API 570

FOURTH EDITION, FEBRUARY 2016

Piping Inspection Code: In-service

Inspection, Rating, Repair, and
Alteration of Piping Systems

1 Scope
2 Normative References

Prepared By Yousef Akbari 1395

1 Scope
2 Normative References
3Terms, Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations
4 Owner/User Inspection Organization
5 Inspection, Examination, and Pressure Testing Practices
6 Interval/Frequency and Extent of Inspection
7 Inspection Data Evaluation, Analysis, and Recording
8 Repairs, Alterations, and Rerating of Piping Systems
9 Inspection of Buried Piping

Annex A (informative) Inspector Certification

Annex B (informative) Requests for Interpretations
Annex C (informative) Examples of Repairs
Annex D (informative) Two Examples of the Calculation of MAWP
Illustrating the Use of the CorrosionHalf-life Concept.
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1 Scope

1.1 GENERAL APPLICATION

1.1.1 Coverage 1.1.2 Intent 1.1.3 Limitations

inspection, repair, petroleum refining and shall not be used as a

alteration, and rerating chemical process substitute for the original
procedures for metallic industries but may be construction requirements
piping systems that have used, where practical, governing a piping system
been in-service. for any piping system. before it is placed in-service

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1 Scope

1.2 Specific Applications

a) raw, intermediate, and finished petroleum and chemical products;

b) catalyst lines;
c) hydrogen, natural gas, fuel gas, and flare systems;
d) sour water and hazardous waste streams;
e) hazardous fluid services;
f) cryogenic fluids such as: liquid N2, H2, O2, and air;
g) high-pressure gases greater than 150 psig such as: gaseous He, H2, O2, and N2.

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1 Scope

1.2 Specific Applications

a) hazardous fluid services below designated
threshold limits, as defined by jurisdictional
regulations;

b) water (including fire protection systems),

steam, steam-condensate, boiler feed water, and
optional with regard to the Category D fluid services as defined in ASME
requirements of API 570 B31.3

c) other classes of piping that are exempted from

the applicable process piping code.

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1 Scope
1.3 Fitness-For-Service (FFS) and Risk-Based Inspection (RBI)

Fitness-For-Service concepts for evaluating in-service damage of pressure

containing piping components. API 579-1/ASME FFS-1,

set of methodologies for assessing risk (both POF and COF)

and for developing inspection plans.

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2 Normative References
API Standard 510:
Pressure Vessel Inspection Code: Maintenance Inspection, Rating, Repair, and Alteration

6 3
1
2

5
7

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2 Normative References
API Standard 530,
Calculation of Heater Tube Thicknesses in Petroleum Refineries

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2 Normative References
API Standard 530,
Calculation of Heater Tube Thicknesses in Petroleum Refineries

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2 Normative References
API Recommended Practice 571,
Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry

Mechanical and Metallurgical Failure Mechanisms

Uniform or Localized Loss of Thickness

High Temperature Corrosion [>400°F (204°C)]

Environment – Assisted Cracking

Description of Damage
Affected Materials
Critical Factors
Affected Units or Equipment
Appearance or Morphology of Damage
Prevention / Mitigation
Inspection and Monitoring
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2 Normative References
API Recommended Practice 572
Inspection Practices for Pressure Vessels

TYPES OF PRESSURE VESSELS

CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS

MAINTENANCE INSPECTION

REASONS FOR INSPECTION

CAUSES OF DETERIORATION

FREQUENCY AND TIME OF INSPECTION

INSPECTION METHODS AND LIMITATIONS

METHODS OF REPAIR

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2 Normative References
API Recommended Practice 574,
Inspection Practices for Piping System Components

Leaks
Piping Components.
Pipe-joining Methods Misalignment

Reasons for Inspection Supports

Inspection Plans
Vibration
Frequency and Extent of Inspection
Safety Precautions and Preparatory Work . External Corrosion

Determination of Minimum Required Thickness Accumulations of Corrosive Liquids

Records
Hot Spots

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2 Normative References
API Recommended Practice 574,
Inspection Practices for Piping System Components

As before we calculate the force by the internal pressure

multiplied by the area it is applied over:
Force = P.2r.dx

The area this force is applied over is the two parts of the
ring at the top and bottom of the cylinder:
Area = 2.t.dx

Combining these, we can calculate the longitudinal stress:

σh = P.2r.dx / 2.t.dx
σh = Pr / t = σh = PD /2 t

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2 Normative References
API Recommended Practice 574,
Inspection Practices for Piping System Components

σe = Force / Area Force = Px (Cross-sectional area of pipe)

= Pπr2

The area this force is applied over is the thin ring of wall around
the edge: Area = 2πrt
Combining these, we can calculate the longitudinal stress:
σe = Pπr2 / 2πrt =
σe = Pr / 2t

σe = PD /4 t

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2 Normative References
API Recommended Practice 574,
Inspection Practices for Piping System Components
t > d /6
Pressure Design Thickness requires special
t =PD/2SE consideration.
P/SE > 0.385

Thickness= Max( MAT, MRT)

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2 Normative References
API Recommended Practice 574,
Inspection Practices for Piping System Components

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2 Normative References
API Recommended Practice 574,
Inspection Practices for Piping System Components

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2 Normative References
API Recommended Practice 576,
Inspection of Pressure-relieving Devices

Pressure-relief Valve

Safety Valve

Relief Valve

Safety-relief Valve

Conventional Safety-relief Valve

Balanced Safety-relief Valve

Pilot-operated Pressure-relief Valve

Pressure- and/or Vacuum-vent Valve

Rupture Disk Device

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2 Normative References
API Recommended Practice 577,
Welding Inspection and Metallurgy

1 SCOPE
2 REFERENCES
3 DEFINITIONS
4 WELDING INSPECTION
5 WELDING PROCESSES
6 WELDING PROCEDURE
7 WELDING MATERIALS
8 WELDER QUALIFICATION
9 NON-DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION
10 METALLURGY
11 REFINERY AND PETROCHEMICAL PLANT WELDING ISSUES

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2 Normative References
API Recommended Practice 578
, Material Verification Program for New and Existing Piping Systems

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2 Normative References
API Standard 579-1/ASME FFS-1,
Fitness-For-Service

BRITTLE FRACTURE
GENERAL METAL LOSS
LOCAL METAL LOSS
PITTING CORROSION
HYDROGEN DAMAGE
WELD MISALIGNMENT AND
SHELL DISTORTIONS
CRACK-LIKE FLAWS
CREEP
FIRE DAMAGE
DENTS, GOUGES
LAMINATIONS
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2 Normative References
API Recommended Practice 580,
Risk-based Inspection

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2 Normative References
API Recommended Practice 583,
Corrosion Under Insulation

Introduction to the Causes of Damage

Areas Susceptible to Damage

 Insulation and Fireproofing Systems

Inspection for CUI and CUF Damage

 Risk-Based Inspection (RBI)

Design Practices to Minimize CUI

Design Practices to Minimize CUF

Maintenance and Mitigation of CUI/CUF Issues

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2 Normative References
API Recommended Practice 584,
Integrity Operating Windows

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2 Normative References
API Standard 598,
Valve Inspection and Testing

a) shell test,

b) backseat test,

c) low-pressure closure test,

d) high-pressure closure test,

e) double block and bleed high-pressure closure test,

f) visual examination of castings by the manufacturer,

g) high-pressure pneumatic shell test.

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2 Normative References
API Recommended Practice 939-C,
Guidelines for Avoiding Sulfidation (Sulfidic) Corrosion Failures in Oil Refineries

Basics of Sulfidation Corrosion

Location of Sulfidation Corrosion

Effects of Process and Material

Variables on Corrosion Rates

Limitations of Current Knowledge Base

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2 Normative References
API Recommended Practice 941,
Steels for Hydrogen Service at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures in Petroleum
Refineries and Petrochemical Plants

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2 Normative References
API Publication 2201,
Safe Hot Tapping Practices in the Petroleum and Petrochemical Industries

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2 Normative References
ASME B16.34
Valves—Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End

Class 150 300 600 900 1500 2500 4500

1 Scope

2 Pressure–Temperature Ratings

3 Nominal Pipe Size

4 Marking

5 Materials

6 Dimensions

7 Pressure Testing

8 Requirements for Special Class Valves

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2 Normative References
ASME B31.3,
Process Piping

Chapter I Scope and Definitions

Chapter II Design
Chapter III Materials
Chapter IV Standards for Piping Components
Chapter V Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection
Chapter VI Inspection, Examination, and Testing
Chapter VII Nonmetallic Piping and Piping Lined With Nonmetals
Chapter VIII Piping for Category M Fluid Service
Chapter IX High Pressure Piping
Chapter X High Purity Piping

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2 Normative References
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC), Section V,
Non destructive Examination

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2 Normative References
ASME BPVC, Section IX,
Welding and Brazing Qualifications

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2 Normative References
ASME PCC-1,
Guidelines for Pressure Boundary Bolted Flange Joint Assembly

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2 Normative References
ASME PCC-1,
Guidelines for Pressure Boundary Bolted Flange Joint Assembly

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2 Normative References
ASME PCC-1,
Guidelines for Pressure Boundary Bolted Flange Joint Assembly

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2 Normative References
ASME PCC-2, Repair of Pressure Equipment and Piping

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2 Normative References
ASTM G57,
Method for Field Measurement of Soil Resistivity Using the Wenner Four-Electrode
Method

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2 Normative References
NACE RP 0472 Methods and Controls to Prevent In-Service Environmental Cracking
of Carbon Steel Weldments in Corrosive Petroleum Refining Environments

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2 Normative References
NACE MR 0103, Materials Resistant to Sulfide Stress Cracking in Corrosive
Petroleum Refining Environments
Defines material requirements for resistance
to sulfide stress cracking (SSC) in sour
refinery process environments (i.e.,
environments that contain wet hydrogen
sulfide [H2S]). The term "wet H2S cracking"
as used in the refining industry covers a
range of damage mechanisms that can occur
due to the effects of hydrogen charging in
wet H2S refinery or gas plant process
environments. One of the types of material
damage that can occur as a result of
hydrogen charging is sulfide stress cracking
(SSC) of hard weldments and
microstructures, which is addressed by this
standard. This standard is intended to be
utilized by refineries, equipment
manufacturers, engineering contractors, and
construction contractors.

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2 Normative References
NACE SP 0102, In-Line Inspection of Pipelines

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2 Normative References
NACE RP 0502, Pipeline External Corrosion Direct Assessment. Methodology
External Corrosion Direct Assessment(ECDA)

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2 Normative References National Fire Protection Association
NFPA 704, Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for
Emergency Response

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Tank's For Your Attention

Question

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