MINOR PROJECT REPORT

ON
Design and Analysis of Rectangular, Square, and Circular Antennas Using
HFSS for Enhanced Communication

7th SEM (2020-2024)

Under the Guidance of
Prof. VANDANA NATH

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Dr. Jyotsna Yadav Himanshu

Enrollment no: 02316412820

UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF INFORMATION AND

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA
UNIVERSITY, NEW DELHI-110078
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the minor project entitled “Design and Analysis of
Rectangular, Square, and Circular Antennas Using HFSS for Enhanced
Communication” being submitted by HIMANSHU of course B.TECH
(ECE) at UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY DWARKA, working this project
under the guidance and supervision of the Prof. Vandana Nath. This
Project Report has the requisite standard and to the best of our
knowledge, no part of it has been reproduced from any other Project.

Under the guidance of

Dr. Vandana Nath
(Assistant Professor)
 Acknowledgement
This minor project is a very important learning experience for me. I
would like to express my gratitude towards all the people who played
a part in making the experience possible. I would like to thank all those
who helped and guided me through these two months in making this
minor project successful. I would like to express my special gratitude
towards Prof. Vandana Nath, for his constant support and
encouragement, which helped me throughout the project. I sincerely
acknowledge her for extending his valuable guidance, support and
reviews on the report from which I could learn a lot.

(Signature of the student)

HIMANSHU
Aim
Design and Analysis of Rectangular, Square, and Circular Antennas
Using HFSS for Enhanced Communication.

Introduction:
In today's fast-paced world, communication plays a pivotal role in
connecting people and devices. Antenna design is a critical aspect of
ensuring efficient and reliable communication systems. This synopsis
outlines a study that focuses on the design and comparison of three
different antenna shapes: rectangular, square, and elliptical, using the
High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software. These
antennas are analyzed and evaluated for their real-life applications in
enhancing communication systems.

1. Rectangular Antenna:
HFSS Simulation

Diag – Microstrip Rectangular Patch Antenna

 Graph of S11 Plot

The rectangular antenna is a simple yet effective design for enhancing

communication. It consists of a rectangular metallic patch radiating
electromagnetic waves.
To simulate this antenna in HFSS, the following steps are involved:
- Create a rectangular patch geometry.
- Define the material properties.
- Specify the feeding mechanism (e.g., microstrip line or coaxial
cable).
- Set up the HFSS simulation, considering frequency, meshing, and
boundary conditions.
- Analyze the radiation pattern and impedance matching.

Real-life Application of Rectangular Antenna:

Rectangular antennas are commonly used in Wi-Fi routers, RFID
systems, and point-to-point communication links due to their ease of
integration and good radiation characteristics.
 2. Circular Antenna:

Diag – Microstrip Circular Patch Antenna

Graph of S11 Plot

A circular patch antenna is a type of microstrip antenna with a
circular radiating patch. It is a low-profile, lightweight, and conformal
antenna that can be easily integrated into various applications.
Circular patch antennas are commonly used in wireless
communication systems, such as mobile phones, laptop computers,
and satellite communication systems.

The main advantage of circular patch antennas over rectangular patch

antennas is that they have lower side lobe levels. This means that they
emit less unwanted radiation in directions other than the intended
direction. This is important because it can reduce interference with
other nearby antennas. Additionally, circular patch antennas have a
wider bandwidth than rectangular patch antennas. This means that
they can be used for a wider range of frequencies.

The radiating patch of a circular patch antenna is typically made of a

conductive material, such as copper or gold. The patch is placed on a
ground plane, which is typically made of a dielectric material, such as
FR-4 or Rogers RO4350B. The patch and ground plane are separated
by a dielectric substrate, which is typically made of a low-loss
material, such as PTFE or alumina.

The resonant frequency of a circular patch antenna is determined by

the radius of the patch, the thickness of the substrate, and the
permittivity of the substrate. The resonant frequency can be tuned by
adjusting any of these parameters.

Circular patch antennas can be fed in a variety of ways, the most

common of which are:

* *Microstrip feeding:* The microstrip feed is a narrow metal strip

that is placed on the surface of the substrate. The microstrip feed is
connected to the patch by a via, which is a small hole that is filled
with conductive material.
* *Coaxial feeding:* The coaxial feed is a metal tube that is inserted
into the substrate. The coaxial feed is connected to the patch by a
center conductor.
* *Aperture feeding:* The aperture feed is a slot or aperture that is cut
into the ground plane. The aperture feed is connected to the patch by a
waveguide.

The choice of feed depends on the specific application. Microstrip

feeding is the most common type of feed because it is easy to
fabricate and integrate into circuit boards. Coaxial feeding is used
when high power is required. Aperture feeding is used when a flush-
mounted antenna is required.

3. Elliptical Antenna:
Elliptical antennas provide enhanced control over radiation patterns.
Simulating an elliptical antenna in HFSS entails:
- Creating an elliptical patch geometry.
- Configuring material properties.
- Implementing feeding mechanisms.
- Running simulations in HFSS to assess radiation characteristics.

Real-life Application of Elliptical Antennas :

Elliptical antennas are crucial in remote sensing, Earth observation
satellites, and radar systems where precise beam shaping and control
are required.

Comparative Analysis:
The study incorporates a comparative analysis of the three antenna
shapes, evaluating their performance metrics, such as gain, directivity,
and radiation patterns. HFSS facilitates the quantification and
visualization of these metrics, allowing for an in-depth assessment of
each antenna's suitability for specific communication requirements.
Conclusion:
The conclusion summarizes the findings of the study, highlighting the
advantages and disadvantages of rectangular, square, and elliptical
antennas in enhancing communication systems. It underscores the
significance of choosing the right antenna shape based on the
intended application and performance criteria.
Overall, this research aims to provide valuable insights into antenna
design and simulation using HFSS, offering guidance on selecting the
most appropriate antenna shape for enhancing communication in real-
world scenarios.
 INDEX

1. CERTIFICATE ……. (2)

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……. (3)
3. INTRODUCTION ……. (4)
4. RECTANGULAR ANTEENA ……. (4)
5. GRAPH OF S11 PLOT ……. (5)
6. CIRCULAR ANTEENA …….. (6)
7. CIRCULAR ANTEENA INTRODUCTION ……. (7)
8. ELLIPTICAL ANTTENA …… (8)
9. CONCLUSION ……. (9)