Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration

Name: Nabila Sofea binti Zawawi (2018680438)

Group Members: Muhammad Sharfawi bin Burhanuddin (2018259708)
Nur Aqila binti Mohamad (2018660614)
Nur Hannani binti Johari (2018801622)
Noormin Suraya binti Anuar Zaidi (2018802362)

Abstract—This experiment is carried out with an aim to energy of the fluid along streamline remains constant, it enables
demonstrate the Bernoulli’s Theorem by utilizing the Bernoulli’s us to find the unknown values at any point on the streamline.
Theorem Demonstration Unit (Model: FM 24), an apparatus that Along with the Continuity Equation, it is applicable in many
consists of a Venturi meter. The Venturi serves a purpose as a real life instruments such as Venturi meter, orifice, aspirators,
flowmeter, where the flow measurement can be made and the
discharge coefficient can be obtained. The main data that is taken
thermocompressors and others that involve fluid flow.
into consideration is the velocities at each cross section of the
venturi meter calculated by the Bernoulli’s Equation and the
Continuity Equation. The results obtained suggested that the
II. OBJECTIVES
velocities calculated using both equations show values that are
almost equal, which is an indication that the Bernoulli’s Theorem
has been successfully demonstrated. The objective of this experiment is to demonstrate
Bernoulli’s Theorem.

I. INTRODUCTION III. THEORY

Bernoulli’s Theorem is a law introduced by Daniel Bernoulli

(1700-1782) which states that an increase in the speed of fluid The Bernoulli’s equation introduced in the introduction
occurs in which the pressure simultaneously decreases. It can section was derived using streamline coordinates. It originates
also be viewed as the conservation of energy law for a flowing from Euler’s equation for steady flow along a streamline which
is
fluid, where the relations between pressure, density of fluid,
velocity of the fluid and height is involved. This law can simply 𝜕𝑝 𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑣
− −𝑔 =𝑉
expressed in the equation: 𝜌𝛿𝑠 𝛿𝑠 𝛿𝑠

If a fluid particle moves a distance, ds, along a streamline,

𝑃 𝑣2
+ + 𝑧 = ℎ∗ = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝛿𝑝
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑝
Where, 𝛿𝑠
𝛿𝑧
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑧
P = fluid static pressure at the cross section 𝛿𝑠
𝜌 = density of the flowing fluid 𝛿𝑉
= 𝑑𝑉
g = acceleration due to gravity 𝛿𝑠
v = mean velocity of fluid flow at the cross section 𝛿𝑝
Multiplying 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑝 with ds,
z = elevation head of the center at the cross section with 𝛿𝑠

respect to datum 𝑑𝑝
− 𝑔𝑑𝑧 = 𝑉𝑑𝑉
h* = total (stagnation) head 𝜌

Integration of this equation gives,

The Bernoulli’s Theorem is referred to as the
𝑑𝑝 𝑉 2
conservation energy law as it takes into consideration some ∫ + + 𝑔𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜌 2
forms of energy that exists in a flowing fluid, namely the kinetic
energy, the potential energy and the pressure energy. These 𝑝 𝑉2
+ + 𝑔𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
energies, in ideal condition, are not loss to surroundings and can 𝜌 2
only convert into each other. In order to demonstrate this
equation, the Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration Unit is used.
The design of the unit allows for measurement of the static While considering the restrictions below:
pressure distribution along the converging duct and also the i. Steady flow
flow rate of the water.
ii. Incompressible flow
It is of utmost importance to understand the iii. Frictionless flow
Bernoulli’s Theorem as from its statement which said the total
iv. Flow along a streamline 7. Step 3 to 6 were repeated with three other increasing
flow rates by regulating the venturi discharge valve.
IV. PROCEDURES 8. The velocity, ViB was calculated using the Bernoulli’s
equation where 𝑉𝑖𝐵 = √2 × 𝑔 × (ℎ8 − ℎ𝑖
General Start-up Procedures 9. The velocity, ViC was calculated using the continuity
𝑄𝑎𝑣
1. It was ensured that the clear acrylic test section was equation where 𝑉𝑖𝐶 =
𝐴𝑖
installed with the converging section upstream. It is also
10. The difference between the two calculated velocities
ensured that the unions were tighten.
were the determined.
2. The apparatus was located on the flat top of the bench.
3. The spirit level was attached to baseboard and the unit
was levelled on top of the bench by adjusting the feet. V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4. Water was filled into the volumetric tank of the
hydraulic bench until approximately 90% full.
Table 1. Data Analysis for Run 1
5. The flexible inlet tube was connected using the quick
release coupling in the bed of the channel. Volume (L) 3.00
Average Time (min) 0.47
6. A flexible hose was connected to the outlet flow control Flow Rate (LPM) 6.38
valve at the unit.
7. The outlet flow control valve at the unit was partially Table 2. Results for Run 1
opened. Cross Using Bernoulli’s Equation Using Continuity Difference
section Equation
8. The bench flow control valve, V1 was fully closed and i h*=hH hi ViB = Ai = ViC = ViB - ViC
the pump was switched on. (mm) (mm) √[2*g*(h*- πDi2/4 Qav /
2
hi)] (m/s) (m ) Ai
9. Valve V1 was gradually opened and the piping was (m/s)
allowed to be filled with water until all air was expelled A 165.5 158.0 0.3836 0.000531 0.2003 0.1833
from system. B 165.0 153.0 0.4852 0.000366 0.2902 0.1950
C 163.0 116.5 0.9552 0.000201 0.5289 0.4263
D 160.0 139.0 0.6419 0.000314 0.3385 0.3034
E 159.0 143.0 0.5603 0.000380 0.2797 0.2806
General Shut-down Procedures F 158.0 147.0 0.4646 0.000531 0.2003 0.2643
1. The water supply valve and venturi discharge valve
were closed. Table 3. Data Analysis for Run 2

2. The water supply pump was turned off. Volume (L) 3.00
Average Time (min) 0.20
3. The water from the unit was drained when not in use. Flow Rate (LPM) 15.0

Table 4. Results for Run 2

Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration
Cross Using Bernoulli’s Equation Using Continuity Difference
1. The General Start-up procedure was performed. section Equation
i h*=hH hi ViB = Ai = ViC = ViB - ViC
2. The manometer tubes were checked to ensure they were (mm) (mm) √[2*g*(h*- πDi2/4 Qav /
hi)] (m/s) (m2) Ai
properly connected to the corresponding pressure taps (m/s)
and were bubble free. A 214.0 180.0 0.8167 0.000531 0.4709 0.3459
B 208.0 168.0 0.8859 0.000366 0.6822 0.2036
3. The discharge valve was adjusted to a low measurable
C 200.0 90.0 1.4691 0.000201 1.2434 0.2257
flow rate. D 193.5 137.5 1.0482 0.000314 0.7958 0.2524
4. After the level had stabilized, the water flow rate was E 191.5 150.5 0.8969 0.000380 0.6577 0.2392
F 188.0 162.0 0.7142 0.000531 0.4709 0.2434
measured using volumetric method.
5. The hypodermic tube connected to manometer #H was Table 5. Data Analysis for Run 3
gently slid so that its end reached the cross section of the Volume (L) 3.00
venturi tube at #A. The readings from manometer #H
Average Time (min) 0.12
and A were taken.
Flow Rate (LPM) 25.7
6. Step 5 were repeated for other cross sections (#B, #C,
#D, #E, and #F).
 Table 6. Results for Run 3 significantly higher than the velocities at the lower volumetric
Cross Using Bernoulli’s Equation Using Continuity Difference flow rate of 6.38 LPM. This pattern proves that the experiment
section Equation propagates logical results.
i h*=hH hi ViB = Ai = ViC = ViB - ViC
(mm) (mm) √[2*g*(h*- πDi2/4 Qav /
hi)] (m/s) 2
(m ) Ai Lastly, the values of velocity calculated using the
(m/s) Bernoulli’s Equation and the Continuity Equation show only
A 283.0 218.0 1.1293 0.000531 0.8068 0.3225
B 271.0 194.0
between 0.1 to 0.4 m/s difference, which can be concluded that
1.2291 0.000366 1.1689 0.0602
C 260.0 20.0 2.1700 0.000201 2.1304 0.0396 Bernoulli’s Equation gives a value quite close to that of
D 248.5 133.5 1.5021 0.000314 1.3634 0.1387 Continuity Equation. This proves the demonstration of
E 244.0 157.5 1.3027 0.000380 1.1268 0.1759 Bernoulli’s equation, in which unlike the Continuity Equation
F 239.0 185.0 1.0293 0.000531 0.8068 0.2225 where it is only a relation between volumetric flow rate and
velocity of the fluid and area of cross section, Bernoulli’s
Equation also can be applied for the very same purpose but with
Sample Calculation velocity, head difference, and gravitational acceleration. This is
very useful in cases where the parameters needed for either
equations are not available for calculation, as both yield almost
2𝑔 × (ℎ∗ − ℎ𝑖 )
𝑉𝑖𝐵 = √ similar values.
1000
As to why the results calculated from both equations
2 × 9.81 × (165.5 − 158) has deviations, it most probably stems from errors made in the
𝑉𝑖𝐵 = √ = 0.3836
1000 experiment itself. For example, the instrument could have not
been properly calibrated before the experiment is run, thus
yielding a slightly inaccurate result. Other than that, errors may
𝐷𝑖 2
𝐴𝑖 = 𝜋 × also come from negligence during the process of reading the
4
262 1𝑚2 head of each cross section, as the instrument stood a bit high
𝐴𝑖 = 𝜋 × = 530.93𝑚𝑚2 × = 0.000531𝑚2 and only certain people could level their eyes with the
4 1000000𝑚𝑚2
meniscus. These could easily be avoided by taking precautions
𝑄𝑎𝑣 1
which will be discussed later in the recommendations section of
𝑉𝑖𝐶 = × this report.
60000 𝐴𝑖
6.38 1
𝑉𝑖𝐶 = × = 0.2003
60000 0.000531
CONCLUSION
The calculations were then repeated for each value cross section
of each run.
The Bernoulli’s Equation was successfully demonstrated
From the tabulated results, the difference of velocity through the operation of the Bernoulli’s Theorem
of water calculated using two different equations, the Demonstration Unit (Model: FM 24) with slight deviations that
Bernoulli’s Equation and the Continuity Equation have been arise from some errors, that however do not heavily affect the
successfully calculated and shown. For the first run, it can be achievement of the objective of this experiment.
seen that the highest velocity is recorded at cross section C, in
which the diameter is 0.016 mm, the smallest in the venturi
meter. While, the two lowest velocity were observed at tapping RECOMMENDATIONS
point A and F, where the diameter of the cross section are both
0.026 mm, the widest in the venturi meter. The same pattern can Various recommendations could be made in order to obtain
also be observed for the second and the third run, where the more accurate results, and that is to ensure that the instrument
velocity is higher in narrow constriction areas and lower in was properly calibrated before it is run in an experiment. This
wider areas, which indicates that the equipment is running is to detect any abnormalities in the instrument itself so it can
properly. be fixed to give more reliable data. Other than that, it is
important to consult the lab assistant for guidance so no
From the equation Q=AV, it can also be concluded confusion arises during the experiment is run. In addition to
that the velocity is directly proportional to the volumetric flow that, it is crucial to ensure that the eyes level with the meniscus
rate and the area of the cross section. This implies that the of the instrument when taking the reading of the head of each
higher the volumetric flow rate, the higher the velocity of the cross section as water has adhesive and cohesive properties that
fluid. This pattern can be observed for all three runs, where at makes it curve when in contact with the surface of the glass.
Q = 6.38 LPM, the average velocity at cross section A is 0.2003 Light refraction could also cause the reading to appear different
m/s calculated using Continuity Equation and 0.3836 m/s when than its actual value, which highly emphasizes on the
using Bernoulli’s Equation. At Q = 25.7 LPM, the velocity at importance of taking precautions when recording the reading.
cross section A is 0.8068 m/s when using Continuity Equation Lastly, it is very recommended to calculate the standard
and 1.1293 m/s when using Bernoulli’s equation, which are
deviation for each data obtained as this reflects its accuracy and REFERENCES
the need for a repetition of the experiment for more reliable
results. [1] A. Esposito (1997), Fluid Mechanics with Applications, 4th Revised US
Edition, Prentice-Hall
[2] R. C. Binder (1960), Fluid Mechanics, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall
[3] R. L. Mott (2015), Applied Fluid Mechanics, 7th Edition, Prentice-Hall
[4] R. L. Street (1995), Elementary Fluid Mechanics, 7th Edition, John Wiley
& Sons Inc.
 APPENDIX

Figure 1: Raw Data Recorded on the Day of the Experiment

Figure 2: The Venturi Meter and the Diameter of Each Cross Section