FLUID MECHANICS I

LECTURES FOR THE UNDERGRADUATE

COURSE

Dr. Anwar Nadhom Mohammed Ali

PT Department
REFERENCES

 Streeter, V.L.& Wylie,E.B. ”Fluid Mechanic”,6th edition, Mc-Graw Hill, 1975.

 Frank M. White, “Fluid Mechanics”, 5th edition, McGraw Hill. 1997
 Hibbeler, R. C. ”Fluid Mechanics”, 2nd edition in SI Units, Pearson. 2021.
 Michel Rieutord,” Fluid Dynamics An Introduction”, Springer, 2015.
 Holland,F.A. “Fluid Flow for Chemical Engineers” Arnold, 1980.
 Coulson,J.M. and J.F. Richardson, “Chemical Engineering”, Vol.I “Fluid Flow,
Heat Transfer, and Mass Transfer” 5th edition, 1998.
Examples of steady and unsteady flow and of uniform and
nonuniform flow are:

• liquid flow through a long pipe at a

constant rate is steady uniform
flow;
• liquid flow through a long pipe at a
decreasing rate is unsteady uniform
flow;
• flow through an expanding tube at
a constant rate is steady
nonuniform flow; and
• flow through an expanding tube at
an increasing rate is unsteady
nonuniform flow.
Flow Patterns:

A streamline is a continuous line drawn through the fluid so

that it has the direction of the velocity vector at every point.
There can be no flow across a streamline.

In illustration of an incompressible two-dimensional flow, as

in Fig.b, the streamlines are drawn so that per unit time the
volume flowing between adjacent streamlines is the same if
unit depth is considered normal to the plane of the figure.
Hence, when the streamlines are closer together, the velocity
must be greater, and vice versa. (b)
Flow Patterns:

A stream tube is the tube made by all the streamlines

passing through a small, closed curve. In steady flow it is
fixed in space and can have no flow through its walls
because the velocity vector has no component normal to
the tube surface.
(c)

A pathline is the actual path traversed by a given fluid

particle. A pathline can be found by a time exposure of a
single marked particle moving through the flow.

(d)
Flow Patterns:

Streaklines: If smoke is released continuously in a gas, or

colored dye is released in a liquid, a “trace” of all the
particles will be carried along with the flow. This resulting
succession of marked particles that have all come from the
same point of origin is called a streakline. It can be
identified by taking an instantaneous photograph of the
trace, or “streak,” of all the particles (e)
FLUID FLOW DESCRIPTIONS

Lagrangian Description—System Eulerian Description—Control Volume

Approach. Approach.
CONTROL VOLUME ANALYSIS
SIMPLE TWO PORT SYSTEM (MASS BALANCE)

Rate Balance
 Conservation of Mass
Extended to multiple inlet/exit control volumes,
we may write the balance as:

If there are no inlets/exits, the system is closed and we

have:
Conservation of Mass
If the system is under steady state then the left hand
side of the mass balance becomes:

We will examine many problems involving steady and

unsteady flow.
Conservation of Mass
The mass flow rate entering
a port is defined as:

If Q is called the volume flow rate passing through the given

cross section.

Then:

If we have a stream with normal uniform velocity passing

through an area A, the mass flow rate for this one-
dimensional flow is:
Conservation of Mass
The Conservation of Mass
equation for a multiport control
volume can then be taken as:

This will be the starting point for all future analyses.

We will then make assumptions as to steady/unsteady
or open/closed.
EXAMPLE1
At section 1 of a pipe system carrying water (as shown in Fig. below) the velocity
is 3.0 ft/s, and the diameter is 2.0 ft. At section 2 the diameter is 3.0 ft. Find
the discharge and the velocity at section 2.

Solution
EXAMPLE2
A fixed control volume has three one-dimensional boundary sections, as shown
in Fig. below. The flow within the control volume is steady. The flow properties at
each section are tabulated below.
Find the velocity and mass flow rate at section 3.

Solution


0= [(800*5*2)+(800*8*3)]-[800* V3*2]
0= [(5*2)+(8*3)]-[V3*2]
V3 = 17 m/s

 = 800*17*2= 27200 kg/s

EXAMPLE3
For steady viscous flow through a circular tube (Fig.),
the axial velocity profile is given approximately by:

so that u varies from zero at the wall (r=R), or no slip,

up to a maximum u=U0 at the centerline r=0. For
highly viscous flow m=0.5. Compute the average
velocity if the density is constant.
Solution

Since the flow is symmetric, the differential area can be taken as a circular
strip

then

At m=o.5 Vav=0.53 U0
Bernoulli’s Equation
Newton’s 2nd law:

For inviscid flow or neglect viscosity

 ] /g

Integrate Euler’s Eq. for steady incompressible flow (const. velocity w.r.t. time and
const. density)

Bernoulli’s Equation
Bernoulli’s Equation
Bernoulli’s equation is one of the most important/useful equations in
fluid mechanics. A more general approach to obtaining the parameters of
motion (of both solids and fluids) is to apply the principle of conservation of
energy. When friction is negligible the sum of kinetic energy and gravitational
potential energy is constant.

By the principle of conservation of energy the total energy in the

system does not change, Thus the total head does not change. So the
Bernoulli equation can be written

or
Bernoulli’s equation has some restrictions in its
applicability, they are:

• Flow is steady;
• Density is constant (which also means the fluid is
incompressible);
• Friction losses are negligible.
• The equation relates the states at two points along a
single streamline, (not conditions on two different
streamlines).
EXAMPLE1
(a) Determine the velocity of efflux from the nozzle in the wall of the reservoir of
Fig.. (b) Find the discharge through the nozzle.

Solution
(a) The jet issues as a cylinder with atmospheric
pressure around its periphery. The pressure along its
centerline is at atmospheric pressure for all practical
purposes. Bernoulli's equation is applied between a
point on the water surface and a point downstream
from the nozzle,

(b) The discharge Q is the product of velocity of efflux and area of stream,
EXAMPLE2
A venturi meter, consisting of a converging portion followed by a throat portion
of constant diameter and then a gradually diverging portion, is used to
determine rate of flow in a pipe (Fig.). The diameter at section 1 is 6.0 in and at
section 2 is 4.0 in. Find the discharge through the pipe when p1 — p2 = 3 psi
and oil, sp gr 0.90, is flowing.

Solution
From the continuity equation,

By applying Bernoulli's Eq. for z1 = z2,

Relation between the Bernoulli and Steady-Flow Energy Equations

the Bernoulli equation for incompressible steady frictionless

streamline flow is related to the steady-flow energy equation for a streamtube
(flow with one inlet and one outlet), which we state as follows:

This relation is much more general than the Bernoulli equation,

because it allows for (1) heat transfer and friction, (2) shaft work and
viscous work (another frictional effect).

w =W/m is the shaft work in/out the control volume (such as that of
pump or turbine; negative if input, positive if output)

q =Q/m is the heat transfer in/out the control volume (negative if input,
positive if output)
Relation between the Bernoulli and Steady-Flow Energy Equations
Hydraulic and Energy Grade Lines (HGL & EGL)

A useful visual interpretation of

Bernoulli’s equation is to sketch two
grade lines of a flow.

The energy grade line (EGL) shows

the height of the total Bernoulli
constant.
In frictionless flow with no work or
heat transfer, the EGL has constant
height.
The hydraulic grade line (HGL)
shows the height corresponding to
elevation and pressure head, that is,
the EGL minus the velocity head.
The HGL is the height to which liquid
would rise in a piezometer tube
attached to the flow.
Hydraulic and Energy Grade Lines (HGL & EGL)

The piezometer tubes measure

the static-pressure head and thus
outline the HGL
The pitot stagnation-velocity tubes
measure the total head, which
corresponds to the EGL.
In this particular case the EGL is
constant, and the HGL rises due to a
drop in velocity.
Hydraulic and Energy Grade Lines (HGL & EGL)

In more general flow conditions,

the EGL will drop slowly due to
friction losses and will drop sharply
due to a substantial loss (a valve or
obstruction) or due to work
extraction (to a turbine).
The EGL can rise only if there is
work addition (as from a pump or
propeller).
The HGL generally follows the
behavior of the EGL with respect to
losses or work transfer, and it rises
and/or falls if the velocity decreases
and/or increases.
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