

3. The science laboratory should have provisions for laboratory counter, control room and

storage room.

4. Chemical solutions should be located or kept on the base cabinets of the

storage/stockroom. The storage room and control room should be equipped with built-in

cabinets not higher than 1.90 meters. Bolt storage cabinets to the wall and install strong

latches so that doors will remain closed as contents of cabinets can shift during an

earthquake.

5. Stock/storage room should be provided with security grills on the windows to ensure the

safekeeping of chemicals and other apparatus of the science laboratory.

6. Science laboratory buildings should provide with neutralization tank/drain pit for proper

disposal of chemical waste.

7. The working tables inside the science laboratory should be fixed on the floor. It should be

made of reinforced concrete with mosaic tiles topping and should be acid resistant. Each

working table should be provided with a laboratory sink and faucet.

8. Waste pipes should be also acid resistant.

9. Laboratory working areas should be well lighted and have a bilateral fenestration for

ventilation and fume extraction.

 10. The Science Laboratory should have a 24-hour clean water supply.

11. Every Science Laboratory room should have a notice/reminder posted on conspicuous

side of the room for students’ awareness and shall be provided with a First Aid Kit.

12. Single storey, science laboratory building should be located far from academic

classrooms.

13. In case of multi-storey building, the science laboratory should be located on the highest

floor possible for proper ventilation.

Computer Laboratory

The Computer Laboratory is a special instructional space necessary to meet the current

and future demand of modern technology. The room shall provide at least a minimum space

of 1.40 square meter per place and shall accommodate at least ten (10) networked Personal

Computers (PCs) with other necessities and accessories, such as:

1. Computer tables and chairs

2. Proper electrical wirings and outlets

3. Air conditioning units – 2 window type, preferably 1.5 hp each

4. Windows and doors with iron grills and locks

C. Preliminary Design

Architectural Plan

The Department of Education Facilities Manual and Building Code of the Philippines

were considered in the design of the proposed structures to make sure that all requirements and

standards are met in terms of its quality and appearance. See Appendix A for the detailed plans

of the proposed structures. The following plans were prepared:

 1. Vicinity Map

2. Perspectives

3. Floor Plans

4. Elevations

a. Front Elevation

b. Rear Elevation

c. Left Side Elevation

d. Right Side Elevation

5. Sections

a. Longitudinal Section

b. Transverse Section

6. Schedule of Doors and Windows

Structural Design

Structural analysis of the proposed buildings will be done as per National Structural Code

of the Philippines 2015. All the geotechnical data to be used will be acquired from the

Department of Public Works and Highways.

At the same time, all materials chosen for the construction will conform to the standards

of Department of Education and complying with the National Building Code of the Philippines

and National Structural Code of the Philippines.

Electrical Design

The electrical design of the proposed project should be observed for the safety of the

users. Thus, the electrical design and analysis should obey the Philippine Electrical Code (PEC).
Mechanical Design

All buildings will follow the standard ventilation and air-conditioning principles

depending on its occupancy needs.

Plumbing or Sanitary Design

The proponents will base their design from Uniform Plumbing Code 2013 Edition and

Plumbing Design regarding the standard specifications and requirements of proper sanitation,

sufficient water supply, and efficient drainage system of the site.

D. Design Standards and Specifications

The basis of the structural analysis of the proposed project is the National Structural Code

of the Philippines 2015 (NSCP 2015).

1. Dead Loads

Dead load is a constant load in a structure that is due to the weight of the

members, the supported structure, and the permanent attachments or accessories. The

dead loads are calculated from the member sizes and estimated material densities. The

minimum design dead loads are determined from Table 204-2 of Section 204 of the

NSCP 2015.

2. Live Loads

Live loads refers to loads that do, or can, change over time, such as people

walking around a building (occupancy) or movable objects such as furniture. It is the

maximum loads expected by the intended use or occupancy but in case shall be less than

the loads required. Minimum uniform and concentrated live loads that will be used will
refer to the Table 205 of this code. For the Roof Live Load, Table 205-3 of section 205.4

of the NSCP 2015 presents the minimum roof live loads. (Note: Design tables from

NSCP and other reference used in the design are shown in Appendix B.)

3. Wind load

Wind load is the force in the structure arising from the impact of wind on it. All

vertical structures must be designed and constructed to resist wind loads. The general

requirements use to determine the basic parameters for determining wind loads on main

wind force resisting system and components and cladding basis is in accordance to

section 207A of National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015. The basic parameters

includes: Basic Wind Speed, V on figure 207A.5 -1A, B or C, Wind directionality factor,

Kd on section 207A.6, Exposure category on section 207A.7, Topographic factor, K zt on

section 207A.8, Gust Effect Factor on section 207A.9, Enclosure classification on

section 207A.10 and Internal pressure coefficient, GCpi on section 207A-1. The

directionality factor shall only be included in determining wind loads when the load

combinations specified in Section 2.3 and 3.4 of the National Structural Code of the

Philippines 2015 are used for the design. For the Internal pressure coefficients, GC pi, it

shall be determined from Table 207A.11-1 based on the building enclosure classifications

determined from Section 201A.10 of National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015.

4. Earthquake Load

Seismic Loading is one of the basic concepts of earthquake engineering which

means application of an earthquake-generated agitation to a structure. Structures and

portions thereof shall, as a minimum, be designed and constructed to resist the effects of
 seismic ground motions as provided in the section 208 of NSCP 2015. The general

requirements use to determine the basis of design in earthquake load is in accordance to

section 208.4 of National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015. These basic

parameters are: Occupancy Category on Table 103-1, Seismic Importance Factor, I on

Table 208-3, Seismic Zone on section 208.4.4, Fig. 208-1 Seismic Zone Factor on Table

208-3, Seismic Source Types on Table 208-4, Near Source Factors, N A and Nv on Table

208-5 and Table 208-6, Seismic Response Coefficients, C A and Cv on Table 208-7 and

Table 208-8, Structural System Coefficient, R on Table 208-11A, B, C or D.

Ultimate Strength Design will be used in the computation of structural analysis of the

proposed buildings. The following are the design criteria that will be used from NSCP 2015:

1. Procedure in Determining Wind Loads for enclosed, partially enclosed and open

buildings of all heights under Table 207B.2-1 of National Structural Code of the

Philippines (NSCP) 2015:

a) Determine the risk category of building or other structure.

b) Determine the basic wind speed, V, for the applicable risk category.

c) Determine the wind load parameters:

 Exposure Category

 Wind directionality factor, Kd

 Topographic Factor, Kzt

 Gust Effect Factor, G

 Internal Pressure Coefficient (GCpi)

 Enclosure Classification
d) Determine the velocity pressure exposure coefficient, Kh.

e) Determine velocity pressure, qh, at mean roof height, h.

qh = 0.613KzKztKdV2 ; (V in m/s)

f) Determine external pressure coefficient (Cn).

g) Calculate wind pressure, p.

 For rigid buildings:

p= qGCp – qi (GCpi) (N/m2)

 For flexible buildings:

p= qGCp – qi (GCpi) (N/m2)

 For open buildings:

p= qGCp – qi (GCpi) (N/m2)

2. Seismic Load Analysis According to NSCP 2015 and Uniform Building Code

a. Determine Seismic factors from Tables 208-1 to 208-8 of the NSCP 2015

 Importance Factor, I

 Soil Profile Type, S

 Seismic Zone Factor, Z

 Seismic Zone Type

 Near Source Factor, Na

 Near Source Factor, Nv

 Seismic Coefficient, Ca

 Seismic Coefficient, Cv
  Structural System Factor, R

 Frame Material Factor, Ct

b. Calculate the elastic fundamental period of vibration of the structure in the

direction under consideration, T

TA = Ct(hn) ¾

Where:

Ct is 0.0853 for steel moment resisting frames,

0.0731 for reinforced concrete moment resisting frames and eccentrically based

frames,

and 0.0488 for all other structure Ab

c. Calculate the Base Shear, V

d. Calculate the reliability/Redundancy Factor, p

6.1
p=2−
rmax √ Ab

3. Analysis and Design of Slabs According to NSCP 2015

Loads are transferred into slabs as one way or two way. For each type of slab, the design

conforming to National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015 will be used.

a. Determine the uniform floor pressure to be carried by the slab.

b. Determine the minimum slab thickness (h) using the following tables from the code:

 Table 407.3.1.1 – Minimum thickness Of Solid Non Prestressed One-Way

Slabs
  Table 408.3.1.1 – Minimum thickness Of Solid Non Prestressed Two-Way

Slabs without Interior Beams

 Table 408.3.1.2 – Minimum thickness Of Solid Non Prestressed Two-Way

Slabs with Beams Spanning Between Supports on All Sides.

c. Calculate the dead load of the slab.

d. Calculate the factored load.

e. Calculate the factored moment.

f. Calculate the effective depth (d)

g. Calculate the required steel ratio (p)

h. Compute the required main bar spacing with the minimum result obtained from this

conditions:

 S1 = (Abar / As)(1000) ; As = (pbd)(1000)

 3h

 450mm

i. Calculate the required steel ratio of temperature bars (pt) and its spacing based on

ACI Code 318.

4. Analysis and Design of Beam based on NSCP 2015 and ACI-381

The design of beam will be done in compliance with the National Structural Code

of the Philippines 2015. Under this code, specific sections for minimum beam depth,

reinforcements, spacing and concrete covers are located.

The following are the specific steps in designing a reinforced rectangular beam for

flexure.
a. Calculate the loadings in terms of dead loads and live loads which will be carried by

the beam.

b. Assume the minimum overall depth, h of the beam by adhering to the minimum depth

specified in ACI-318-11, Table 9.5(a) or NSCP 2015, Table 409 3.1.1

c. Compute the beam weight by estimating the width as equal to ½ of assumed value of h

and multiplying it with h/144 times the concrete weight per foot.

d. Compute the factored load

e. Determine the nominal moment by using the equation:

Mn = Mu/Ø , where Ø = 0.90 for flexure

f. Try a value of steel ratio ρ from 0.5 ρb , but not less than ρmin

0.85 f ' c 600

ρmax = 0.75 ρb where ρb = fy ( 600+ fy ) ¿
¿

ρmin = 1.4/fy

β1 = 0.85 for f’c ≤ 28MPa

β1 = 0.85 -0.008(f ’c – 30) for f ‘c greater than 28MPa

g. Compute for the value of ὼ, ὼ=ρfy / f ’ c

h. Solve for bd2

M u=Øf ’ cὼbd 2(1−0.59 ὼ)=Øbd 2 fyρ(1− pfy /1.5 f ’ c)

 i. Try a ratio d/b (from d=1 to d=2b), and solve for d then roundoff thevalue to a

reasonable dimension. Check also the minimum thickness of the beam required by the

code (NSCP 2015).

j. Solve for the required steel area and number of bars,

A s=(0.25 √ f ' c)bd /fy =1.4 bd / fy

5. Analysis and Design of Columns according to NSCP 2015

All loads coming from slabs and beams are transferred into columns. Columns

support compressive loads with or without bending. The design of columns used in the

proposed structures will adhere the requirements and standards of National Structural Code

of the Philippines 2015.

For a column subjected purely to an axial load, the nominal load is computed by

the equation:

Pn=0.85 f c( Ag−Ast )+ fyAst

In case of eccentricity effects, the factor of 0.80 is multiplied to Pn for tied columns whereas

0.85 to spiral columns. The ultimate axial load capacity or Pu is computed by using these

reduction factors:

Ø = 0.70 for tied columns

Ø = 0.75 for spiral columns

Based on NSCP 2015, all columns with an average fpe<1.6MPa, area of longitudinal

reinforcement shall be at least 0.01Ag but shall not exceed 0.08Ag. Also, minimum of for

longitudinal reinforcements must be observed on the design.

6. Analysis and Design of Foundation according to NSCP 2015

The total load of a building is transmitted to the underlying soils by the footing.

Its large area reduces the bearing and compressive stress cause by the large value of loadings

coming from the building.

The footings to be used in the proposed structures shall be proportioned to resist the

factored loads and induced reactions, in compliance with the requirements of NSCP 2015.

7. Analysis and Design of Steel Structures according to NSCP 2015

Steel structures will be designed based on the design standards and specifications stated

on the Chapter 5 National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015. The Load Resistance and

Factor Design will be the basis of the design.

a. Load Combinations

The load combinations according to the LRFD to be used on the design will be:

1. 1.4(D + F)

2. 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or R)

3. 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + ((0.5 or 1.0)*L or 0.8W)

4. 1.2D + 1.6W + (0.5 or 1.0)*L + 0.5(Lror R)

5. 1.2D +1.0E + (0.5 or 1.0)*L

6. 0.9D + 1.6W +1.6H

7. 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H

b. LRFD of Tension Members

1. GeneralForm: Tu ≤ φ tTnWhere:Tu=LRFDfactored loads

Tn= nominal tensile yielding strength of the member = FyAgor FuAe

φ t=¿ reduction factor for tensile yielding or rupture

 Where: φ=.90for tensile yielding orφ=.75for tensile rupture

2. Limit States to consider:

 Slenderness

 Tensile Yielding

 Tensile Rupture

3. Slenderness Limitations (serviceabilitylimitstate)

L/r should not exceed 300

c. Design of Compression Members

1. General Form:

Pu≤ φ cPn Where: Pu=LRFD factored loads

Pn= nominal compressive strength of the member =

FcrAg; Fcr = flexural buckling stress

φ c= reduction factor for compressive strength = 0.90

2. Limit States to consider

 Slenderness

 Flexural buckling

Slenderness Limitations(serviceability limit state)

KL/r should not exceed 200

3. Flexural Buckling Limitations

kL E
If ≤ 4.71 √ ,then: 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658QF𝑦/𝐹𝑒 (Q𝐹𝑦)
r Fy
 kL E
If > 4.71 √ ,then: 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877Fe
r Fy

Where: Fe=π 2 E/( KL/r )2=¿Euler Critical Buckling Stress

Q=1 for compact and non-compact sections

Q=QsQa for slender sections

KL=¿effective length

d. Design of Flexural Members

1. GeneralForm:

Mu≤ φ bMn Where: Mu=LRFD factored loads

Mn=¿nominal flexural strength of the member

φ b=¿ reduction factor for flexural strength =

0.90

2. Limit States to consider:

 Flexural yielding

 Lateral-Torsional Buckling

 Live Load Deflection

3. Live Load Deflection Criterion (service ability limit state)

Maximum deflection should be less than L/360

4. Nominal flexural strength

a. Compact section (depends on width-thickness ratio) Mn=Mp=FyZ

b. Lateral-TorsionalBuckling (limiting lengths Lpand Lr)

 −Lb ≤ Lp ; no lateral-torsionalbuckling   M n=Mp

  −Lp< Lb ≤ Lr ;

Mn=min[Cb(Mp−(Mp−Mr)∗( Lb−Lp)/( Lr−Lp)), Mp ]

 −Lb> Lr ; 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛[𝐹𝑐𝑟𝑆𝑥𝑐, 𝑀𝑝]

W here :

5. Flange Local Buckling

8. Geotechnical Standards and Requirements

All geotechnical standards and requirements to be constructed will conform with the

Chapter 3 of National Structural Code of the Philippines. Cutting and Filling of Slopes will be

done according to the Sections 301 and 302 of NSCP. Specifically, Erosion Control will be done

according to Section 302.6 of the code which is entitled “Erosion Control”. Meanwhile, the

design of fotings and foundations will be done based on the code’s Section 303, Section 304 and

Section 305.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Books

Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, 2015. National Structural Code of the
Philippines, 2015. Seventh ed. Quezon City: The Association of Structural Engineers of
the Philippines Inc.
Department of Education, 2010. DepEd Educational Facilities Manual 2010. Revised Edition of
2007 ed. Pasig City: Physical Facilities and School’s Engineering Division Office of
Planning Service.

B.Online References

World Bank 2017. Assessing Basic Education Service Delivery in the Philippines: Public
Education Expenditure Tracking and Quantitative Service Delivery Study from
http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/philippines/public-education-expenditure-tracking-
and-quantitative-service-delivery-study