LIGHT FIDELITY

A PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE
OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

BY
RAHUL KUMAR (17001002910)
ANKIT SINGH (17001002901)
KAUSHAL (17001002906)
VIVEK KUNDU (16001002057)

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

Dr. SANJU SAINI

To

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
D. C. R. UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
MURTHAL, SONIPAT, HARYANA (INDIA)-131039
 LIGHT FIDELITY
A PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE
DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

BY
RAHUL KUMAR (17001002910)
ANKIT SINGH (17001002901)
KAUSHAL (17001002906)
VIVEK KUNDU (16001002057)

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

Dr. SANJU SAINI

To

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
D. C. R. UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
MURTHAL, SONIPAT, HARYANA (INDIA)-131039
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are highly grateful to the Hon’ble Vice-Chancellor, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of
Science & Technology, Murthal, Sonepat for providing us this opportunity to carry out the present
project work.
The constant guidance and encouragement received from Dr. D. K. Jain, Chairperson and
Professor, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, D.C.R. Univ. of Science & Technology, Murthal,
Sonepat has been of great help in carrying out the present work and is acknowledged with
reverential thanks.
We would like to express a deep sense of gratitude and thanks profusely to our Project
Supervisor, Dr. SANJU SAINI Assistant Professor, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, D.C.R. Univ.
of Science & Technology, Murthal, Sonepat. Without his wise counsel and able guidance, it
would have been impossible to complete the project in this manner.
We also express our gratitude to the Project coordinator, Dr. Manish Kumar Saini and other
faculty members of Dept. of Electrical Engineering, D.C.R. Univ. of Science & Technology,
Murthal, Sonepat for their intellectual support throughout the course of this project work.
Finally, we are indebted to all whosoever have contributed in this project work.

RAHUL KUMAR ANKIT SINGH KAUSHAL VIVEK KUNDU

(17001002910) (17001002901) (17001002906) (16001002057)
 CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

We hereby certify that the work which is being presented in this project report entitled ‘LIGHT FIDELITY’,
in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, submitted to the Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engg. &
Technology, D. C. R. University of Science & Technology, Murthal, Sonepat (Haryana) is an authentic
record of our own work carried out during a period from July 2019 onwards under the supervision of
Dr. SANJU SAINI Assistant Professor, EED, DCRUST, Murthal. The matter presented in this project
report has not been submitted to any other University / Institute for the award of B. Tech. or any other
Degree / Diploma.

RAHUL KUMAR ANKIT SINGH KAUSHAL VIVEK KUNDU

(17001002910) (17001002901) (17001002906) (16001002057)

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my knowledge &
belief.

Signature of Supervisor
Dr. SANJU SAINI
Assistant Professor, EED
DCRUST, Murthal
 ABSTRACT
Li-Fi represents Light Fidelity. The innovation is exceptionally new and was proposed by the German physicist
Harald Haas in 2011 TED (Technology, Entertainment, Design) Global Talk on Visible Light Communication
(VLC). Li-Fi is a remote optical systems administration innovation that utilizations light emanating diodes (LEDs)
for transmission of information. The term Li-Fi alludes to noticeable light correspondence (VLC) innovation that
utilizations light as medium to convey rapid correspondence in a way like Wi-Fi and conforms to the IEEE
standard IEEE 802.15.7. The IEEE 802.15.7 is a fast, bidirectional and completely organized remote
correspondence innovation based standard like Wi-Fi's IEEE 802.11.

This paper centers around Li-Fi, its applications, highlights and correlation with existing advances like Wi-Fi and
so forth. Wi-Fi is of significant use for general remote inclusion inside structure, while Li-Fi is perfect for high
thickness remote information inclusion in bound territory and particularly helpful for applications in territories
where radio obstruction issues are of concern, so the two advancements can be viewed as complimentary.

Li-Fi gives better transfer speed, effectiveness, network and security than Wi-Fi and has just accomplished high
speeds bigger than 1 Gbps under the research facility conditions. By utilizing the minimal effort nature of LEDs
and lighting units, there are bunches of chances to misuse this medium. Li-Fi is the exchange of information
through light by removing fiber from fiber optics and sending information through LED light
 CONTENT

CHAPTER 1:- INTRODUCTION

1.1 LIFI
1.1.1 WHAT IS LIFI?
1.1.2 ARCHITECTURE OF LIFI
1.2 WORKING OF LIFI
1.2.1 HOW IT WORKS
1.3 PROBLEMS WITH WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
1.3.1 VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION
1.4 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS
1.5 APPLICATIONS
1.6 COMPARISON BETWEEN LI-FI &WI-FI

CHAPTER 2:- LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 EXISTING SYSTEM
2.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM
2.3 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
2.3.1 INPUT
2.3.2 AUDIO JACK
2.3.3 LED
2.3.4 PHOTODETECTOR
2.3.5 AMPLIFIER AND SPEAKER
2.4 OBSERVATIONS

CHAPTER 3:- ENHANCEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

3.1 TEXT TRANSFER USING LIFI
3.1.1 MICROCONTROLLER TO ITSELF
3.1.2 ONE WAY COMMUNICATION USING IR
3.2 LIST OF SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE
3.3 STANDARDIZATION

CHAPTER 4:- RESULT AND DISCUSSION

CHAPTER 5:- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

ABBREVATIONS

REFERENCES
 CHAPTER 1

-INTRODUCTION—
1.1 LIFI

1.1.1 WHAT IS LIFI ?

Move information starting with one spot then onto the next is one of the most significant everyday exercises. The
current remote systems that associate us to the web are moderate when various gadgets are associated. As the
quantity of gadgets that get to the web expands, the fixed transmission capacity accessible makes it increasingly
more hard to appreciate high information rates and interface with a protected system. These days, Everyone is
keen on utilizing his cell phone, PC to speak with others through Wireless-Fidelity (Wi-Fi) frameworks, and this
innovation, Wi-Fi, is generally utilized in every single open zone like home, bistros, lodgings and air terminals by
individuals, likewise the time utilization of remote frameworks is expanding exponentially consistently; yet the
limit is going down, because of the impediment of Radio Frequency (RF) assets, so we will experience the ill
effects of extreme issue.
So as to conquer this issue later on, Professor Harald Haas, a specialist in optical remote interchanges,
proposes in 2011 a splendid and appropriate arrangement by utilizing light to transmit information, he exhibited
how a Light-Emitting Diodes (LED) bulb outfitted with signal preparing innovation could stream a superior quality
video to a PC and he indicated that one watt LED light would be sufficient to give net availability to four PCs.
This new innovation is known as Light–Fidelity (Li-Fi). It is a short range remote correspondence framework
dependent on light brightening from LED, and utilize the obvious light as a sign bearer rather than customary RF
transporter as in Wi-Fi. Educator Harald Haas authored the expression "Light-Fidelity" and set up a privately
owned business, called "Unadulterated Visible Light Communication", to misuse that innovation. He imagines a
future where information for PCs and PDAs are transmitted through the light in a room in a safe way.

In this course, we will discuss its highlights, applications and preferences, some handy undertakings that have
been executed; and we will show that it very well may be genuinely the eventual fate of correspondence
innovation
 1.1.2 ARCHITECTURE OF LIFI

Li-Fi which can be the eventual fate of information correspondence gives us an impression of
being a quick and modest optical warrant of lifi . Being a Visible Light Communication (VLC), Li-Fi
utilizes normal light of electromagnetic spectrum range between 400 THz and 800 THz as optical
carrier for data transmission and enlightment. It uses quick beats of light to transmit information in
remote medium.

The main components of a basic Li-Fi system may contain the following:

a) A high brightness white LED which acts as transmission source.

b) A silicon photodiode with good response to visible light as the receiving element.

Turning the LEDs on and off can cause them to produce computerized strings with various mix of 1s and 0s. To
create another information stream, information can be encoded in the light by changing the glimmering pace of
the LED. Along these lines, the LEDs function as a sender by tweaking the light with the information signal. The
LED yield seems steady to the human since they are made to flash at a wonderful speed (a huge number of
times each second) and it's unimaginable for natural eye to identify this recurrence. Correspondence rate more
than 100 Mbps can be accomplished by utilizing fast LEDs with the assistance of different multiplexing methods.
Furthermore, this VLC information rate can be additionally expanded to as high as 10 Gbps by means of equal
information transmission utilizing a variety of LED lights with each LED transmitting an alternate information
stream.

The Li-Fi transmitter system comprises of four primary subassemblies:

 Bulb
 RF Power Amplifier Circuit (PA)
 Printed Circuit Board (PCB)
 Enclosure
 Fig 1.1: Block Diagram of Li-Fi sub-assemblies
(Source: http://www.ijcta.com/documents/volumes/vol5issue1/ijcta2014050121.pdf)
The Printed circuit board (PCB) controls the electrical sources of info and yields of the light and
houses the microcontroller used to oversee diverse light capacities. A Radio Frequency (RF)
signal is produced by the Power Amplifier and is coordinated into the electric field of the bulb.
Because of the high centralization of vitality in the electric field, the substance of the bulb will get
disintegrated into a plasma state at the bulb's middle. What's more, this controlled plasma thus will
deliver an extraordinary wellspring of light. These subassemblies are contained in an aluminum
nook as appeared in Fig. 1.1.

Li-Fi Bulb sub-assembly:

The bulb sub-get together is the principle part of the Li-Fi producer. It comprises of a enclosed
bulb embedded in a dielectric material which serves two needs: one, it goes about as a waveguide
for the RF vitality transmitted by the PA (Power Amplifier) and two, it acts as an electric field
concentrator that centers the vitality into the bulb. The collected energy from the electric field
rapidly heats the material in the bulb to a plasma state that emits light of high intensity of Visible
light spectrum. Figure1.2 shows the sub-assembly of the bulb.

Fig 1.2: Bulb Sub Assembly

(Source:http://www.ijcta.com/documents/
volumes/vol5issue1/ijcta2014050121.pdf
)

There are different intrinsic focal points of this methodology which incorporates high brilliance,
superb shading quality and high iridescent viability of the producer – in the scope of 150 lumens
for each watt or more noteworthy. The structure is precisely vigorous without run of the mill
debasement and disappointment components related with tungsten terminals and glass to metal
seals, bringing about helpful light existence of 30,000+ hours. Moreover, the interesting blend of
high temperature plasma and carefully controlled strong state gadgets brings about a financially
delivered group of lights versatile in an economically produced family of lamps scalable in
packages from 3,000 to over 100,000 lumens.
Important factors that should be considered while designing Li-Fi are as follows:

1) Presence of Light
2) Line of Sight (Los)
3) for better performance use fluorescent light & LED

Fig 1.3: Construction of Li-Fi System

(Source:http://ijariie.com/AdminUploadPdf/Review_Paper_on_Li_Fi Light_Fidelity ijariie2056.pdf)

1.2 WORKING OF LIFI

Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) innovation is a remote correspondence framework dependent on the utilization
of obvious light between the violet (800 THz) and red (400 THz). Not at all like Wi-Fi which utilizes
the radio piece of the electromagnetic range, Li-Fi utilizes the optical range for example Obvious
light piece of the electromagnetic range. The rule of Li-Fi depends on sending information by
sufficiency balance of the light source in an all around characterized and normalized way. LEDs
can be turned here and there quicker than the natural eyes can identify since the working rate of
LEDs is under 1 microsecond. This imperceptible on-off action empowers information transmission
utilizing twofold codes. In the event that the LED is on, a computerized '1' is transmitted and if the
LED is off, an advanced '0' is transmitted. Likewise these LEDs can be turned here and there
rapidly which gives us a pleasant open door for transmitting information through LED lights, in light
of the fact that there are no meddling light frequencies like that of the radio frequencies in Wi-Fi.
Li-Fi is believed to be 80% progressively productive, which implies it can arrive at velocities of up
to 1Gbps and even past. Li-Fi contrasts from fiber optic in light of the fact that the Li-Fi convention
layers are reasonable for remote correspondence over short distances (up to 10 meters).
This puts Li-Fi in a unique position of extremely fast wireless communication over short distances.

Fig 1.4: Li-Fi Transmission

(Source:http://www.ijcta.com/documents/volumes/vol5issue1/ijcta2014050121.pdf)

1.2.1 HOW IT WORKS :

The working of Li-Fi is straightforward. There is a light producer toward one side for example a LED transmitter,
and a photograph identifier (light sensor) on the other. The information contribution to the LED transmitter is
encoded in to the light (actually alluded to as Visible Light Communication) by fluctuating the glimmering rate at
which the LEDs flash 'on' and 'off' to produce various series of 1s and 0s. The on-off action of the LED
transmitter which is by all accounts imperceptible (The LED power is balanced so quickly that natural eye can't
see, so the light of the LED seems steady to people), empowers information transmission in light structure as per
the approaching paired codes: turning ON a LED is a coherent '1', turning it OFF is a consistent '0'. By fluctuating
the rate at which the LEDs glimmer on and off, data can be encoded in the light to various blends of 1s and 0s.

In an ordinary arrangement, the transmitter (LED) is associated with the information organize
(Internet through the modem) and the collector (photograph locator/light sensor) on the less than
desirable end gets the information as light sign and interprets the data, which is then shown on the
gadget associated with the beneficiary. The beneficiary (photograph indicator) enlists a parallel '1'
when the transmitter (LED) is ON and a paired '0' when the transmitter (LED) is OFF. Consequently
blazing the LED various occasions or utilizing a variety of LEDs (maybe of a couple of various
hues) will in the long run give information rates in the scope of many Mbps. The Li-Fi working is
explained in a block diagram (Fig.1.5).
 Fig 1.5: Block diagram of Li-Fi Sub System
(Source: http://www.warse.org/pdfs/2014/icetetssp25.pdf )

Consequently all that is required, is a few or a variety of LEDs and a controller that controls/encodes
information into those LEDs. Every one of the one needs to do is to fluctuate the rate at which the LEDs
gleam contingent on the information contribution to LEDs. Further information rate improvements can
be made in this strategy, by utilizing exhibit of the LEDs for equal information transmission, or utilizing
blends of red , green and blue LEDs to adjust the light's recurrence, with every recurrence encoding an
alternate information channel. Figure 1.6 shows working/organization of a Li-Fi framework interfacing
the gadgets in a room

Fig 1.6: Li-Fi system connecting devices in a room

(Source:http://ijariie.com/AdminUploadPdf/Review_Paper_on_Li_Fi Light_Fidelity ijariie2056.pdf)
The recurrence range that is accessible to us in the climate comprises of many wave locales like X-
beams, gamma beams, u-v district, infrared area, obvious light beams, radio waves, and so on. Any of
the above waves can be utilized in the up and coming correspondence advancements yet why the
Visible Light part is picked? The purpose for this is the simple accessibility and lesser destructive
impacts that happen because of these beams of light. VLC utilizes the obvious light between 400 THz
(780 nm) and 800 THz (375 nm) as medium which are less perilous for high-power applications and
furthermore people can without much of a stretch see it and shield themselves from the unsafe impacts
while the other wave locales have following impediments:-

Radio waves are costly (because of range charges) and less secure (because of impedance and
conceivable capture attempt and so on.)
X-beams have medical problems, like the Gamma Rays.

Bright light can be considered for correspondence innovation purposes at place without individuals,
else they can likewise be hazardous for the human body when uncovered persistently. Infrared,
because of high security guideline, must be utilized with low force.

Consequently the Visible light segment (from red to blue) of the electromagnetic range doesn't make
any mischief the individuals as noticeable beams are sheltered to utilize, give bigger transfer speed and
furthermore have a promising future in the correspondence field.

1.3 PROBLEMS WITH WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

In spite of persistent enhancements in remote correspondence frameworks, for example 3G, 4G, and
so forth.., a coming emergency is relied upon because of the absence of adequate Radio Frequency
(RF) assets, this confinement in transmission capacity can't bolster the development sought after for
high information rates and the enormous quantities of correspondence frameworks, as appeared in
Figure 1.7, inside the data transfer capacities between 300 kHz and 4 GHz. That is known as "Range
Crunch".
In spite of the fact that, range clog diminishes when we utilize high frequencies to move
information, however this not a training arrangement, since this piece of range requires complex
hardware and causes significant expense frameworks.
 Fig 1.7: Multiple communication systems cause Spectrum Crunch.
(Source: http://www.warse.org/pdfs/2014/icetetssp25.pdf )

So how might we take care of this issue?

As a matter of fact, there are quantities of innovations that give practical and appropriate answers for
this issue. One of them is the "Psychological Radio". It is such a remote correspondence with a handset
design that can wisely identify which correspondence directs are being used and which are not, and in
a split second move into void channels to utilize them to transmit information. Another arrangement is
the transmission of information utilizing obvious light brightening which utilize exceptionally high
recurrence. As a rule, this innovation known as Visible Light Communication (VLC).

There are likewise numerous splendid and productive arrangements, in this workshop we will
concentrate on Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) innovation, which depends on VLC.

1.3.2 VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION

One of VLC‟s features is providing wide bandwidth as represented in Figure 1.8. We can
clearly see that usage the optical portion of spectrum guarantees about 10,000 times greater
bandwidth compares to the usage of the RF frequencies.

Fig 1.8 : Location of visible light and RF frequencies at electromagnetic

spectrum.
(Source:https:www.researchgate.net/publication/284173584_Light_Fidelity_LiFi_The_new_wireless_communication_stm)
Parts:

As we find in the past section, VLC is a correspondence framework which comprises of a transmitter, a
recipient and a correspondence channel. The primary segments of VLC frameworks are:

•High brilliance Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) or any light sources, which goes about as transmitter.

•A silicon photodiode has the move of a locator and it shows a decent reaction to noticeable frequency.

•Communication channel is air or fiber optics.

Generally, we add to these parts some vital circuits like a driving circuit and an accepting circuit. The
driving circuit comprises of a control circuit and yield stage to alter the information and prepare it to be
sent and the accepting circuit comprises of a channel to choose the necessary band, enhancement
stage to give the necessary Signal to Noise proportion so as to demodulate the sign. We show a
square outline of VLC framework in Figure 1.9.

Fig 1.9 : Block diagram of the VLC system.

(Source:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284173584_Light_Fidelity_LiFi_The_new_wireless_communication_sy
stem)
1.4 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS
ADVANTAGES:-

Points of interest:-

Li-Fi, which utilizes noticeable light to transmit flags remotely, is a developing innovation
ready to contend with Wi-Fi. Additionally, Li-Fi evacuates the constraints that have been put
on the client by the Radio wave transmission, for example, Wi-Fi as clarified above vide 4.1.
Favorable circumstances of Li-Fi innovation include:

a) Efficiency: Energy utilization can be limited with the utilization of LED brightening which
are as of now accessible in the home, workplaces and Mall and so forth for lighting reason.
Thus the transmission of information requiring insignificant extra force, which makes it
extremely productive regarding costs just as vitality.

b) High speed: Combination of low impedance, high transfer speeds and high-force yield,
help Li-Fi give high information rates for example 1 Gbps or even past.

c) Availability isn't an issue as light sources are available all over the place. Any place there
is a light source, there can be Internet. Lights are available all over – in homes, workplaces,
shops, shopping centers and even planes, which can be utilized as a mechanism for the
information transmission.

d) Cheaper: Li-Fi requires less segments for its working, yet in addition utilizes just an
irrelevant extra force for the information transmission.

e) Security: One primary bit of leeway of Li-Fi is security. Since light can't go through
obscure structures, Li-Fi web is accessible just to the clients inside a limited territory and
can't be blocked and abused, outside the zone under activity.
f) Li-Fi technology has a great scope in future. The extensive growth in the use of LEDs for
illumination indeed provides the opportunity to integrate the technology into a plethora of
environments and applications.

LIMITATIONS of Li-Fi:
Some of the major limitations of Li-Fi are :
1) Web can't be gotten to without a light source. This could restrict the areas and
circumstances where Li-Fi could be utilized.

2) It requires a close or flawless view to transmit information

3) Hazy impediments on pathways can influence information transmission

4) Common light, daylight, and typical electric light can influence the information
transmission speed
 5) Light waves don’t enter through dividers so Li-Fi has an a lot shorter range than WiFi.

6) High introductory establishment cost, whenever used to set up an undeniable

information arrange.

1.5 APPLICATIONS
There are various utilizations of Li-Fi innovation, from open Internet access through existing
lighting (LED) to auto-directed vehicles that impart through their headlights (LED based).
Uses of Li-Fi can stretch out in territories where the Wi-Fi innovation comes up short on its
essence like airplanes and emergency clinics (activity theaters), power plants and different
regions, where electromagnetic (Radio) obstruction is of extraordinary worry for wellbeing
and security of types of gear and individuals. Since Li-Fi uses just the light,so it tends to be
utilized securely in such areas or zones. In future with the Li-Fi upgrade all the road lights can
be changed to Li-Fi interfacing focuses to move information. Because of it, it will be
conceivable to get to web at any open .
Some of the future applications of Li-Fi could be as follows:

a) Education frameworks: Li-Fi is the most recent innovation that can give quickest speed to
Internet get to. Along these lines, it can enlarge/supplant Wi-Fi at instructive foundations and
at organizations so the individuals there can utilize Li-Fi with the fast.

b) Medical Applications: Operation theaters (OTs) don't permit Wi-Fi because of radiation
concerns. Utilization of Wi-Fi at clinics meddles/obstructs the signs for observing types of
gear. Along these lines, it might have unsafe impact to the patient's wellbeing, because of ill-
advised working of clinical mechanical assembly. To defeat this and to make OT technically
knowledgeable Li-Fi can be utilized to get to web and furthermore to control clinical supplies.
This will be advantageous for leading mechanical medical procedures and other robotized
methodology.

c) Cheaper Internet in Aircrafts: The travelers going in airplanes gain admittance to low
speed Internet that too at an exceptionally significant expense. Additionally Wi-Fi isn't utilized
on the grounds that it might meddle with the navigational frameworks of the pilots. In
airplanes Li-Fi can be utilized for information transmission. Li-Fi can without much of a
stretch give fast Internet by means of each light source, for example, overhead
understanding bulb, and so on present inside the plane.

d) Underwater applications: Underwater ROVs (Remotely Operated Vehicles) work from

huge links that flexibly their capacity and permit them to get signals from their pilots above.
In any case, the tie utilized in ROVs isn't sufficiently long to permit them to investigate bigger
zones. In the event that their wires were supplanted with light — state from a lowered,
powerful light — at that point they would be a lot more liberated to investigate. They could
likewise think carefully to speak with one another, handling information self-rulingly and
sending their discoveries occasionally back to the surface. Li-Fi can even work submerged
where Wi-Fi bombs totally, in this way opening up unlimited open doors for military
submerged tasks.

e) Disaster the board: Li-Fi can be utilized as a ground-breaking methods for

correspondence in the midst of catastrophe, for example, quake or typhoons. The normal
individuals may not have a clue about the conventions during such fiascos. Metro stations
and passages, normal no man's lands for most crisis correspondences, represent no
deterrent for Li-Fi.

f) Applications in delicate territories: Power plants need quick, between associated

information frameworks so request, matrix honesty and center temperature (in the event of
atomic force plants) can be checked. The Radio correspondence obstruction is viewed as
awful for such touchy regions encompassing these force plants. Li-Fi can offer protected,
bountiful availability for all regions of these delicate areas. Additionally, the weight on a force
plant 's own stores (power utilization for Radio interchanges organizations) will be reduced.

g) Traffic the executives: In rush hour gridlock signals Li-Fi can be utilized to speak with
passing vehicles (through the LED lights of the vehicles and so forth) which can help in
dealing with the traffic in a superior way coming about into smooth progression of traffic and
decrease in mishap numbers. Likewise, LED vehicle lights can caution drivers when different
vehicles are excessively close.

h) Mobile Connectivity: Mobiles, workstations, tablets, and other advanced mobile phones
can without much of a stretch associate with one another. The short-extend system of Li-Fi
can yield uncommonly high information rates and higher security.

i) Replacement for different advances: Li-Fi doesn't work utilizing radio waves. In this way, it
very well may be handily utilized in the spots where Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and so forth are
prohibit
1.6 Comparison Between Li-Fi and, Wi-Fi technologies

One major difference between Li-Fi and Wi-Fi technologies is speed. Li-Fi can offer speeds
for up to 500 mbps, which is 5 times faster than the optic fiber used by Wi-Fi. This is because
light waves are much denser than radio waves. In addition, it can’t be intercepted by any
other frequency. It’s almost 10 times cheaper than Wi-Fi, because the system is built with a
LED light bulb and a receptor. In other words; any light bulb or lamp can turn into a luminous
hotspot or router in a simple and cheap way by just attaching a Li-Fi transmitter. It’s much
safer than Wi-Fi since light cannot go through walls, so your personal data doesn’t travel
across rooms. Unlike Wi-Fi, it doesn’t require a given frequency and can take as much
bandwidth as it requires. Another advantage is that Li-Fi is completely wireless, and it doesn’t
interfere with any other means of communications.

Both Wi-Fi and Li-Fi can provide wireless Internet access to users, and both the technologies
transmit data over electromagnetic spectrum. Li-Fi is a visible light communication
technology useful to obtain high speed wireless communication. The difference is: Wi-Fi
technology uses radio waves for transmission, whereas Li-Fi utilizes light waves. Wi-Fi works
well for general wireless coverage within building/campus/compound, and Li-Fi is ideal for
high density wireless data coverage inside a confined area or room and is free from
interference issues unlike the Wi-Fi.
 Table 1: Comparison of speed of various wireless technologies
Technology Speed
Li-Fi ~1 Gbps
Wi-Fi – IEEE 802.11n ~150 Mbps
IrDA ~4 Mbps
Bluetooth ~3 Mbps
NFC ~424 Kbps

Table 2: Comparison of Wi-Fi and Li-Fi

Parameter Li-Fi Wi-Fi
Spectrum Used Visible Light RF
Standard IEEE 802.15.7 IEEE 802.11
Range Based on Light Intensity (< 10m) Based on Radio propagation &
interference ( < 300 m)
Data Transfer Rate* Very high ( ~1 Gbps) Low (100 Mbps-1 Gbps)
Power consumption Low High
Cost Low High
Bandwidth Unlimited Limited

* https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v4i12/NOV151778.pdf

CHAPTER 2

-LITERATURE
REVIEW--

2.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

 1. Transmitting data through photodiodes has been happening for a long time through our IR
Remotes. Every time we pressed a button on our Television remote the IR LED in the
Remote pulses very fast this will be received by the Television and then decoded for the
information. But, this old method is very slow and cannot be used to transmit any worthy
data.

2. Wi-Fi and Bluetooth are the two consistent wide range sources used by multiple
applications today. However, these methods use radio frequency spectrum and noise of the
signal is very high. Other inconveniences of these methods are special equipment
requirement, high power consumption, and high cost. Secure data transmission is not
available here.WPS key encryption can be provided and hacking can also be done easily
since it uses radio wave

2.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

Visible light is a new technique of data transmission method. Li-Fi, data is transmitted by
modulating the intensity of the light, which is then received by a Photo-sensitive detector.VLC,
consists of a light source as a transmitter and detector as a receiver. Louder the voice, the glow
of the LED will be more. The receiver section interprets the incoming light which is detected using
a solar panel and converts to the audible sound signal with the help of Speaker. Hence with Li-Fi
this method is made sophisticated by using more than one LED and passing more than one data
stream at a given time. This way more information can be passed and hence a faster data
communication is possible.
 Fig:2.1 Block Diagram
(Source:http://ijariie.com/AdminUploadPdf/Review_Paper_on_Li_Fi Light_Fidelity
ijariie2056.pdf)

The handset performs similarly just as links or fitting connectors do, and it is likewise up to
multiple times quicker than current radio-based arrangements. Different advantages of infrared
handsets incorporate irrelevant piece blunder rates (<10-11), low vitality utilization and
diminished expenses. Also, infrared information transmission gives better unwavering quality and
security. This is on the grounds that dissimilar to radio waves, the light waves are transmitted
uniquely inside a constrained pillar run, so a dark board is adequate to ensure against
mechanical reconnaissance endeavors.

The primary advantage of remote frameworks is that they offer more prominent unwavering
quality and security than costly claim to fame links that are inclined to mileage. This is of unique
significance for frameworks with enunciated or moving parts. Utilizing a remote correspondence
module likewise implies there is no requirement for costly retooling or support work – bringing
about huge investment funds in arrangement and upkeep costs.
LAN is excessively moderate, wasteful and powerless against radio system unsettling influences
and unapproved get to. Yet, as interest for higher information rates, more heartiness, lower
vitality utilization, better information security and interconnectivity develops, the need to trade
information in a remote manner is developing too.
Handset module is especially appropriate for modern applications where a lot of information must
be moved at high speeds, and for which HF connector plugs are not, at this point reasonable for
reasons of mechanical robustness and reliability.

During the time spent a sound correspondence through the noticeable light, on the transmitter
side a sound sign (any music from versatile) is utilized as the information signal. This sign is
taken care of to the LED. The light sign from the LED fluctuates as indicated by the power sound
sign. At the collector side light ward resister will get the light flag and correspondingly create an
electrical sign relative to it. This electrical sign is handled by a low voltage sound force intensifier,
which is then taken care of to a speaker and it delivers the sound sign which was at the
contribution of the transmitter side

2.3 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

2.3.1 INPUT

Input consists of analog signal, which is usually taken from the audio output of the Mobile
Phone, Laptop or any other musical Instruments. The signal will be at low voltage level
which is not enough to drive an LED, So in order to drive the LEDs we have to amplify the
signal using amplifiers.

2.3.2 AUDIO JACKS

Here it is utilized to interface the cell phone or some other gadget like IPAD, MP3 Player, and
so forth with Li-Fi as information sound sign. The telephone connector was created for use in
phone switchboards in the nineteenth century is still broadly used.The telephone connector is
round and hollow fit as a fiddle, with a furrowed tip to hold it. In its unique sound arrangement, it
normally has two, three, four and, sporadically, five contacts. Three-contact forms are known as
TRS connectors, where T means "tip", R means "ring" and S means "sleeve". Ring contacts are
commonly a similar distance across as the sleeve, the long shank. So also, two-, four-and five-
contact variants are called TS, TRRS and TRRRS connectors individually.

FIG: 2.2( AUDIO JACK)

(Source; www.lifi.eng.ed.ac.uk. Retrieved 16 January 2018.)

2.3.3 LED’S
In Li-Fi Transmission, the most significant prerequisite of light source is its capacity to
turn ON and OFF Repeatedly in short spans (in ns run). So we use LEDs which have
low exchanging time. These LEDs turn ON and OFF in nanosecond dependent on the
Pulse signal. Since the exchanging taking at a quicker rate, it can't be identified by
Human eye. So it will show up as lighting up despite the fact that they are squinting.
Along these lines tweaked signal is transmitted to collector by means of Visible Light. Li-
Fi is a light correspondence framework that is equipped for transmitting information at
high speeds over the obvious light, bright, and infrared ranges. In its current state, just
LED lights can be utilized for the transmission of obvious light.

Regarding its end use, the innovation is like Wi-Fi - the key specialized distinction being
that Wi-Fi utilizes radio recurrence to transmit information. Utilizing light to transmit
information permits Li-Fi to offer a few points of interest, most eminently a more
extensive transmission capacity channel, the capacity to securely work in zones in any
case helpless to electromagnetic impedance (for example airplane lodges, medical
clinics, military), and offering higher transmission speeds. The innovation is effectively
being created by a few associations over the globe.

Fig 2.3 LED

(Source; www.lifi.eng.ed.ac.uk. Retrieved 16 January 2018.)

2.3.4 PHOTO DETECTOR:

The transmitted sign from the LEDs must be identified, demodulated and recognized. So as to
distinguishthe message signal from the squinting LED light, we utilize a photograph cell or a
Solar Cell (which involves huge no of photograph cells associated in arrangement).

Photodetectors, additionally called photosensors, are sensors of light or other electromagnetic

radiation.A photograph locator has a p–n intersection that changes over light photons into
current. The consumed photons make electron–opening sets in the exhaustion district.
Photodiodes furthermore, photograph transistors are a couple of instances of photograph
locators.

FIG: 2.3 SOLAR CELL

(Source: http://www.warse.org/pdfs/2014/icetetssp25.pdf )

The sun oriented cell identifies just the variety of the light, since the flickering can be effortlessly
distinguished and yield of the sunlight based cell will be the message signal in the simple
structure. So utilizing sun based we could recognize and demodulate the message signal
transmitted.
Standards for Materials to be Used in Solar Cell
1. Must have band hole from 1ev to 1.8ev.
2. It must have high optical assimilation.
3. It must have high electrical conductivity.
4. The crude material must be accessible in bounty and cost of the material must be low.
2.3.5 AMPLIFIER AND SPEAKER

The demodulated sign will be at low voltage run. So it is enhanced to the self-assertive voltage
level utilizing an enhancer. This enhancer will be same kind of speaker which we utilized in
transmitter side. This is because of the way that if any stage mistakes happened, it will be
cleared at this stage. The speaker will change over the electrical sign to the discernible
structure utilizing electro magnets present in the speaker. An intensifier can either be a
different bit of hardware or an electrical circuit contained inside another gadget. Enhancement
is crucial to present day gadgets, and speakers are broadly utilized in practically all electronic
hardware. Enhancers can be sorted in various manners. For instance, sound intensifiers
enhance signals in the (sound) scope of under 20 kHz, RF speakers enhance frequencies in
the radio recurrence extend between 20 kHz and 300 GHz, and servo speakers and
instrumentation intensifiers may work with very low frequencies down to direct current.

FIG :2.4 (AMPLIFIER )

(Source:http://ijariie.com/AdminUploadPdf/Review_Paper_on_Li_Fi Light_Fidelity ijariie2056.pdf)

2.3.6 OUTPUT

The demodulated audible signal is transmitted from speaker to its final destination. So, the
audience can listen to the message that has been transmitted from the source.
2.1 OBSERVATIONS :-

Effects of reflection on white wall

Sr.n
o. Transmitters Observation
10-15cm
1. White LEDs

10mm LEDs
2.
45cm

Si.n Trials with various components

o. Setup Observation

1. Use of rechargeable battery No change

Using two batteries in series

2.
No change
3. Using two solar panels
No change
Reduced clarity but increased
4. Using 10mm LEDs distance.
5. Using colored LEDs No change

Varying mediums using 10mm LEDs

Sr.no Maximum
. Medium
Range
1. Plastic 50cm

2. Water 50cm

3. Glass 90cm

4. Air 200cm

Fig:2.4

Source (International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics)

 CHAPTER 3

-ENHANCEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT--

3.1 TEXT TRANSFER USING LIFI

The various stages of text transmission that were done are:

3.1.1 Micro-controller to itself

A circuit is structured to such an extent that the LED and a phototransistor are interfaced with an
Arduino. A calculation is mounted on the Arduino. At the point when information is transmitted to
the Arduino utilizing the sequential screen, the LED flashes. These gleams are caught by the
photograph diode, which is then decoded to the first information. The calculation comprises of
various paired qualities for every letters in order or character that will be entered. These double
qualities depend on the exchanging of LED bulbs between on state and off state. At the point
when the information to be transmitted is entered, the LED flickers as indicated by the characters
entered. The photograph diode deciphers these squints dependent on the double qualities
entered in the calculation. Along these lines, a solitary miniaturized scale controller transmits the
information and gets it on another sequential port.
Arduino is an open-source stage utilized for building gadgets ventures. Arduino comprises of
both a physical programmable circuit board (regularly alluded to as a microcontroller) and a bit
of programming, or IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that sudden spikes in demand
for your PC, used to compose and transfer PC code to the physical board

FIG :3.1 Micro-controller

(Source:http://ijariie.com/AdminUploadPdf/Review_Paper_on_Li_Fi Light_Fidelity ijariie2056.pdf)

 3.1.2 One-way communication using IR

Single direction PC-to-PC transmission utilizing an IR transmitter and Receiver is accomplished

utilizing two Arduino Uno sheets. Each Arduino board is associated a PC utilizing the COM ports
of the PC. At the transmitter side, when the program is aggregated and transferred to the board
the content is entered on a sequential screen of Arduino. This information is handled in the
Atmega 328, chip, present in an Arduino Uno board. The handled information changes over
ASCII characters into twofold bits, which gleams the IR LED that is interfaced with the Arduino
board as appeared in fig 3.2.

This glimmering is caught in the getting side IR collector, which is interfaced with another Arduino
board associated on a COM port of another PC. The beneficiary acknowledges the twofold
qualities from the transmitter and its processor changes over these double bits into ASCII
characters. The collector side has a word reference in the code, which prints the alphanumeric
character concerning the got ASCII code. This alphanumeric character can be seen in the
sequential screen of the recipient Arduino Uno. This works just in LOS condition as the IR
transmitter and collector can't impart past 2 cm.

FIG :3.2 IR LED that is interfaced with the Arduino board

(Source: http://www.warse.org/pdfs/2014/icetetssp25.pdf )
 3.2 SOFTWARES AND HARDWARES

Hardware:

MSP430G2553 launch pad kit, LPC2148 Arm processor kit, LED, Photo Diode (BPW34),
Current Amplifier (current gain >50), Transistor BC547, Wires.

Software:
CCS (code composer studio 4thversion), Side Arm, Flash Magic.

The Li-Fi technology basically is a process of data transmission through led that is wireless
data transfer through led. It consists of two stages; transmitter and receiver. In the transmitter
circuit, the input is given from the laptop with the help of USB cable connected to MSP430 via
the UART transmission process coded using Code Compose Studio software. Initially, in
MSP430 processor the output is set at TxD pin. The text sent using UART to MSP430 is
processed as MSP430 is a digital signal processor it gives output in the form of digital signal
means in the form of 1 and 0 which are called as digital signals. The output of MSP430 from
TxD pin is given as input to the transmitter part. The interesting part of this whole project is
that the some part of transmitter and receiver circuit is practically same for both music and
information move. In the wake of getting contribution from MSP430 transmitter part begin
transmitting in the coded text as LED flickering. As the time postpone is entirely insignificant
LED flickers quickly. The Photo diode in a similar circuit gets the sign transmitted as LED
squinting and yield of diode sent as contribution to the beneficiary circuit (Goyal et al., 2013).
The separation through which the squinting can be recognized relies upon the photograph
diode, the higher the nature of photograph diode the bigger will be the separation through
which the flickering will be distinguished.

This remote transmission utilizing LED squinting comprise 802.11 remote convention as same as
Wi-Fi. The beneficiary circuit comprises of straightforward ARM processor pack, here we utilized
LPC2148 unit. The LPC2148 utilizes UART for sequential correspondence with different gadgets.
RXD0 pin is designed as contribution to LPC2148 which sequentially gets coded text from diode.
The recipient code for LPC2148 and transmitter code for MSP430 both are referenced beneath.
In the wake of getting coded text the processor utilizing UART naturally deciphers the information
and afterward at long last the yield of the controller IC is given to the 7-section LCD show which
is inbuilt in the processor pack of LPC2148 and LCD shows the given content moved from PC.
 3.3 STANDARDIZATION:-

The Visible Light Communication intrigue gathering, affirmed by the IEEE, with its standard
endorsed in 2011 by IEEE as IEEE 802.15.7 is the most dynamic one. The standard of VLC
(IEEE 802.15.7) indicates VLC comprising of portable to-versatile (M2M), fixed-to-versatile (F2M)
and framework to-versatile (I2M) correspondences. The principle motivation behind VLC
standard is to concentrate on medium-run correspondences for savvy traffic frameworks at low-
speed and on short-run portable to versatile and fixed to versatile interchanges at high speeds to
trade information. Information rates are upheld up to 1 Gbps utilizing different adjustment plans.
IEEE 802.15.7 characterizes physical layer (PHY) and media get to control (MAC) layer for
VLC/Li-Fi. The MAC layer bolsters 3 multi-get to advances: distributed, star setup and
communicate mode. It likewise handles physical layer the board issues, for example, tending to,
crash evasion and information affirmation conventions. The physical layer is separated into 3
sorts: PHY I, II and utilize a mix of various regulation plans.
 The PHY I was built up for open air application and works from 11.67 kbps to 267.6 kbps.
 The PHY II layer grants arriving at information rates from 1.25 Mbit/s to 96 Mbit/s.
 CHAPTER 4

-RESULT AND DISCUSSION—

Li-Fi framework proposed in this paper is equipped for transmitting information, for example, text,
sound between two gadgets at the speed of a couple kbps. The fundamental necessity is view
between the sender and the beneficiary and subsequently it very well may be utilized to transmit
information inside a room.

SOUNDTRANSMISSION:

Li-Fi based Audio The transmission is the live transmission of Audio signals with no sign
misfortune. The sound lucidity is clear and uproarious and utilizing a centering focal point further
improves the yield got.
The 4G sound spilling shows that Li-Fi can fill in as an integral system with 4G or 5G. Most
corporates and schools use web to get to video or text. By finishing the 4G sound we can
demonstrate that video spilling too should be possible utilizing Li-Fi. This would imply that
instructive establishments and associations can use their brightening frameworks for information.
This would enable them to get to Videos and Audio records without utilization of cell information
and Wi-Fi.
The investigation of topology shows that various clients can get to a similar illuminator without
information misfortune. This is a significant part of Li-Fi, where each light in a room can take into
account numerous clients.

TEXT TO SPEECH:

The content to discourse utilizing Li-Fi can be straightforwardly executed in Blind Indoor
Navigation.Indoor route is helpful for everybody, and it is particularly imperative for the outwardly
impeded. Such a route framework for the outwardly impeded as appeared in the beneath Figure.
Driven lights emanate noticeable light with area information and by utilizing installed frameworks
or cell phone rather than Arduino with an obvious light collector for accepting the information the
Li-Fi empowered content to discourse can be utilized as an option for the visually impaired. The
inserted framework or cell phone would compute the ideal way to an assignment and would
address the outwardly disabled through an earphone. In a VLC-based framework, a collector in
the headset would distinguish the sign from the closest LED and play the pertinent analysis.

TEXT TRANSMISSION:

Mistake Free transmission was accomplished in both One-Way and Two-Way transmission. With
off the rack LED's a correspondence separation of 22cms was watched. Utilizing better
evaluation LED's and Photodiodes can empower two-path correspondence to a lot more
prominent separations.

ONE WAY TRANSMISSION:

Single direction transmission can be proposed where the client will recover the one-time secret
key through VLC on a LCD screen. After accepting this one-time secret key, the product will
make an open key or a scrambled token for the client's PC/gadget for validation. This symbolic
will go about as a verification key and the client will get another secret key for each sign in. This
can give greater security and classification.

TWO WAY TRANSMISSION:

VLC is a promising strategy for made sure about correspondence inside. It applies to zones
where touchy data should be moved without the danger of holes. Current correspondence
methods have vulnerabilities as talked about before in this paper which can be defeated utilizing
VLC. We have utilized this VLC innovation in this paper to make an Arduino visit which can be
made secure and autonomous of Wi-Fi vulnerabilities.

There are numerous choices by which we can ensure information in VLC. The VLC has two
intrinsic characteristics which guarantees security, the first being the way that counterfeit lights
can't enter dark materials and the second is that correspondence happens just when beneficiary
and transmitter are in view condition. This guarantees just the individuals who are in the
particular room and near the light source just get the information. This ensures the information
from outside dangers or internet hacking which can be bypassed.

There are approaches to make the transmission progressively secure. This should be possible
by including a predefined secret word the transmitter and collector terminals. In this way, when
the framework is gotten to the framework prompts the client to enter the secret word. At exactly
that point can the information be transmitted or gotten.
Future Scope:

• As light is all over and allowed to use, there is an incredible breadth for the utilization and
advancement of LiFi innovation. On the off chance that this innovation gets develop, every Li-Fi
bulb can be utilized to transmit remote information. As the Li-Fi innovation gets mainstream, it will
prompt a cleaner, greener, more secure correspondences and have a brilliant future and
condition. The idea of Li-Fi is determining numerous individuals as it is free (require no permit)
and quicker methods for information move. On the off chance that it advances quicker,
individuals will utilize this innovation to an ever increasing extent.

• Currently, LBS (area Based Service) or Broadcast arrangement are monetarily accessible. The
subsequent stage could be a Li-Fi WLAN for B2B showcase with high included worth explicit
business cases and could develop towards mass market. In the long haul, the Li-Fi could turn
into an elective answer for radio for remote high information rate room network and new adjusted
assistance, for example, expanded or augmented reality.

Li-Fi Roadmap:

Fig 8: Li-Fi Roadmap

(Source:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284173584_Light_Fidelity_LiFi_The_new_wireless_communicatio
n_system)

We have also think of extension of the project either in the field of navigation or image transfer
using lifi or blind indoor navigation as shown in fig 3.3.
 Fig 3.3 Block Diagram Of Image Transferring Using Li-Fi
(Source:http://www.ijcta.com/documents/volumes/vol5issue1/ijcta2014050121.pdf)

EQUIPMENT CONFIGURATION :

Arduino UNO ATMEGA 328P - It is a kind of microcontroller that assists with building
computerized gadgets and intuitive articles that can detect and control objects in the physical
world.

• Voice play back circuit-Voice Module 60 Sec task will playback and record as long as 60
seconds of voice message. This circuit is a phenomenal decision to add voice to your venture.
As long as 60 Seconds of non-unpredictable voice stockpiling.

• Ultrasonic Sensors-Ultrasonic running module HCSR04 gives 2cm - 400cm non-contact

estimation work ， the extending exactness can reach to 3mm.The modules incorporates
ultrasonic transmitter ，receiver and control circuit.

• Transistors-A transistor is a semiconductor gadget used to enhance or switchelectronic signals

and electrical force. It is made out of semiconductor material ordinarily with in any event three
terminals for association with an outside circuit.

• LED Lamp-A LED light is a light-transmitting diode (LED) item which is collected into a light for
use in lighting installations. A decent LED driver can ensure a long life for a LED framework and
give extra highlights, for example, diminishing and control. L14F1 Photodiode-A photodiode is a
semiconductor gadget that changes over light into current. Photodiodes may contain optical
channels, worked in focal points, and may have enormous or little surface
 CHAPTER 5

-SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION—

In this paper, a constant sound communicate model off the rack LED's are utilized, it is visualized that
utilizing business LED lights would bring about higher separations of transmission. It is demonstrated that
transmission of excellent sound with the separation of 1 m can be accomplished and upgrades can be
made by including centering focal point between the transmitter and the recipient.

In the information transmission model, the encoding and deciphering can be utilized in the transmitter part
and recipient part to diminish the blunder in transmission. Moreover, the information transmission rate
could be improved by utilizing quick exchanging various LED's. The tests were done inside under
encompassing light conditions. Bigger inclusion of zone for transmission can be acquired by utilizing LED
clusters.

VLC is still in a beginning phase; be that as it may, it is a promising innovation with a wide scope of
forthcoming applications. The enthusiasm for VLC is expanding all through the world and we can before
long anticipate some true applications.

Li Fi is a quick and modest remote correspondence framework. The expanding interest for higher transfer
speeds, quicker and increasingly secure information transmission just as natural and without a doubt
human amicable innovation proclaims the beginning of a significant move in remote innovation, a move
from RF to optical remote advances. The conceivable outcomes are various and exploration can furnish
us with numerous arrangements. This innovation can be utilized to make each LED bulb into a Li-Fi
hotspot to transmit information remotely and will continue to give us a more secure, quicker and a greener
system.
ABBREVATIONS:-
LED: Light Emitting Diodes

PA: Power Amplifier

PCB: Printed Circuit Board

RF: Radio Frequency

MAC: Media Access Control

CSK: Colour Shift Keying

OOK: On-Off Keying

Gbps: Gigabit per Second

IrDA: Infrared Data Association

NFC: Near Field Communication

M2M VLC:Mobile-to-Mobile Visual Light Communication

TED: Technology, Entertainment & Design

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