TOYOTA EXPAD TECHNOLOGY

This is the technology used to optimize /maintain cylinder bore wall temperature
In order to achieve or maintain cooling by means of the cylinder bore wall, a water jacket spacer
consisting of stainless steel and foam rubber has been adopted this foam rubber with the brand
name EXPAD being placed in the coolant passage at the bottom of the cylinder bore.
Water jacket formed outside the cylinder block to control the flow of cooling water it leads cooling
water fed by a water pump to the upper part of the bore and by cooling the upper part of the bore,
combustion temperature is lowered, preventing knocking.
This allow a large amount of coolant to flow over the upper part of the cylinder bore, which
becomes very hot , and reduce knocking by raising the cooling effect. At the same time, allowing
a smaller amount of coolant to flow to the lower half portion of the bore to maintain a high
temperature. With these techniques, fuel efficiency is achieved by making the expansion factor of
the upper and lower cylinder bore even, and piston action friction is standardized at a low level
MILLER CYCLE
Miller cycle
This type of cycle engine invented by American engineer Ralph Miller in 1940’s, in which the
effective compression ratio is smaller than the effective expansion ratio. It is often referred to as
over-expanded cycle engine.
Miller cycle implement late intake valve closing (LIVC) during compression stroke so as to
increase expansion ratio than compression ratio, and by doing so supercharger is used in Miller
cycle.
Therefore the pressure of piston will act against the pressure of supercharger rather than the walls
of cylinder, so the intake valves left open a bit during compression to allow escaping of some
charges to prevent generation of high temperature due to excessive pressure.
Advantages of Miller cycle engine
a) Miller cycle has been used primarily to control NOx emissions at high engine load.
b) Miller cycle include reduced pumping losses at part load and improved efficiency.
c) This cycle also helps to minimize the knocking problem in SI engine operation in terms of pre-
ignition, by providing cooling to the fuel–air mixture before combustion based on timing of
the closing of the intake valve.
CYLINDER DEACTIVATION SYSTEM
This is the technology which is used in the engine to ensure the efficiency performance of the
engine by achieving emission control, maintaining the needed cruising speed according to a small
fraction of an engines peak horsepower, reduction fuel consumption.
When the solenoid valve is energized, the oil becomes pressurized in the control port, the pressure
force acts on the pins and make it lock.
It decouples the camshaft from the valves (inlet and outlet manifold), then the cylinder deactivated.
Hydraulic subsystem; in hydraulic the working fluid (engine oil) is to lock the lifter pin by
pressure and it must be calculated because the time taken to deactivate the cylinder is very small.
Lifter locking pin mechanisms; this is used to decouple the camshaft from the engine valve using
a pair of spring based locking pins inside the valve lifter connected with the control valve (cylinder
deactivate)
There are two method used in Lifter pin control mechanism
Cylinder bank control; this method the two cylinders from each bank is selected for deactivation.
This method is used mainly in inline cylinder engine.
Individual cylinder control; in this method each cylinder is deactivated independently and its
selection depends on firing order
A. Variable profile cam shaft
This system uses a cam profile switching tappet, to switch between two different cam profiles. So
in such case the engine gets best features of low speed as well as high speed camshaft of same
engine due to the eccentric camshaft.
B. Active valve train technology
This system uses electrohydraulic operation, movement of engine poppet valves initiated by oil
flow into and out of hydraulic chamber
This method increases the combustion control due to variable lift and it offer fuel consumption
benefit over conventional camshaft driven valve actuation mechanism.
This method is still in experimental stage to rectify the disadvantages
Advantages of cylinder deactivated engines
 Increase fuel efficiency
 Decrease emissions from deactivating cylinders
 Better breathing capability of the engine, thereby reducing the power consumed in suction
stroke.
Disadvantages from deactivating cylinders
 Engine balancing – deactivation cylinders can cause change in engine balancing which
leads to violet vibrations and noises.
 Complexity of system makes maintenance difficult.