Under Water Optical Wireless Communication

INDIRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

MANAGEMENT
Approved By AICTE New Delhi, DTE (MS) and Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University

A SEMINAR REPORT

ON

TITLE OF SEMINAR

UNDER WATER OPTICAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

SUBMITTED

BY

(RAHIL DESHMUKH (23125))

Under the Guidance of

PROF. RUSHI PHUTANE

FOR THE YEAR 2019-2020

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Under Water Optical Wireless Communication

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

INDIRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

MANAGEMENT
Approved By AICTE New Delhi, DTE (MS) and Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation report entitled

“UNDER WATER OPTICAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATION “

Is being submitted by Mr. RAHIL DESHMUKH, Exam No. 71830718G during academic year 2019-
2020 in Undergraduate Department of Computer Engineering towards partial fulfilment for the award
of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering as prescribed by the Savitribai Phule Pune University

Prof. RUSHI PHUTANE Dr. Priya Pise Sunil Ingole

Seminar Guide H.O.D. (Computer Engg.) Principle

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Under Water Optical Wireless Communication

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With immense pleasure, I am presenting this Seminar report as part of the curriculum of T.E.
Computer Engineering. I wish to thank all the people who gave me an unending support right from
the stage the idea was conceived.

We take this opportunity to convey our sincere thanks to our beloved principal Dr. Sunil
Ingole for his continual support and encouragement that made the Seminar a great success.

We express our profound thanks to our respected Head of the Department, Dr. Priya
Pise whose advice and valuable guidance helped us in making this Seminar interesting and
successful one.

We are appreciative to our Seminar Coordinator Prof. Poonam Sadafal and prof.
Uzmamasrat F. Shaik for their grate support throughout the course of our Seminar.

We are grateful to our internal guide Prof. Shritika Wyer for his/her support and
guidance throughout the course of our Seminar.

We also thanks all those who have directly or indirectly guided and helped us in
preparation of this Seminar.

Last but not the least we thank our beloved parents, friends and well wishers who helped
us to do this Seminar by their kind help and assistance.

(RAHIL DESHMUKH(23125))

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Under Water Optical Wireless Communication

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we first propose and then experimentally demonstrate underwater wireless-to-

plastic optical fibre (POF) communication system with a fully passive optical lens installed at the

front end of the POF.

A 2-m low-cost POF is used as an underwater extender to efficiently increase the transmission

distance and easily deliver the laser beam to the desired place. A fibre-pigtailed green laser diode

(520 nm) with 68 mA current was used to transmit the laser beam.

A high coupling efficiency of 88% was measured in our system, which is significantly higher

than the coupling efficiency from 2-m calm water to single mode fibre (39 %). The coupling loss

of underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) to POF was 0.11 dB.

We obtained coupling efficiency of 86 % and 90 % from 7-m free-space to 2-m POF (numerical

aperture (NA) 0.3–0.5), respectively, while considering coupling lenses with a NA of 0.125 or

0.30.

Our achieved results demonstrate that the NA of the lens and that of the fibre should be close for

high coupling efficiency.

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Under Water Optical Wireless Communication

Sr.No. Content Page No.

8
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 What is underwater wireless-to-plastic optical fibre (POF)

2. Experimental Setup 9

3. Result and discussion

4. Conclusion 11

5. References 12

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Under Water Optical Wireless Communication

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.1 Measured power and beam diameter ……………… 3

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Under Water Optical Wireless Communication

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.1 Underwater wireless sensors 01
2.1 Schematic diagram of the experimental setup 02
3.1 Power-current (P-I) curve of a green laser diode
threshold current of 30 mA. 03

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Under Water Optical Wireless Communication

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
__________________________________________________________
. Around 70% of the earth surface is covered by water. We can get information regarding natural
disaster and climate change by exploring the oceans [1]. Therefore, high-speed data
communication is required for oceanography, seafloor monitoring and offshore oil exploration.
Optical wireless communication has high bandwidth but also suffers strong attenuation in water,
while the light attenuation in the blue-green spectrum region is relatively small. The blue-green
laser diode is a suitable optical source for UWOC. Light intensity distribution and radiation
angle of the light source affects the underwater transmission distance significantly [2]. How to
extend the transmission distance of UWOC is the main challenge due to the absorption and
scattering effect of water on the light. In certain scenario, obstacles between transmitter and
receiver highly affect the transmission of a laser beam to the receiver

Study of coupling efficiency between the laser diode and optical fibre is one of the prime
research topics in the field of optical fibre communication [3]. In this technology, the received
signal beam is coupled into an optical fibre before being processed [4]. The parameters of the
light source are beam size and divergence while the optical fibre is characterized by numerical
aperture and core diameter [5]. The coupling efficiency between a laser beam and an optical fibre
can be significantly increased by the coupling lens with an appropriate focal length and
numerical aperture installed at the front end of the fibre [6]. For high coupling efficiency, the NA
of the lens and that of the fibre must be close [7]. The maximum coupling efficiency from an
underwater channel to a single mode fibre, reported in 2-m calm water, is 39% [8]. The low loss
characteristic of a plastic optical fibre (POF) at the visible light spectrum makes it suitable for
underwater optical communication [9]. High coupling efficiency is required in order to obtain the
maximum received signal to noise ratio (SNR) [10].

Fig 1. Underwater wireless sensors

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Under Water Optical Wireless Communication

Chapter 2
Experimental Setup

The schematic diagram of the experimental setup of the proposed underwater to POF
coupling is shown in Fig. 2. The transmitter was LDM9LP fibre-pigtailed green laser diode (520
nm) using temperature and laser diode controller to maintain the temperature and bias current
respectively.

The optimum bias current was 68 mA. A collimator with 7.5-mm focal length was
connected with the fibre-pigtailed laser diode. After transmitting through a 7-m water tank, the
transmitted laser beam was coupled into a 2-m POF with a core diameter of 1 mm by using a
coupling lens with a focal length of 50 mm.

An optical power meter (PM) and a beam profiler were used to measure the power
and beam profile, respectively. In a similar experiment in free-space, we used coupling lens with
different numerical aperture and calculated its coupling efficiency.

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup

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Under Water Optical Wireless Communication

Chapter 3
Result and discussion

The optical power-driving current (P-I) curve of the green-light laser diode with a 30-mA
threshold current is shown in fig. 3.
The attenuation of the empty water tank was measured to be 1.1 dB. The attenuation coefficient
of green light was measured as 0.4 dB/m in fresh tap water. The transmitted laser beam was
coupled into the POF by using a coupling lens (94-UV-25). The coupling loss (CL) from water
to POF was 0.11 dB. Average optical power and beam diameter at point A, B, C and D (marked
in Fig. 2) are shown in table 1.
The maximum coupling efficiency from water to POF was 88%. Attenuation between point |AB|,
|BC| and |CD| were 3.64 dB, 0.11 dB and 0.41 dB respectively.
Table 1. Measured power and beam diameter
Parameters A B C D

Received Power 44 19 18.5 16.8

(mW)
Beam diameter 4641 4240 4187 4656
(4-sigma) (μm)
Effective Beam 2528 2236 1994 3303
diameter (μm)

Fig 3. Power-current (P-I) curve of a green laser diode with a threshold current of 30 mA.

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Under Water Optical Wireless Communication

Chapter 4
Conclusion

In this paper, we propose a new method to deliver underwater laser beam to the required place by
coupling a beam into POF using a coupling lens.

We achieve 88% coupling efficiency while transmitting the beam over a channel that is 7-m tap
water with 2-m POF. The coupling loss of UWOC to POF was 0.11 dB. We experimentally
demonstrate that the coupling efficiency can be improved if the NA of lens and that of the fibre
can match with each other.

According to the results we obtained, we can conclude that POF can be used as a promising
underwater extender to efficiently increase the transmission distance.

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Under Water Optical Wireless Communication

CHAPTER 5
REFERENCES

[1] M. A. Khalighi and M. Uysal, ‘‘Survey on free space optical

communication: A communication theory perspective,’’ IEEE Commun.

[2] Z. Ghassemlooy and W. O. Popoola, Terrestrial Free-Space

pp. 356–392.

[3] X. Zhu and J. M. Kahn, ‘‘Free-space optical communication through

atmospheric turbulence channels,’’ IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 50, no. 8,
pp. 1293–1300, Aug. 2002.

[4] S. Bloom, E. Korevaar, J. Schuster, and H. Willebrand, ‘‘Understanding

the performance of free-space optics,’’ J. Opt. Netw., vol. 2, no. 6,
pp. 178–200, 2003.

[5] K. E. Wilson, ‘‘An overview of the GOLD experiment between the ETS-6
satellite and the Table Mountain facility,’’ Jet Propulsion Lab., California
Inst. Technol., Commun. Syst. Res. Sec., Pasadena, CA, USA, TDA Prog.
Rep. 42-124, 1996, pp. 8–19.

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