Electric Circuits II

Complex Numbers

Dr. Firas Obeidat

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 Table of Contents

• Representations of Complex Numbers

1.

• Euler’s Formula
2.
• Mathematical Operations with
3. Complex Numbers

• Useful Identities
4.

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 Representations of Complex Numbers
A complex number z may be written in rectangular (Cartesian) form as

Where 𝒋 = −𝟏 , x is the real part of z while y is the imaginary part of z

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 Representations of Complex Numbers
A second way of representing the complex number z is by specifying its
magnitude r and the angle θ

we must exercise care in determining the correct value of . These are the four
possibilities:

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 Representations of Complex Numbers

The third way of representing the complex z is the exponential form:

The three forms of representing a complex number are summarized as follows.

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 Euler’s Formula

Replacing x by jθ gives

This is knows as Euler’s formula 6

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 Euler’s Formula

The magnitude of ejθ equal to

When the angle equal to -θ gives

𝒓𝒆𝒋𝜽 = 𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒋𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝑹𝒆(𝒓𝒆𝒋𝜽 ) 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝑰𝒎(𝒓𝒆𝒋𝜽 )
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 Examples
Example: Express the following complex numbers in polar and exponential form:
a) z1=6+j8 b) z2=6-j8 c) z3=-6+j8 d) z4=-6-j8

Or -53.13 o

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 Examples
Example:

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 Mathematical Operations with Complex Numbers
1- Complex Conjugate
The conjugate or complex conjugate of a complex number can be found by
simply changing the sign of the imaginary part in the rectangular form or by
using the negative of the angle of the polar form.
Example: The complex conjugate of the complex number z=x+jy is

Thus, the complex conjugate of a complex number is found by replacing every j

by -j.

2- Addition & Subtraction

Given two complex numbers z1=x1+jy1=r1∟θ1 𝑧1 = ±𝑥1 ± 𝑗𝑦1
and z2=x2+jy2=r2∟θ2 their sum is
𝑧2 = ±𝑥2 ± 𝑗𝑦2
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = ±𝑥1 ± 𝑥2 + 𝑗(±𝑗𝑦1 ± 𝑦2)
and their difference is
𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = ±𝑥1 − (±𝑥2 ) + 𝑗(±𝑗𝑦1 − (±𝑦2))
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 Mathematical Operations with Complex Numbers

3- Multiplication & Division

The product of the two complex numbers are best done in polar or
exponential form, For their product

For their division

We rationalize the denominator by multiplying both the numerator and

denominator by z2*.

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 Mathematical Operations with Complex Numbers
Example:

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 Mathematical Operations with Complex Numbers
Example:

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 Useful Identities
The following identities are useful in dealing with complex numbers

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 Useful Identities
Example:

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