5.

Carnot's Theorem

Carnot's theorem states that no real heat engine operating between two heat

reservoirs can be more efficient than a Carnot engine operating between the same

two reservoirs.

Proof: Assume that the efficiency of an irreversible real engine   is greater than the

efficiency of a reversible Carnot engine  C , and that both engines do the same work.

   C

W W
  Q1  Q1.
Q1 Q1

Q1  Q2  W  Q1  Q2  Q2  Q2 .

Hot reservoir at T1

Q1' Q1

I R
H.E. Ref.

W
Q2' Q2

Cold reservoir at T2

1
The combined engine contradicts the Clausius statement of the second law; therefore,

   C .

6. Efficiency of a Carnot Engine

To describe the Carnot cycle taking place between temperatures T1 and T2, we

assume that the working substance is an ideal gas.

VB V Q T ln (VB / VA )
Q1  nRT1 ln ; Q2  nRT2 ln C ; 1  1 
VA VD Q2 T2 ln (VC / VD )

 1  1  1  1 VB VC
T1 VA  T2 VD ; T1 VB  T2 VC ;  
VA VD

Q1 T1
 
Q2 T2

The thermal efficiency of a Carnot engine is

T2
C  1  
T1

This equation indicates that all Carnot engines operating between the same two

temperatures have the same efficiency. Notice that C = 1 if T2 = 0 K.

The coefficient of performance of a Carnot refrigerator is

2
 T2
C  ;
T1  T2

the coefficient of performance of a Carnot heat pump is

T1
C  
T1  T2

Problems

4.

Q1  400 cal and Q2  300 cal.

Q2 300
(a)   1  1  0.25.
Q1 400

T1 Q1 4
(b)   
T2 Q2 3

Q2
(c)   3.
Q1  Q2

6.
Hot reservoir at T1
Q2 Q
 6  W  2  Q1' Q1
W 6

W
  0.2 .
Q1 H.E.
H.E.
Ref.
Ref.

Q2 W
W  0.2 Q1   Q2
6 Q2'

Cold reservoir at T2

3
 Q1 1
  0.83 .
Q2 (6)(0.2)

7.

T1  300 K and T2  200 K.

T2 200
C    2.
T1  T2 100

Q2 4186
  0.6 C  1.2    W  3.5  103 J.
W W

9.

W
 ;
Q1
P
Q1  QV  QP ; 3P0,V0,3T0 3P0,3V0,9T0

P
W  area  4 P0 V0 . QP

cP 5
   ; QV
cV 3

c P  cV  R P0,V0,T0 P0,3V0,3T0

5 2
cV  cV  cV  R;
3 3
V
cV  1.5 R .

QV  cV (3T0  T0 )  2 cV T0  3R T0 .

QP  c P (9 T0  3T0 )  15 R T0 .

4 P0 V0 4
   22 % .
18 R T0 18

4
11.

We do the calculations per minute.

WC  Q1  Q2 Hot reservoir at T1 = 400 K

 1000 J  600 J  400 J. Q1' Q1

W  0.8 WC  320 J.
H.E. Ref.
T1 Q1 400 5 H.E. Ref.
    T2  240 K.
T2 Q2 T2 3
W
Q2
Q2'
T2 Q
C   2
T1  T2 W Cold reservoir at T2

240 Q
 1.5  2  Q2  480 J.
400  240 W

15.

VB
Q1  n R T1 ln  (1000)(8.31)T1 ln 2.5  7614 T1 .
VA

 1
T1 Q1  VC 
0.4
8
      1.21.
T2 Q2  VB  5

Q1  Q2  W

1.21Q2  Q2  2.5  105 J  Q2  1.2  106 J.

Q1  1.21Q2  1.5  106 J.

T1  197 K and T2  163 K.

17.

T1 293
C    19.5 .
T1  T2 293  278

5
   0.4 C  (0.4) (19.5)  7.8.

Q1

W

Q1
7.8   Q1  7.8 kWh.
1 kWh