ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ

ជំពូកទី២៖ kareFVIEpnTIKMrUEpndI
ដមដរៀនទ្យ១
ី ៖ នសមុែងររទ្យិសមុ
ដមដរៀនទ្យ២
ី ៖ ការបដងកីតនវនទ្យី
ដមដរៀនទ្យ៣
ី ៖ នវនទ្យឋា
ី នដេិ

ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ34

ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ

CMBUkTI2
kareFVIEpnTIKMrUEpndI
Maps as Models of the Earth

cUrRsémKit
sUmRsém:KitfamitþPRk½rbs;GñkkMBugmkBIsalaedIm,ImkelgpÞHrbs;Gñk. Gñkmincg;[BYkeKvegVg
pøvÚ eT dUecñHGñkseRmccitþKUrEpnTImYy[BYkeK. etIGñkeFVIEpnTIénkEnøgEdlGñkrs;enAdUcemþc? etIGñkbBa©ÚlGVI
epSg²EdlenACitpÞHrbs;GñkEdrb¤eT? etImansmÖarHGVIxøHEdlGñkeRbIedIm,IeFVIEpnTIrbs;Gñk?
GñkEdleFVIEpnTIdbM UgeK RbEhlCaeRbIeQIedIm,IKUsEpnTIenAelIdI. EpnTIEdlcas;CageKmYyRtUv)an
eKRbTHeXIjenAÉTIRkugcMNas;mYykñúgtMbn; Mesopotamia EdlCaTwkdIRbeTsGIura:kb; c©úb,nñ. EpnTImYyEdl
manGayuCit5000qñaM RtUv)aneKqøak;enAelIpÞagM dI\dæ.snøkw EpnTIdMbUgeKRtUv)aneKe)aHBumÖkúñgRbeTscinenA
kMLúgqña1M 155 én K>s.
kñúgmCÄwmsmy½ EpnTIBiPBelak)anplitedayBYkGWrub KW)anBwgEp¥kelIkarRsemIRsém: karTsSn¾Tay
nigdMeNIrerOgénkareFVIdMeNIr. EpñkkNþalénEpndIKWCaTVIbGWrbu . kEnøgEdlminTan;)anCYb nigminTan;)an
eFVIkarrukrkCYnkalRtUv)anbMeBjedayTsSnIyPaB eTv nig virUbkay.
bc©úb,nñbec©kviTüakMBu üÚTr½ nigrUbPaBtamryHpáayrNb pþl[; eyIgeFVEI pnTI)anya:gRtwmRtUv. kñúgCMBUk
enHGñknwgeronGMBIRbePTepSg²KñaénEpnTI rebobEdlEpnTIbgðaj nigGVIEdlRtUvdak;cUlkñúgEpnTI.
etIGñkKitdUcemþc?
edayBwgEp¥kelIcMeNHdwgmUldæanviTüasaRsþrbs;Gñk cUrBüayameqøIysMNYrdUcxageRkamenH
1-etIEpnTIEdltMNag[BiPBelakTaMgGs;manlkççNHRtwmRtUvEdrb¤eT?
2-etIBt’manenAelIEpnTIRtUv)anbgðajdUcemþc?
3-etIBt’manGVxI øHEdlRKb;EpnTITaMgGs;RtUvman?
karsegát
sUmeFVdI MeNIrtampøÚv\dæBN’elOg
ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ35
ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ

etIGñkFVab;vegVgpøÚvEdrb¤eT? etIEpnTIGacCYyeyIg)anEdrb¤eT?EpnTImansarHsMxan;Nas;sRmab;CIvitRbcaM
éf¶rbs;Gñk. kñgú skmµPaBenH GñknwgKUr ehIyeFVIkarpøas;bþÚrEpnTICamYyédKUrbs;Gñk.enAkñgú skmµPaBenHGñk
nwgminRtwmEteronGMBIrebobGanEpnTIb:eu NÑaHeT b:Eu nþEfmTaMgeronKUsEpnTIEdleKGacGan)aneTotpg.
dMeNIrkar
1> CamYynwgexµAédBN’ nig Rkdas; cUrKUrEpnTImYyEdlbgðajBITItaMgmYyedIm,IeFVIdMeNIrBIfñak;rbs;
GñkeTAkan;TItaMgmYyeTotkñúgsalarbs;Gñk dUcCa bgÁn; b¤kEnøghat;R)aN. sUmR)akdfa GñkbBa©ÚlnUvBt’man
RKb;RKan;sRmab;nrNamñak;GacrkeXIjpøÚvrbs;;BkY eK.
2-bnÞab;BIGñkbBa©b;karKUrEpnTIrbs;Gñk sUmeFVkI arpøas;bþÚr EpnTIKñaeTAvijeTAmkCamYyédKUrbs;Gñk.
cUrsikSaGMBIEpnTIrbs;mitPþ kþiGñk ehIyBüayamrkrUbPaBTIkEnøgEdlEpnTInaMGñkeTA.
karviPaK
3-etIEpnTIEdltMNag[salarbs;GñkmanPaBRtwmRtUvEdrb¤eT? cUrBnül;.
4-etIGñkKitfaEpnTIrbs;GñkmanlkçNHl¥RbesIrehIyb¤enA? etIGxVI øHEdlGñkKitfaenAxVHxat?
5-cUreRbobeFobEpnTIrbs;GñkCamYyEpnTIédKUGñk. etIEpnTIrbs;BYkGñkdUcKñaEdrb¤eT?
etIvaxusKñaRtg;
kEnøgNaxøH?
sUmeFVIbnÞab;eTAeTot
eFVItamskmµPaBdUcKña b:uEnþeBlenHRtUvedIrtampøÚvsin muneBleFVIkarKUrEpnTIehIyeFVkI arkt;cMNaMBIépÞdI
nig cm¶ayrvag TItaMgenAelIpÚøv. etIkareFVIEbbenH)aneFVI[EpnTIrbs;Gñkb¤tEtRbesIreLIgb¤eT? etIGVIxøHEdl
RtUvbEnßmedIm,I[EpnTIrbs;GñkmanPaBgayRsYlGanCagmun?

ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ36

ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ

មេម ៀនទី១៖
អ្នកមទទីមន
BaküKnøwH
- EpnTI (Map)
- TisxageCIgBitR)akd (True north)
- ExSeGkVaTr½ (Equator)
- ryHTTwg (Latitude)
-lMgakma:ej:Tic (Magnetic declination)
-ryHbeNþay (Longitude)
-ExSbeNþayeKal (Prime meridian)
GVIEdlGñknwgsikSa
-Bnül;rebobEdlRtIvisy½maej:TicRtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IrkTisenAelIEpndI.
-dwgnUvlkçNHxusKñarvagTisxageCIgBitR)akd nig Tism:aej:Tci xageCIg.
-dwgnUvlkçNHxusKñarvag ExSénryHTTwg nigExSénryHbeNþayenAelIPUeKal b¤enAelIEpnTI.
-Bnül;GMBIrebobEdlryHTTwgnigryHbeNþayGacRtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IkMNt;TItaMgTIkEnøgenAelI
EpndI.

enAeBlGñkedIkat;épÞEpndI EpndImni manlkçNHekageT KWvamanépÞrab. kalBIGtItkal CMenOGMBIRTg;

RTayEpndImankarpøas;bþÚr. EpnTIqúøHbBa©agM BIIcMeNHdwgtamsmy½kal nigTsSn³énBiPBelakmuneBlman
bec©kviTüabc©úb,nñ. EpnTI KWCaKMrU b¤CatMNagépÞEpndI. RbsinebIGkñ RkeLkemIlEpnTIBiPBelakrbs;elak
Ptolemy enAstvtSTI2 dUcmanbgðajkñúgrUbTI1 GñkRbEhlCaminsÁal;GVIEdlGñkkMBugemIlenaHeT. bc©úb,nñ

páayrNbkñúglMhpþl;[eyIgnUvrUbPaBCak;EsþgBIGVIEdlmanenAelIEpndI. enAkñúgemeronenHGñknwgsikSaGMBI
rebobEdlGñkviTüasaRsdMbUgeK)anrkeXIjfa EpndImanragmUlRTEvgmuneBlEdlmanrUbPaBBIlhM Gakas.
GñknwgsikSapgEdrGMBIrebobkMNt;TItaMg nigTisenAelIépÞEpndI.

ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ37

ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ

1> etIEpndImanlkçNHBitR)akddUcemþc?
munelak Cristopher Columbus )aneFVdI MeNIrCMuvijEpndIkgñú qña1M 492 CnCatiRkic)anKitfaEpndImanrag
Es‘rV Cit2000qñaM. tamkarsegáteXIjfa ekþagrbs;nava)anlic)at;enAeBlEdlnavacakecjeTAq¶aytam
kMeNagTwksmuRTEdlCaRTwsþIKaMRTGMBrI agmUlrbs;EpndI.
RbsinebIEpndImanragsMEb:teyIgenAEtGacemIleXIj vakan;EttUceTA²enAeBlEdlvacakecjeTAq¶ay.
elak Eratosthenes (ER uh TAHS thuh NEEZ) KWCaGñkKNitviTüa CnCatiRkiccg;dgw fa etIEpndImanTM
hMFMb:uNÑa. RbEhl240qñaMmunK>s Kat;)anKNnaExSv½NrÐ bs;EpndIedayeRbIviFIFrNIviTüa nigkarsegáténRBH
GaTitü. \LÚveyIgdwgfakarTsSn¾Tayrbs;Kat;kalBImun ExSv½NÐmanRtwmEt 6250K>m lMeGog 15%. enaH
minEmnCakarKitxussRmab;GñkEdlrs;enAkalBI 2000qñaMmunenaHeT eRBaHfaeBlenaHbec©kviTüa nigpáay
rNb minTan;manenAeLIy.

rUbTI1 EpnTIenHbgðajGMBIRTg;RTayrbs;EpndIEdlmnusS)anKitkalBI1800qñamM un.

2> karEsVgrkTisenAelIEpndI
etIGñkR)ab;Tisdl;mitþPRk½rbs;GñkdUcemþcGMBkI areFVdI MeNIrBIsalaeroneTApÞHrbs;Gñk? GñkRbEhlCa
ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ38
ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ

manKMnitedABIkMNt;smÁal;epSg²dUcCa hag b¤ePaCnIydæan. kMNt;smÁal; KWCaTItaMgCak;lak;enAelIépÞEpndI

GMBIGEVI dlTItaMg nigTisGacBiBN’na)an.
edaysarEtEpndImanragmUl vaminmanEpñkxagelI xageRkam b¤CMehogsRmab;mnusSeRbIkMNt;smÁal;
edIm,IkN M t;TItaMgenAelIépÞrbs;vaeT. eTaHCaya:gNa EpndIvilCMuvji G½kSrbs;va. G½kSrbs;EpndI KWCaExSRbDit
mYyEdlkat;EpndI. cMENkÉEpñkxagcugrbs;G½kS KWCab:UlPUmisaRsþ. b:UlxageCIg nigb:Ulxagt,ÚgEdlman
kñúgrUbTI2 RtUv)aneRbICakMNt;smÁal;enAeBlmankarBN’naGMBITsi nigTItaMgenAelIEpndI.

b:UlxageCIg

b:Ulxagt,Úg ExSeGkVaT½r

rUbTI2 ExSeGkVaT½rRtUv)aneKeRbIkMNt;smÁal;dUcb:lU TaMgLayEdr.

2>1> lMdab;énTisrbs;EpndI
TisxageCIg xagt,Úg xaglic xagekIt ehAfa lMdab;énTisrbs;EpndI ( Cadinal Directions). rUbTI3
bgðajBItemoblMdab;énTisFM² nig lMdab;énTistUc². kareRbIR)as;Tsi TaMgenH KWmanlkçN³Cak;lak;Cagkar
eRbITis dUcCakarbt;eqVg eTARtg; nigkarbt;sþa.M b:uEnþ CaTUeTAeyIgEsVgrkTisedayeRbIR)as;RtIvis½y.

ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ39

ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ

rUbTI3 RtIvis½yCYyGñkkñgú karEsVgrk

TisedayxønÜ ÉgenAelIEpnTI.

karBiesaFn_xøI
karEsVgrkTisedayeRbIRtIvis½y
1> kargarenHKYEteFVIBei saFenAxageRkA. cUrkan;RtIvis½ymYydak;epþkvaenAkñgú édrbs;GñkrhUtTal;EtRTnic
rbs; vaQb;lMgak. cUrbgVilmuxRtIvis½yluHRtaEtGkSr N cg¥úlRtg;cRM TnicRtIvis½yEdlmanlabBN’.
2> kñúgkarkan;RtIvis½yRtUv[nwg edIm,IkMNt;favtßúenaHenARtg;cMNuclMdab;énTis. cUrkt;RtavacUlkñúgesovePA
kMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþrbs;Gñk.
3> cUremIlfa etIGñkGackMNt;TItaMgénvtßeú pSgeTAtamlMdab;énTisb¤eT dUcCa SW nig NE.
cUrkt;RtakarsegáteTAkñgú esovePAkMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþrbs;Gñk.

2>2> kareRbIR)as;RtIvis½y
viFmI YykñúgkarkMNt;TisxageCIg KWedaykareRbIR)as;RtIvis½yma:ej:Tic. RtIvis½yeRbIR)as;ma:ej:Tic
FmµCatirbs;EpndIedIm,IkMNt;Tis. RTnicmYyrbs;RtIvisy½cg¥lú eTAb:Ulma:ej:TicxageCIg. EpndImanb:lU BIrxus
Kña KWbl:U PUmisaRsþ nigb:Ulma:ej:Tci . dUcGñk)aneXIjkñúgrUbTI4 b:lU ma:ej:TicmanTItaMgeRTtCagb:UlPUmisaRsþ.

ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ40

ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ

b:UlPUmisaRsþxageCIg b:Ulm:aej:Tci xageCIg

b:Ulm:aej:Tci xagt,Úg b:UlPUmisaRsþxagt,Úg

rUbTI4 mindUcCab:UlPUmisaRsþeTEdlCanic©kalsßitkñúgTItaMgdEdl pÞúyBIb:Ulm:aej:Tci EdlERbRbYlTItaMgtam
Rbvtþéi nEpndI.
sVy½ RtYtBinitü³ etIEpndIvilCMvu ijb:UlPUmisaRsþ b¤CvMu ijb:lU ma:ej:Tic?
2>3> bU:lxageCIgBitR)akd nig b:Ulm:aej:Tic
edaysarEtb:lU PUmisaRsþxageCIgminEdlpøas;bþÚr vaRtUv)aneKehAfab:lU xageCIgBitR)akd (True
North). PaBxusKñarvagTItaMgénb:UlxageCIg nig b:l U ma:ej:Tci xageCIg KWedIm,ICMnYykñúgkareRbIR)as;RtIvis½y.
enAeBleRbIR)as;RtIvis½yenAelIEpnTI b¤karrukrkenAelIépÞEpndIGñkRtUvEtdwg[c,as;BIPaBxusKñarvagPUmisaRsþ
xageCIg nigma:ej:TicxageCIg. mMuEdl)anenHehAfa lMgakma:ej:Tic (magnetic declination). lMgak
ma:ej:Tci RtUv)anKitCadWeRkBIekIteTAlicénb:lU xageCIgBitR)akd.
lMgakma:ej:TicRtUv)aneKkMNt;tamcMnucepSgKñaenAelIépÞEpndI. RbsinebIGñkFøab;dgw mMulgM akéntMbn;
rbs;Gñk enaHGñkGaceRbIRtIvis½yedIm,IkMNt;b:UlxageCIgBitR)akd)an.
3> karEsVgrkTItaMgenAelIEpndI
pÞH nig GaKar kñúgsgáat;rbs;GñkTaMgGs;manGas½ydæanEdlkMNt;TItaMgrbs;va. b:uEnþ etIGñkGacEsVg
rkTItaMgrbs;xøHepSgeTot dUcCa TIRkug b¤ekaH)anya:gdUcemþc? kEnøgTaMgenHRtUv)aneK[TItaMgedayeRbIryH
TTwg nigryHbeNþay. ryHTTwg nigryHbeNþay KWCaExSEdlkat;elIEpnTI b¤enAelIPeU Kal EdleFVI[eyIg
EsVgrkTItaMgBitR)akd)an. ExSEdlkat;KñaTaMgenaHRtUv)aneKeRbIrYmKñaedIm,IkMNt;TItaMgepSg²rbs;EpndI.
ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ41
ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ

3>1> ryHTTwg
ExSRbDitEdlKUsCMuvijEpndIRsbnwgExSeGkVaTr½RtUv)aneKehAfa ExSénryHTTwg b¤ ExSRsb . ExS
eGkVaTr½CaExSEdlB½T§CuvM ijEpndI EckEpndICaGDÆeKalxageCIg nigGDÆeKalxagt,ÚgCaBIrEpñkesµKI ña tag[ryH
TTwg0º. ryHTTwg KWCacMgayxageCIg b¤xagt,ÚgBIeGkVaTr½EdlRtUv)aneKKitCadWeRk dUc)anbgðajkñúgrUbTI6.
b:UlxageCIgmanryHTTwg 90º xageCIg ehIyb:Ulxagt,ÚgmanryHTTwg 90ºxagt,Úg.

rUbTI6 rgVas;dWeRkénryHTTwg KWCamMuEdl

ekIteLIgedayExSeGkVaT½r p¢ti énEpndI
nig TItaMgenAelIépÞEpndI.

TMnak;TMngCamYynwgtaraviTüa
manviFICaeRcInEdleyIgGacEsVgrkb:lU xageCIgedaymin)ac;eRbIRtIvis½y. enAeBlRBwk RBH GaTitürH
enATisxagekIt. enAeBll¶acvarHenATisxaglic. sinebIGñkcg¥lú édsþaMrbs;Gñkeq<aHeTAkEnøgEdlGñkeXIj
RBHGaTitürHenAeBlRBwk ehIyédeqVgrbs;Gkñ cg¥lú eTAEpñkEdlRBHGaTitülic enAeBlyb; enaHGñknwgEbrmuxeTATis
xageCIg.
3>2> ryHbeNþay
ExSRbDitEdlkat;tamb:UlTaMgBIRtUv)aneKehAfaExSryHbeNþay b¤ExSbeNþay. ryHbeNþay KWCa
cMgayEdlvas;BIExSbeNþayeKaleTATisxagekIt nigTisxaglicEdlKitCadWeRk dUc)anbgðajkñúgrUbTI7.
edaymankic©RBmeRBogCaGnþrCati ExSbeNþaymYyRtUv)ankMNt;yk 0 dWeRk. ExSbeNþayEdlkat;tamRKinvic
RbeTsGg;eKøs KWCaExStMNag[ryHbeNþay 0dWeRK. xusBIExSryHTTwg ExSénryHbeNþayTaMgGs;minRsb
KñaeT ehIyvaCYbKñaenAbU:l nigXøatKñaenAeGkVaT½r.
ExSbeNþayeKalminB½T§CMuvijEpndIdUcExSeGkVaT½reT. vart;BIb:UlxageCIgkat;tamRKinvic
RbeTsGg;eKøseTAb:lU xagt,Úg. ExSTI180dWeRksßitenAQmnwgExSbeNþayeKalénEpndI. ExS
ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ42
ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ

beNþayeKal nigExSbeNþayTI180 rYmKña EckEpndICaBIrEpñkesµIKña KWGDÆeKalxagekIt nigGDÆeKal

xaglic. ExSbeNþayxagekItsßitenAEpñkxagekIténExSbeNþayeKalBI 0º eTA 180º . ExSbeNþay
xaglicsßitenAEpñkxaglicénExSbeNþayeKal BI 0º eTA 180º.

rUbTI7 rgVas;dWeRkénryHbeNþay KWCamMuEdl

ekIteLIgedayExSbeNþayeKal p¢ti énEpndI
nig TItaMgenAelIépÞEpndI.

3>3> kareRbIR)as;ryHTTwg nig ryHbeNþay

cMnucTaMgLayelIépÞEpndIGacRtUv)aneKkMNt;TItaMgedayeRbIryHTTwg nigryHbeNþay. ExSénryH
TTwg nigryHbeNþaypÁMúKñabegáIt)anCaRbBn§m½ YyenAelIEpnTI b¤PUeKal. RbBn§½éncMnucRbsBVenaHRtUv)aneKeRbI
edIm,IEsVgrkTItaMgPaKxageCIg b¤xagt,ÚgExSeGkVaTr½ nig PaKxagekIt b¤ xaglicénExSbeNþayeKal.
karEsVgrkpøÚvrbs;Gñk
etIGñkFøab;vegVgpøÚvEdrb¤eT? minmankarRBYy)armµN¾teTAeToteT.
CamYynwg]bkrN¾RbBn§k½ MNt;TItaMgelIBPi Belak (Global Positioning
System) GñkGacEsVgrkkEnøgEdlGñksßitenAelIépÞEpndI. GPSman

páayrNbcMnYn25 pþl;sBaØaviTüúeTAkan;]bkN¾TTYlenAelIEpndIedIm,I
bBa¢a[KNnaTItaMgryHTTwg ryHbeNþay nigryHkm<s;. GPS
RtUv)anbegáIteLIgkñúgqñaM1970edayRksYgkarBarCatiénshrdæGaemric
kñúgeKalbMNgbMerI[vis½yeyaFa. kñgú kMLúg20qñacM ugeRkayenH bec©k
viTüaenHRtUv)an pliteLIgedIm,IbMerI[eRcInEpñksRmab;CIvitRbcaMéf¶rbs;
mnusS. bcú©ub,nñ GPS KWRtUv)aneKeRbIkñúgmeFüa)ayeRcInya:g. GñkebIk
ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ43
ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ

ynþehaH nignavaeRbIvasRmab;kareFVIdMeNIr nigkñúg]sSahkmµeRbIvaCamYynwgEpnTIEr: nigFnFank¾dUcCaKMerag

brisßan. manrfynþxøHbMBak;eday]bkN¾enHEdlGacbgðajTItaMgedayBiessenAelIkMuBüÚTr½.
edIm,IEsVgyl;GMBIrebobkMNt;ryHTTwg nigryHbeNþaycUrEsVgrkTItaMgraCFanIénRbeTsrbs;Gñk.
TItaMgdMbUg KWnimitþsBaØapáaytMNag[raCFanIrdærbs;GñkenAelIEpnTI. cUrEsVgrkExSénryHTTwg nig ryH
beNþayEdlenACitbMputeTAnwgraCFanIrbs;Gñk. BITIenHGñkGacRbmaNtémøRbEhlénryHTTwg nig ryH
beNþayrdærbs;Gñk)an.
eFVIskmµPaB
eRbIR)as;esovePAEpnTIBiPBelak b¤PUeKaledIm,IEsVgrkryHTTwg
nigryHbeNþayénTIRkugdUcteTAenH³
New York, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Sydney, Australia, Madrid, Spain, Cairo, Egypt .

sMNYrrMlwk
1> Bnül;BIPaBxusKñarvagb:UlxageCIgBitR)akd nig b:Ulma:ej:Tci xageCIg.
2> enAeBlmankareRbIR)as;RtIvis½yenAelIEpnTIéntMbn;mYy ehtuGVIcaM)ac;RtUvdwgBImMulgM akma:ej:Tic ?
3> etIGVICameFüa)ayTaMgbIEdlbgðajfaExSeGkVaTr½xusBIExSbeNþayeKal?
4> etIExSryHTTwg nigExSryHbeNþayCYyGñkdUcemþcxøHkñúgkarEsVgrkTItaMgenAelIépÞEpndI?
5> karpþl;CaTsSnH eBlmYyGñkCIk)anhibcas;mYy GñkRbTHeXIjEpnTIkMNb;mYy. EpnTIbgðajfa rtn³
sm,tþei naH KWenAkñgú kEnøgmYy enA97º xageCIg nig 188º xagekIt. Bnül;fa ehtuGVIerOgenH
minGacekItman.

ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ44

ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ

មេម ៀនទី២៖
កា ម្វើផែនទីតំណាងផ្ែៃផែនដី
ពារយរន្លឹះ

- ចំដោេនមរដិទ្យ័រ (Mercator Projection)

- ចំដោេដកាណ (ConicProjection)
- ចំោេអាេ់សមុវមី វយតាេ់ (Azimuthal Projection)
- រូបថតពីអាកាសមុ (Aerial photograph)
- ការក្បមូេព័ត៌មានពីចំងាយ (Remote sensing)
GVIEdlGñknwgsikSa
-eRbobeFobEpnTI nigPUeKal.
-BN’nakareFVcI MenalTaMgbIRbePT.
-BN’nabec©keTsbc©úb,nñd¾TeM nIbEdl)anCYyGPivDÆn¾viTüasaRsþénkareFVIEpnTI.
-rayEpñksMxan;²énEpnTImYy.
KMrCU aeRcInRtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,ItMNag[vtßúBit. ]TahrN¾ sßabtükmµ eRbIR)as;KMréU nGaKaredIm,Ipþl[;
GtifiCnrbs;eKCaKMnitkñúgkarsegátrUbragGaKarmuneBleFVkI arsagsg;.cMENkÉGñkviTüasaRsþEpndIviTüak¾
)an eFVGI MBIKMrUrbs;EpndIEdr. KMrUTaMgenHmanPUeKal nig EpnTI.
edaysarEtPUeKal KWCaEsV‘r vaKWCavtßúKMrUEdlsuRkitCageKrbs;EpndI. PUeKalk¾CatMNag[PaBsuRkit
pgEdrnUvTMhM nigRTg;RTayénTVIb nigmhasmuRTkñúgTMnak;TMngKñaeTAvijeTAmk. b:uEnþPUeKalminEmnCaKMrUl¥
bMput kñúgkareRbIR)as;edIm,IsikSaGMBIépÞEpndICanic©kalenaHeT. ]TarNh¾ PUeKalmanlkçNHtUcNas;kñúgkar
bgðajnUv PaBlMGitdUcCa pøÚv nigTenø . vamanPaBgayRsYlCagkñúgkarbgðajlkçNHlMGitenAelIEpnTI. EpnTI
GacbgðajnUvEpndITaMgmUl b¤EpñkxøHrbs;EpndI. b:uEnþetIGñkeFVItMNagépÞkMeNagrbs;EpndIeTAelIépÞrabdUc
emþc? sUmGan dUcteTAedIm,Irk[eXIj.
1> etIvaCaEs‘VrsMEb:tb¤?
EpnTI KWCatMNagépÞEpndIenAelIépÞrabesµ.I eTaHCaya:gNak¾edayenAeBlEdlGñkepÞrBt’manBIépÞkM
ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ45
ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ

eNageTAépÞrabesµI GñkR)akdCa)at;bg;nUvPaBCak;lak;xøH. karERbRbYlenHehAfaPaBlMeGogBIlkçNHedIm

ekItmancMeBaHRTg;RTay nigTMhMéndI nigmhasmuRT. karERbRbYlenHeFVI[TMhMdIxøHmanlkçNHFMCagPaBBit.
Tis nigcMgayGacmanPaBlMeGogpgEdr. sUmBicarNanUv]TahrN¾énsMbkRkUcEdl)anbgðajkñgú rUbTI8enH.

rUbTI8 RbsinebIGñkbksMbkRkUcBIRkUcmYyehIyRtdagva[rabesµI va nigRtdag ehIyrEhkdac;ecjBIKña.

cUrkt;smÁal;faRTg;RTayRtUv)anlMeGog dUcCacMgayrvagcMnucmYycMnYnenAelIsMbkRkUc.

1>1> kareFVIcMenalEpnTI
GñkeFVEI pnTIeRbIR)as;cMenalEpnTIedIm,IepÞrrUbPaBBIépÞekagrbs;EpndIeTAelIépÞrab. KµancMenalNa
mYyénEpndIGactag)annUvPaBCak;lak;énragEsVrbs;va)aneLIy. RKb;épÞrabénEpnTI manPaBlMeGogCanic©.
karbgðajBItbM n;tUc dUcCaTIRkugmYymanPaBlMeGogticCagkarbgðajBItMbn;FM dUcCaBiPBelakTaMgmUl.
edIm,Iyl;BIrebobénkareFVIcMenalEpnTI RtUvKitfaEpndI KWCaPUeKalføamanBnøeW nAxagkñúg. RbsinebIGkñ
ykRkdas;mYysnøkw eTARKbelIPUeKal RsemalelceLIgenAelIRkdas;EdlbgðajBIsBaØaepSg²enAelIPUeKal
dUcCaTVIb ExSryHTTwg nigExSryHbeNþay. rebobénkardak;Rkdas;enAelIPUeKalkMNt;BIRbePTcMenalEdl
RtUv )aneFVIeLIg. cMenalPaKeRcInRtUvQrelImUldæanRTg;RTayFrNImaRtTaMgbI dUcCa sIuLaMgekaN nigépÞrab.
1>2> cMenalEmrexTr½½ ( Mercator Projection )
ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ46
ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ

cMenalEmrexTr½ KWCacMenalEpnTIEdllT§plTTYl)anenAeBlEdlEpñkTaMgGs;énPUeKalRtUv)anepÞr
eTAelIRkdas;ragsILu aMg dUc)anbgðajkñúgrUbTI9.
cMenalEmrexTr½ bgðajryHTTwg nig ryHbeNþayénEpndICaExSRtg; ehIyRsb. ExSénryHbeNþay
RtUv)anGUs CaTMhMesµ²I KñarvagExSnImYy². ExSénryHTTwgmanTMhMFMenAEpñkb:UlxageCIg nig b:Ulxagt,ÚgénExS
eGkVaTr½. kareFVcI Menal)aneFVI[rIkTMhM nigRbEvgéntMbn;enACitb:lU . ]TahrN¾ enAelIcMenalEmrexTr½Edl)an
bgðajenAEpnTIxagelI RKIneln ¬Greenland ) rIkFMb:unTVIbGaRBic. tamkarBit TVIbGaRBicmanTMhMFMCagRKIn
eln 15dg.

rUbTI9 cMenalEmrexTr½manlkçN³suRkitenACiteGkVaTr½ b:uEnþmanPaBlMeGogcMgay nig TMhMéntMbn;enAEk,r

b:Ul.
1>3> cMenalekaN
cMenalekaN KWCacMenalEpnTIEdlRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayepÞrEpñkTaMgLayenAelIPUeKaleTAelIsnøkw
Rkdas;ragekaN dUc)anbgðajkñúgrUbTI10.
snøkw ekaNenH
KWRtUv)anRtdagbegáIt)anCaépÞrabesµ.I
rUbTI10 RbePTéncMenalekaNGac
RtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IeFVEI pnTIéntMbn;EdlFMeRBaH
ekaNb:HnwgPUeKalnUvryHTTwgepSgKñavakat;
bnßynUvPaBlMeGog.

ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ47

ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ

ekaNb:HnwgPUeKalenARKb;ExSryHbeNþayb:uEnþ vab:HnwgExSryHTTwgEtmYyKt;. vaminmanPaBlMeGog

tamExSryHTTwgRtg;kEnøgEdlPUeKalb:HCamYyekaNenaHeT. tMbn;EdlenACitExSénryHTTwgenHmanPaB
lMeGogbnþicbnþÜcb:eu NÑaH. edaysarEtekaNb:HExSryHbeNþayeRcIn ehIyb:HEtExSryHTTwgmYycMenal
ekaNl¥bMputsRmab;kareFVIEpnTItbM n;EdlmanépÞdFMBIekIteTAlic dUcCa shrdæGaemricCagBIeCIgeTAt,ÚgdUc
CaTVIbGaemricxagt,Úg.
1>4> cMenalGasIumuytal;
cMenalGasIumuytal; (AZ i MYOOTH uhl) KWCacMenalEpnTIEdlRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayepÞrEpñkTaMg
LayénPUeKaleTAelIépÞrab dUc)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI11.
enAelIcMenalGasIumuytal; épÞrabbHnwgPUeKalEtmYycMNucb:eNÑaH. PaBlMeGogtictYcekItmanRtg;
cMNucEdlb:H EdlCaTUeTAenARtg;b; :UlTaMgBIr. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday PaBlMeGogénTis cMgay nigRTg;RTay
ekIneLIgenAeBlEdlcMgayBIcMNucEdl)anb:HekIneLIgEdr.

rUbTI11 enAelIcMenalGasImu uytal;enH PaBlMeGogekIneLIgenAeBlEdlGñkrMkilkan;Etq¶ayBIbl:U xageCIg.

2> kareFVIEpnTITMenIb
viTüasaRsþénkareFVIEpnTI)anpøas;brþÚ eRcIntaMgBIedImTsvtSqñaM1990 Cagkñúgsm½yepSgeToténRbvtþi
saRsþ. TaMgenH KWedaysarkarrIkcMerIneTAmuxénbec©kviTüakñgú stvtSTI20 dUcCa ynþehaH karftrUb kMBu üÚTr½
nig karRsavRCavkñúglMh.
2>1> ynþehaH nigma:sIunft

ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ48

ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ

karGPivDÆn¾énynþehaH nigkarrIkcMerInénbec©kviTüaftrUbman\T§iBlFMeFgeTAelIkareFVEI pnTI[TMenIb

. ynþehaHpþl;[mnusSnUveTsPaBénépÞEpndIBIelIGakas. rUbft)anmkBIelIGakas ehAfa rUbftBIGakas
(Aerial Photographs). rUbftTaMgenHmansarHsMxan;kg ñú karCYyGñkbegáItEpnTI[manPaBsuRkit.
2>2> páayrNbbB¢aaBIelIlMhGakas
bec©keTsrYmKñaénkareRbIynþehaH nigkarftrUbnaMeTArkviTüasaRsþénkareFIV]bkrN¾pþl;Bt’manBIelIlM
hGakas. karRbmUlBt’manBIcm¶ay¬Remote sensing¦KWCakarRbmUlBt’manGMBIGEVI dleyIgemIlmineXIj
.karRbmUlBt’manBIcm¶ayGacEp¥kelIma:snIu ftelIynþehaH b¤EdlmanlkçNHeCOnelOndUcCa páayrNb
CaedIm CamYy nig]bkrN¾bBa¢ÚnBt’man (Sensors)EdlGacep¤I nigftGVIEdlEPñkeyIgemIlmineXIj.
rUbPaBEdlbB¢aÚn BIlMhGakaspþl;[GñkeFVIEpnTIkñúgkareFVItMNagépÞEpndI[kan;EtmanPaBsuRkiteLIg.
EPñkrbs;eyIgGaccab;)anRtwmEtEpñktUcénfamBlRBHGaTitüb:ueNÑaH. pñkEdleyIgemIleXIjehA
faBnøEW dlGacemIleXIj(Visible light).]bkrN_bBa¢ÚnBt’manBIcm¶ay¬Remote sensors)enAelIpáayrNb
Gaccab;)anfamBlEdleyIgminGacemIleXIj. páayrNbminftrUbPaBCamYynwghVIldUcma:snIu fteT. Páay
rNbRbmUlBt’manGMBIfamBlEdl)anmkBIépÞEpndI ehIybBa©ÚnvaRtLb;eTAsßanIyTTYlenAelIEpndIvij.
bnÞab;mkkMuBüÚTr½RtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IbegáItrUbPaBEdleyIgGacemIleXIj dUc)anbgðajkñúgrUbTI12.

rUbTI12
páayrNbGaccab;ykrUbPaBénBhukILadæan .
páayrNb)anftrUbPaB

enHBIelIépÞEpndI
3> Bt’ manbgðajelIEpnTI
km<s;220KILÚEm:t.
dUcEdlGñk)ansikSarYcmkehIy manviFCI aeRcInkñúgkareFVIEpnTI. CakarBitNas;EdlEpnTIk¾maneRcIn
RbePTEdr. GñkGacFøab;)andwgrYcxøHmkehIyGMBIEpnTI dUcCaEpnTIbgðajpøÚv b¤EpnTIneya)ayénshrdæ
Gaemric bu:Enþmni )andwgGMBIRbePTrbs;vaeT. EpnTInImYy²manbgðajBIBt’manrbs;va dUcmankñúgrUbTI13.
-cMNgeCIgEpnTI R)ab;GñkGMBItMbn;Edl)anbgðajenAelIEpnTI b¤R)ab;GñkGMBIRbFanbTénEpnTI.
-maRtdæanEpnTI bgðajBITMnak;TMngrvagcm¶ayenAelIépÞEpndI nigcMgayenAelIEpnTI.
ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ49
ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ

-maRtdæanRkit manragdUcbnÞat;. cm¶ayenAelIépÞEpndIRtUv)anbgðajedaykMNt;RkitEdlbgðajCaxñat

cm¶ay.
-maRtdaænGkSr KWCakarBN’nargVas;cm¶ayenAelIEpnTI manTMnak;TMngCamYycm¶ayenAelIépÞEpndI.
-nimitþsBaØaRtIvisy½ bgðajGñkBITItaMgEdlmanTMnak;TMngnwgb:lU xageCIgBitR)akd.
-nimitþsBaaØEpnTI KWCataragsBaØaeRbIkñúgEpnTI nigkarBnül;rbs;va.
-kalbriecäTrbs;EpnTI pþln; UveBlevlaEdlEpnTImantémøGaceRbIR)as;)an.
karGanEpnTI
cUrKitfa GñkKWCaGñkeFVKI eRmagkarN¾eFVIdMeNIrtamrfynþrbs;køwbmYy. KUesñh¾mYyKUcg;eFVI
dMeNIr BI Torringtonénrdæ Connecticut eTAkan; BristolénrdæConnecticut. eRbIR)as;EpnTIkñguú rUbTI14 edIm,I
BN’naGMBIpÚvø énkareFVIdMeNIrCitbMputmYyrvagTIRkugTaMgBIr [BYkeKeFVIdMeNIr. bgðajpøvÚ EdlBYkeKGaceFVIdMeNIr
TisEdlBYk eKeFVdI MeNIr nigTIRkugEdlRtUvkat;tam. eRbIR)as;maRtdæanEpnTIedIm,IkN M t;cm¶ayRbhak;RbEll
KitCa milesrvagTIRkugTorrington nigTIRkugBristol.

sMNYrrMlwk
1> PUeKal KWCaKMrUEpndIEdlmanlkçNHsuRkit bu:EnþvaenAEtmancMNuclMeGogxøH.
etIcMnuclMeGogmYyenaHKWCaGVI?
2> etIPaBlMeGogenAelIEpnTIKWCaGVI? ehIy ehtuG)VI anCamanPaBlMeGogekIteLIg?
3> etIkarRbmUlBt’manBIcm¶ay KWCaGVI? etIva)anpøas;brþÚ nUvviFIeFVEI pnTIdUcemþcxøH?
4 > karsegçbTinñny½ cUrraycMnucTaMgR)aMenAelIEpnTI? Bnül;faBt’mannImYy²mansarHsMxan;kñúgkarGanEpnTI
dUcemþcxøH.

ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ50

ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ

មេម ៀនទី៣៖

EpnTIzanelx
BaküKnøwH
- EpnTIzanelx (Topographic map)
- ryHkm<s; (Elevation)
- ExSkm<s; (Contour lines)
- cenøaHExSkm<s; (Contour interval)
- sNæandI (Relief)
- BN’dutrbs;ExSkm<s; (Index contour)
GVIEdlGñknwgsikSa
-BN’naGMBrI ebobEdlExSkm<s;bgðajryHkm<s; nigsNæandIenAelIEpnTI.
-bgðajc,ab;énryHkm<s;.
-bkRsayEpnTIzanelx.

cUrKitfaGñksßitkñúgkareFVIdMeNIrmYy. eKalbMNgénkareFVIdeM NIr KWedIm,IeFV[I mankarrIkcMerInnUvCMnaj

mYycMnYntamryHkareFVIdMeNIrqøgkat;TItaMgmYyEdlminTan;mankarGPivDÆn¾edayP¢ab;eTACamYynUvRtIvisy½ nig
EpnTImYyb:ueNÑaH.etIRbePTEpnTIGVEI dlGñknwgRtUveRbI?vaminEmnCaEpnTIbgðajpøÚveTeRBaHGñknwgminGaceXIj
pøvÚ EdlGñkRtUveTAeT. GñknwgRtUvkarEpnTIzanelx. EpnTIzanelx KWCaEpnTIEdlbgðajlkçNHBiessénépÞ
EpndI b¤zanelxsaRsþenAelIEpndI. EpnTIzanelxbgðajTaMgGs;nvU lkçNHBiessrbs;FmµCati dUcCa Tenø
bwgPñM nig eTsPaBbegáIteLIgedaymnusS dUcCaTIRkug pøÚv s<an. l. EpnTIzanelxbgðajpgEdrGMBI
ryHkm<s;.ryHkm<s; KWCakm<s;rbs;GgÁmYyEdlKitcab;BnI IvUTkw smuRT.ryHkm<s;énTwksmuRT KW0. enAkñúg
EpñenH GñknWgeronGMBIrebobbkRsayEpnTIzanelx.
1> ryHkm<s;
ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ51
ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ

The United Sates Geological Survey (USGS) CaPñak;garshBn§½rbs;rdæaPi)al )aneFVIEpnTIzan

elxsRmab;shrdæGaemricTaMgGs;. EpnTITaMgenHmanBN’nalMGitTaMgGs;taMgBItMbn;tUc²énépÞEpndI. eday
sarEtEpnTIzanelxeFVeI day USGS eRbIR)as;xñatrgVas;Ca feet eRcInCagrgVas;xñatKitCaEm:Rt eyIgnigman
]TahrN¾GMBvI adUcteTAenH.
1>1> ExSkm<s;
enAelIEpnTIzanelx ExSkm<s; RtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IbgðajryHkm<s;. ExSkm<s; KWCaExS EdlP©ab;cMnuc
TaMgLay nUvryHkm<s;dUcKña. ]TahrN¾ ExSkm<s;mYyP©ab;cnM uc enAelIEpnTIEdlman ryHkm<s; 100 feet.
ExSkm<s;mYyeTotP©ab;cMnucenAelIEpnTIEdlmanryHkm<s;200 feet. rUbTI14 Bnül;BIrebobEdlExSkm<s;
elceLIgenAelIEpnTI.

rUbTI14 edaysarExSkm<s;P©ab;cMnucEdlmanryHkm<s;dcU Kña RTg;RTayénExSkm<s;ERbRbYltamRTg; RTayén

sNæandI.

1>2> cenøaHExSkm<s;
PaBxusKñaénExSkm<s;rvag ExSkm<s;mYy eTAExSkm<s;mYyehAfa cenøaHExSkm<s;. ]TahrN¾EpnTImYy
mancenøaHExSkm<s;20feet dUecñHcenøaHBIExSkm<s;mYyeTAExSkm<s;mYyman 20feet dUcCa 0 feet, 20feet, 40
feet, 60feet. l . GñkeFVIEpnTIeRCIiserIscenøaHExSkm<s;edayEp¥kelIRTg;RTaysNæandItamtMbn;. sNæandI

KWCaPaBPaBxusKñaénryHkm<s;rvagcMnucx<s;bMput nigcMnucTabbMputéntMbn;Edl)aneFVIelIEpnTI. edaysar

ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ52
ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ

sNæandIéntMbn;PñmM anryHkm<s;x<s; vaRtUv)aneKbgðajenAelIEpnTI edayeRbIcenøaHExSkm<s;FM dUcCa 100 feet

. eTaHbICayagNa tMbn;TMnabEdlmanryHkm<s;Tab nigRtUv)aneKbgðajenAelIEpnTIedaykareRbIR)as;cenøaH
ExSkm<s;tUc dUcCa10feet.
cenøaHénExSkm<s;bgðajpgEdrGMBcI MeNat dUcbgðajkñúgrUbTI15. ExSkm<s;EdlCit²Kña mancenøaHtUc²
CaTUeTAbgðajcMeNatxøaMg ExSkm<s;EdlmancenøaHregVIlCaTUeTAbgðajcMeNatFmµta.
1>3> ExSkm<s;em
PaKeRcInenAelIEpnTIzanelx GñkeFVEI pnTIeRbIR)as;ExSkm<s;emedIm,IeFVI[karGanEpnTImanPaBgay
RsYl. ExSkm<s;em KWCaExSEdldutCageK manerogral;5ExSmþg nigmandak;témøryHkm<s; enAelIExS. cUrEsVg
rkExSkm<s;emenAelIEpnTIzanelxTaMgBIr.

rUbTI15 EpnTIzanelxEpñkxageqVg bgðajBIPñM Pikes Peak kñúgrdæ Colorado . EpnTIxagelIbgðajBIRClg

mYykñúg Big Bend Ranch State Park kñúgrdæ Texas.
sV½yRtYtBinitü RbsinebIryHkm<s;minRtUv)aneKdak;elxenAelIEpnTIeT etIGñkGackMNt;)aneTfavaCa
EpnTItMbn;cMeNatb¤Gt;?
2> karGanEpnTIzanelx
EpnTIzanelx k¾dUcCaEpnTIdéTeTotEdr eRbIR)as;nimitþsBaØaedIm,IbgðajEpñkepSg²énépÞEpndI. sBaØa

ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ53

ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ

EpnTIzanelxrbs;USGSkñúgrUbTI16bgðajBInimitþsBaØamYycMnYnEdl)aneRbIedIm,IbgðajlkçNHBiessxøH²kñúg
EpnTIzanelx .
BN’epSgKñak¾RtUv)aneKeRbIpgEdredIm,ItMNag[lkçNHxusKñaénépÞEpndI. CaTUeTA GaKar pøvÚ s<an nig
pøvÚ Edk manBN’exµA. ExSkm<s;manBN’etñat. pøÚv HightwaysmanBN’Rkhm. TIRkug nig raCFanImanBN’páa
QUk. épÞTenø bwg nigmhasmuRTmanBN’exov ehIytMbn;éRBeQItag[BN’ébtg.

rUbTI16 RKb;EpnTIzanelxrbs; USGSeRbIR)as;sBaØadUcKñatag[lkçNHBiessénFmµCati nig eTsPaB

begáItedaymnusS.

2>1> c,ab;sMxan;²énExSkm<s;
ExSkm<s; KWCaKnøHw edIm,IbkRsayTMhM nigRTg;RTayénsNæandIenAelIEpnTIzanelxmYy. enAeBlEdl
GñkRkeLkemIlelIEpnTIzanelxdMbUg vahak;dcU CamankarPN½ÐRclM. kñúgkarGanEpnTIzanelx[)anRtwmRtUv
eTomTa[mankarhVwkhat; nigmankarGnuvtþn¾.c,ab;xageRkamenHnwgCYy[Gñkyl;GMBIkarGanEpnTIzanelx.
ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ54
ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ

1-ExSkm<s;minEdlkat;KñaeT. RKb;cnM ucenAelIExSkm<s;mYytMNag[ryHkm<s;EtmYy.

2-cenøaHénExSkm<s;GaRsy½elIlkçNHéncMeNat. ExSkm<s;Edljwktag[cMeNatxøaMg. ExSkm<s;
EdlTUlaytag[cMeNatFmµta.
3-ExSkm<s;Edlkat;tamRClgPñM b¤pvøÚ TwkmanragGkSr V. cMnucVeq<aHeTAkan;tbM n;EdlmanryH
km<s;x<s;. RbsinebImaneRCaH b¤Tenø hUrkat;RClg cMnuc V KWCaEpñkxagelIéneRCaHenaH.

EpñkxagelIénRbPBTwk manryHkm<s;x<s;

EpñkxageRkaménRbPBTwk manryHkm<s;TabCag
4-ExSkm<s;begáIt)anCargVg;biTCit CMuvijkMBlU kUnPñM PñM nig dITMnab dUcCabwg CaedIm. viFImYyedIm,IR)ab;
GMBIkUnPñM nigdITMnab KW dITnM abRtUv)ankMNt;cMNaMedayKMnUsRtg;x²øI enAxagkñúgExSrgVg;cg¥úlR)ab;GMBIkEnøgEdl
Tabeq<aHeTAkan;EpñkkNþalénTMnab.
kUnPñM dITMnab

ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ55

ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ

sMNYrrMlwk
1> etIEpnTIzanelx bgðajBIépÞEpndIdUcemþc?
2> RbsinebIExSrgVgE; pnTI KWCaeRCaH etIGñkGacR)ab;BIkEnøgEdlx<s;CageK)aneTebIelxExSRtUv)anpøas;bþÚr?
3> ehtuGVI)anCaExSkm<s;TaMgGs;minkat;Kña?
4> pþln; Uvkarsnñdi æan faehtuGVI)anCaExSkm<s;minRtUv)anbgðajcMeBaHcMNucEdlx<s;bMputénPñM b¤kUnPñM ?

ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ56

ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ

segçbcMnucsMxan;rbs;CMBUk

emeronTI1
Bakübec©keTs
-EpnTI
-b:UlxageCIgBitR)akd
-lMgakma:ej:Tic
-ExSeGkVaT½r
-ryHTTwg
-ryHbeNþay
-ExSbeNþayeKal
kMNt;sMKal;xøwmsar
 b:UlxageCIg nigb:Ulxagt,Úg RtUv)aneKeRbICacMnuctageyagsRmab;BN’naTis nigTItaMgenAelIEpndI.
 lMdab;énTis- xageCIg xagt,Úg xagekIt xaglic RtUv)aneKeRbIsRmab;BN’naGMBITis.

 RtIvisy½ma:ejTicRtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IkMNt;TisenAelIépÞEpndI. RTniccg¥úlTisxageCIgenAelIRtIvisy½cg¥l ú
cMbU:lma:ejTicxageCIg.
 edaysarEtb:l U PUmisaRsþxageCIgminpøas;bÚþrTItaMg vaRtUv)aneKehAfa b:lU xageCIgBitR)akd. b:Ulma:ejTic
xusBIb:lU PUmisaRsþrbs;EpndI ehIyFøab;)anpøas;bþÚrTItaMgtamRbvtþirbs;EpndI.
 lMgakma:ejTicERbRbYl b¤xusBIma:ejTicxageCIg nigPUmisaRsþxageCIg.

 ryHTTwg nigryHbeNþayCaExSkat;Kña EdlCYyGñkkñúgkarEsVgrkTItaMgenAelIEpnTI b¤enAelIPUeKal.

ExSén ryHTTwgrt;BIekIteTAlic. ExSénryHbeNþayrt;BIeCIgeTAt,Úgkat;tamb:UlTaMgBIr.

kargarBiesaF
mUl b¤sMEb:t?
EsVgrkTisedayxøÜnÉg
ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ57
ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ

emeronTI2
Bakübec©keTs
-cMenalEmrexT½r
-cMenalekaN
-cMenalGasImu uytal;
-rUbftBIGakas
-]bkrN¾pþlB; N’manBIlMhGakas
kMNt;sMKal;xøwmsar
 PUeKal KWCatMNagépÞEpndIEdlmanlkçN³suRkitCageK.
 EpnTIRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedaymanPaBlMeGog edaysarBt’manxøHRtUv)an)at;enAeBlGñkeFVIEpnTIepÞrrUbPaB

BIépÞkeM NageTAelIépÞrab.
 GñkeFVEI pnTI eRbIR)as;cMenalEpnTIedIm,IepÞrrUbPaBBIépÞkMeNagrbs;EpndI eTAelIépÞrab.

 cMenalEpnTIEdleKeRbIjwkjab;manbIRbePTedayEp¥kelIragFrNImaRtmansIuLaMg ekaN nig épÞ rab.

 karRbmUlBt’manBIGakas)anpþl;[GñkeFVIEpnTI eFVIEpnTI)ankan;EtsuRkit.

 RKb;EpnTITaMgGs;RtUvmancMNgeCIg kalbriecäT maRtdæan nimitþsBaØa nigTisRtIvisy½.

emeronTI3
Bakübec©keTs
-EpnTIzanelx
-ryHkm<s;
-ExSkm<s;
-cenøaHExSkm<s;
-sNæandI
-ExSkm<s;em
kMNt;sMKal;xøwmsar
 EpnTIzanelx eRbIExSkm<s;edIm,Ibgðajkm<s;rbs;tMbn;enAelIEpnTI RTg;RTay nigTMhMrbs;sNæandI.
ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ58
ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ

 RTg;RTayrbs;ExSkm<s; qøHú bBa©agM BItamRTg;RTayrbs;d.I

 cenøaHExSkm<s; nigRbelaHExSkm<s;bgðajBIcMeNatrbs;dI.

 dUcCaEpnTIepSg²eTotEdr EpnTIzanelx eRbIsBaØaedIm,ItMNag[lkçN³BiessénépÞEpndI.

 ExSkm<s;TaMgGs;minkat;KñaeT. ExSkm<s;Edlkat;tamRClg b¤pÚvø TwkmanragGkSr V. ExSkm<s;begáIt)anCa

ExSrgVg;biTCitCMuvji kMBUlkUnPñM PñM nigTMnab.

RtYtBinitücMeNHdwg
KMnitEbbKNitviTüa
maRtdæanRbPaK
RbePTmYyrbs;maRtdæanEpnTI KWmaRtdæanRbPaK. maRtdæanRbPaK KWCaRbPaK b¤ pleFobEdlbgðaj
TMnak;TnM grvagcMgayenAelIEpnTI nigcMgayenAelIépÞEpndI.maRtdæanrgVas;enHERbRbYleTAtamkaរeRbIR)as;
rbs;eyIg. ]TahrN¾ kareRbImaRtdæanRbPaK 1³12/000.RbsinebIGñkkMBugvas;cgM ayenAelIEpnTICasg;
TIEm:Rt enaH 1sg;TIEm:RtenAelIEpnTI RtUvCa 12/000sg;TIEm:RtenAelIépÞEpndI. rgVas; 3s>m enAelIEpnTI
RtUvCa 12/000 x 3s>m=36 000s>m enAelIépÞEpndI.
karyl;tamkaremIleXIj
b:Ul EpndImanb:UlBIrRbePTepSgKña KW b:UlPUmisaRsþ nigb:lU ma:ejTic. cUremIlrUbTI4 edIm,IrMlkw eLIg
vij BIPaBxusKñarvagb:lU PUmisaRsþ nigb:Ulma:ejTic.
Bt’manbgðajenAelIEpnTI cUrsikSarUbTI14 edIm,IrlM wkBIBt’mansMxan;²EdlEpnTInImYy²KYEtman.
sMnYrRtYtBinitü
kareRbIR)as;BaküKnøwH
cUrBnül;BIPaBxusKñarvagRkumBaküxageRkamenH
1-TisxageCIgBitR)akd nig Tism:aejTicxageCIg
2-ryHTTwg nigryHbeNþay
3-ExSeGkVaTr½ nigExSbeNþayeKal
ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ59
ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ

4-cMenalEmrexT½r nigcMenalGasImu uytal;

5-cenøaHExSkm<s; nigExSkm<s;em
6-ryHkm<s; nigsNæandI
karEsVgyl;cMnucsMxan;²
cUrKUsrgVg;CMuvijcMelIymYyEdlRtwmRtUv
7-cMnucmYyEdlmanryHTTwg 0dWeRksßitenAelI
k> b:lU xageCIg x> ExSeGkVaT½r
K> b:Ulxagt,Úg X> ExSbeNaþayeKal
8-cMgayKitCadWeRkxagekIt b¤xaglic énExSbeNþayeKalKWCa
k> ryHTTwg x> lMgakma:ejTic
K> ryHbeNþay X> cMenal
9-RTnicrbs;RtIvis½ycg¥lú eq<aHeTA
k> ExSbeNþay x> ExSRsb
K> b:UlPUmisaRsþxageCIg X> b:Ulma:ejTicxageCIg
10-cMenalEpnTIEdleKeRcIneRbI KWEp¥kelIragFrNImaRtbIya:g.etIragFrNImaRtTaMgLayxageRkam
en³mYyNaminEmnCaragFrNImaRtEdleK)aneRbI?
k> sIuLaMg x> kaer
K> ekan X> épÞrab
11-cMenalEmrexT½rmanPaBlMeGogenACit
k> eGkVaT½r x> b:Ul
K> ExSbeNþayeKal X> ExSElVgema:g
12-etIRbePTmaRtdæanGVIEdlminRtUv)aneKsresrCaxñatrgVas;?
k> maRtdæanRbPaK x> maRtdæanGkSr
K> maRtdæanRkaPic X> maRtdæanKNitviTüa
13-etITMnak;TMngrvagcMgayenAelIEpnTI nigcMgayenAelIEpndIeKehAfaGVI?
k> nimitþsBaØa x> ryHkm<s;
ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ60
ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ

K> sNæandI X> maRtdæan

14-ryHTTwgénb:UlxageCIgKW
k> 100dWeRkxageCIg x> 90dWeRkxageCIg
K>180dWeRkxageCIg X> 90dWeRkxagt,Úg
15-RbelaHFMrbs;ExSkm<s;bgðajBI
k> cMeNatx<s; x> cMeNatFmµta
K> kUnPñM X> Tenø
16->>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>KWCakm<s;rbs;vtßúKitcab;BInIv:UTwksmuRT.
k> cenøaHExSkm<s; x> ryHkm<s;
x> lMgak X> ExSkm<s;em
cUreqøIycMelIyxøI²
17-etIRtIvsi y½ma:ejTicRtUv)aneKeRbIdUcemþckñúgkarEsVgrkTisenAelIépÞEpndI?
18-ehtuGV)I anCanimitþsBaØaEpnTImansarsMxan;?
19-ehtuGVI)anCaRKInElnelceLIgnUvépÞdIFMenAelIEpnTIeBleKeFVIcMenalEmrexT½r?
20-etIExSkm<s;mantYnaTIGVxI øHenAkñúgEpnTIzanelx?
EpnTIKMnit
21-cUreRbIR)as;BaküKnøHW xageRkamenHedIm,IbegáItEpnTIRkab³ EpnTI nimitþsBaØaEpnTI cMenalEpnTI
EpñkepSg² rbs;EpnTI maRtdæan ragsIuLaMg cMNgeCIg ragekan épÞrab kalbriecäT TisRtIvsi ½y.
karKitEbbTieTon nigkaredaHRsaybBaða
cUreqøIysMnYrxageRkamen³
22-EpñksMxan;mYykñúgcMenamEpñksMxan;d¾éeTotkñúgEpnTI KwkalbriecäT. ehtuG)VI anCavamansarsMxan;
dUecñ³?
23-GñkeFVIEpnTImañk;)anKUrEpnTImYysRmab;RbeTsbIepSgKñaEdlminmanEckxñatrgVas;.
etIRbePT
maRtdæanGVIEdlGñkeFVIEpnTIrUben³KYEtykmkeRbI? ehtuGVI?
24-etIEpTIzanelxrbs;PñMsilamYy xusBIEpnTIzanelxrbs;TMnabdUcemþc?
ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ61
ដេប៉ាតឺម៉ាង់អប់រ ំ វ ិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិអប់រ ំ

viTüasaRsþKNitviTüa
25-EpnTImYymanmaRtdæanGkSr 1 s>m esµInwg 200m. RbsinebIcgM ayBitR)akdrvagcMnucBIr KW
12 000m etIcnM ucTaMgBIrmancMgayb:unµanenAelIEpnTI?
26-enAelIEpnTIzanelxmYYy cenøaHExSkm<s;KW 50ft. eCIgPñMcab;epþImkMNt;BItémø1050 ft. enAEpñk
kMBUlPñM KWmanExSkm<s;x<s;CageCIgPñM12ExS. etIkMBUlPñmM anryHkm<s;b:unµan?
karbkRsayRkaPic
cUreRbIR)as;EpnTIzanelxxageRkamedIm,IeqøIysMnYrdUcteTA³

27-etIryHkm<s;ERbRbYlrvagExSEdljwk Cab;²KñaKWCaGVI?
28-etItbM n;enHmansNæandIdUcemþc?
29-etIlkçN³épÞdIGVIEdl)anbgðajenAelIEpnTIenH?
30-etIkMBlU PñM Ore Hill manryHkm<s;bn:u µan?

ដរៀបដរៀងដោយក្រុមក្រូឧដទ្យេសមុមវ ិវ ិជាែនវនវ ិទ្យា ទ្យំព័រ62