Palestine Polytechnic University

College of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Fluid Lab

Experiment No. 5

Bernoulli's Equation

Section (Thursday 10-11:45)

Authors of the report

Mohammed Seder

Suhaib Alsharabaty

Rami Awiwi

Lab Supervisor: Eng. Ehab Iqnaibi

1 November 2022
Objectives:

1. To investigate the validity of Bernoulli’s equation when applied

to the steady flow of water in a tapered duct.

2. To determine the relationship between pressure head and

kinetic head for water flowing in a passage of varying cross-
section.

3. Use the venture meter apparatus to study the effect of area of

the flow velocity and fluid pressure.

4. Use the Bernoulli’s equation to compare the behavior of ideal

and real fluid.

The devices and tools:

1) 2)

3) 4)

Theory:
Continuity Equation:

One of the fundamental principles used in the analysis of uniform flow is known
as the Continuity of Flow. This principle is derived from the fact that mass is
always conserved in fluid systems regardless of the pipeline complexity or
direction of flow.

If steady flow exists in a channel and the principle of conservation of mass is

applied to the system, there exists a continuity of flow, defined as: "The mean
velocities at all cross sections having equal areas are then equal, and if the areas
are not equal, the velocities are inversely proportional to the areas of the
respective cross sections." Thus, if the flow is constant in a reach of channel the
product of the area and velocity will be the same for any two cross sections
within that reach. Looking the units of the product of area (sq-m) and velocity
(m/s) leads to the definition of flow rate (m 3/s). This is expressed in the
Continuity Equation:

Where:

Q = the volumetric flow rate

A = the cross-sectional area of flow

V = the mean velocity

Bernoulli’s Principle:

Bernoulli’s principle states that the total mechanical energy of the moving fluid comprising the
gravitational potential energy of elevation, the energy associated with the fluid pressure and
the kinetic energy of the fluid motion, remains constant.

Bernoulli’s principle can be derived from the principle of conservation of energy.

Bernoulli’s Principal Formula:

Bernoulli’s equation formula is a relation between pressure, kinetic energy, and gravitational
potential energy of a fluid in a container.

Bernoulli’s Principle: As the speed of a fluid’s flow increases, the pressure in the fluid
decreases.
The formula for Bernoulli’s principle is given as follows:

Where p is the pressure exerted by the fluid, v is the velocity of the fluid, ρ is
the density of the fluid and h is the height of the container.

Bernoulli’s equation gives great insight into the balance between pressure,
velocity and elevation.

In this experiment, the validity of Bernoulli’s equation will be verified with the
use of a tapered duct (venturi system) connected with manometers to measure
the pressure head and total head at known points along the flow.

Conclusion:
In this experiment, we proved Bernoulli's law by making the fluid flow
inside a tube of variable area, dividing the tube into points, and applying
the following Bernoulli equation:
P+ρV^2/2 + Zρg=constant

It will result with us that Bernoulli's equation is equal between all points,
because the flow along the tube is equal according to the volumetric
flow rate law in the following equation:
Q1=Q2

A1V1-A2V2

We obtained from this equation that the area is inversely proportional

to the velocity. When the cross-sectional area decreases, the velocity of
the fluid increases, and therefore the flow is equal in all the tubes.

The loss is calculated by using heads equation in which the Bernoulli

equation is applied between the first and last point, dividing the
equation by the density x the gravitational acceleration, resulting in the
following equation:
P/ρg+V^2/2g+Z=Const

PH+KH+PotH=TH

Through this equation, we conclude that the loss is the difference

between the two heights

It appears from the above that the Bernoulli equation and the head
equation we can calculate the loss in height between two points and by
applying the equation we can find the velocity, pressure or height
We can apply Bernoulli's equation in several applications such as:

 Slowly-varying flows, where the applied forces or flow parameters

have slow variations.
 Fluid flow in mechanical waves, which is used to explain harmonic
motion of a fluid in acoustics and water waves.

Graph: