In the 15 years up to 2015, China increased its steel production fivefold as it forged the steel

products demanded by its huge boom in construction and infrastructure spending. By 2015, the
country produced 800 million tons of steel a year, half of the world’s annual output. However, in
2015 the bottom fell out of the Chinese domestic market for steel. The economy slowed down,
and the government shifted its priorities away from massive infrastructure investments and
toward boosting consumer spending. By the end of 2015, Chinese steelmakers were estimated to
be producing 300 million more tons of steel a year than required for domestic consumption.

With prices for steel slumping, China’s largest 101 steel firms lost more than $12 billion in 2015,
roughly twice what they made in profits during 2014. Not surprisingly, the Chinese are seeking
to export this unwanted product, even if it is at a loss. China exported more than 100 million tons
of steel for the first time in 2015, making its steel exports alone larger than the production of any
other country in the world except for Japan. The prices for Chinese steel products appear to be at
least 10 percent lower outside of China than within the country.

Those low-priced exports are having a devastating impact on steelmakers around the globe.
American producers have responded by clamoring for action from the U.S. Commerce
Department to stop what they perceive to be the illegal dumping of steel products below the costs
of production. Moreover, they have argued that cheap steel from China has also persuaded
producers in India, Italy, South Korea, and Taiwan to dump their excess production on the world
market, further harming U.S. producers. In November 2015, the Commerce Department ruled
that all of these countries except Taiwan were dumping steel and placed duties as high as 236
percent on some imports of foreign steel. In late December, the Commerce Department ruled that
China was also selling corrosion-resistant steel at unfairly low prices and placed an additional
256 percent tariff on such imports. This erected a huge barrier to certain Chinese steel imports
into the United States.

The European Union also took similar steps. The United Kingdom has been particularly hard hit
by Chinese imports. Chinese imports now take 45 percent of the UK market for steel rebar, up
from nothing in 2010. Overall, steel imports from China doubled between 2014 and 2015. The
United Kingdom lost some 4,000 steelmaking jobs in the second half of 2015 as the Chinese
grabbed market share. Elsewhere in Europe, the Luxembourg-based steel giant ArcelorMittal
blamed dumping by Chinese firms for a $8 billion loss in 2015.

In response, in January 2016, the EU placed a 13 percent tariff on imports of Chinese steel. EU
steelmakers called this totally inadequate, particularly given the much large tariffs levied in the
United States. In mid-2016, the EU responded by placing tariffs as high as 22 percent on imports
of non–stainless steel products from China. For its part, the Chinese government remained
unmoved. In fact, it may have added fuel to the fire in December 2015 when it cut export taxes
on several types of steel, signaling perhaps that it was doubling down on a strategy to encourage
domestic producers to export their surplus production rather than close mills.

Case Discussion Questions

1. Does the evidence suggest to you that China is dumping excess steel production on world
markets?
2.Absent of any response from other nations, how long can China pursue this policy?

3. Who is harmed by this action? Who might benefit?

4. What alternative policy might China pursue? What are the costs and benefits of this alternative
policy to China?

5. Are the EU and the United States correct to impose significant anti-dumping duties on imports
of Chinese steel? What will the benefits of such policy be? Are there any drawbacks?

6. Can you think of any unintended consequences that might occur as the result of the imposition
of antidumping duties on Chinese steel imports by the United States and the EU?

7.What other steps could be taken in the long run to reduce the probability that producers in
China and elsewhere will dump their excess production at a loss on world markets?