DESI

GNLABORATORYMANUAL

VI
ISemest
er(
10MEL77)

Nameoft heStudent
:
Semester/Sect
ion :
USN :
Bat
ch :
DAYANANDASAGARCOLLEGEOFENGI
NEERI
NG
Accr
edi
tedbyNat
ionalAssessment&Accr edi
tati
onCounci
l(NAAC)wi
th’
A’Grade
(
AnAutonomousInsti
tut
ionaff
il
iat
edtoVi sv
esvarayaTechnol
ogi
cal
Uni
versi
ty,
Bel
agavi
&
ISO9001:2008Cer t
if
ied)
MECHANI
CALENGI
NEERI
NGDEPARTMENT
SHAVI
GEMALLESWARAHI
LLS,KUMARASWAMYLAYOUT
BENGALURU-
560078
DESI
GNLABORATORY [
2016

Vi
sionoft
heI
nst
it
ute
Toimpartquali
tyt
echnicaleducati
onwithaf ocus
on Research and Innov at
ion emphasi
sing on
Devel
opment of Sust ai
nabl
e and I ncl
usive
Technol
ogyfort
hebenefitofsoci
ety
.

Mi
ssi
onoft
heI
nst
it
ute
 To provi
de an envir
onment t
hat enhances
cr
eat
ivi
tyandI
nnovat
ioninpur
sui
tofExcel
lence.

 To nurtureteamwor
ki n ordertot r
ansf
orm
i
ndivi
duals as r esponsi
ble leader
s and
ent
repreneur
s.

 Tot rai
nt hestudent
stot hechangi
ngtechnical
scenario and make them to underst
and the
i
mpor t
ance of Sust ainabl
e and I nclusiv
e
technologies.

Mech.Dept
.,Day
anandaSagarCol
l
egeofEngi
neer
ingBengal
uru Page2
DESI
GNLABORATORY [
2016

DESIGNLABORATORYMANUAL
VIISemest
er(
10MEL77)

Nameoft
heSt
udent:

Semest
er/
Sect
ion :

USN :

Bat
ch :

DAYANANDASAGARCOLLEGEOFENGI
NEERI
NG
(
AnAut
onomousI
nst
it
uti
onaf
fi
li
atedt
oVi
svesvar
ayaTechnol
ogi
cal
Uni
ver
sit
y,Bel
agav
i)
MECHANI CALENGI NEERI NGDEPARTMENT
SHAVI GEMALLESWARAHI LLS
KUMARASWAMYLAYOUT
Mech.Dept
.,Day
BEl
N
anandaSagarCol
GALUR
egeofEngi
U-5
neer
i
60078uru
ngBengal Page3
DESI
GNLABORATORY [
2016

DAYANANDASAGAR COLLEGEOFENGI
NEERI
NG
(
AnAut
onomousI
nst
it
uti
onaf
fi
li
atedt
oVi
svesvar
ayaTechnol
ogi
cal
Uni
ver
sit
y,Bel
agav
i)
DEPARTMENTOFMECHANI
CALENGI
NEERI
NG,
BENGALURU-
560078

VI
SIONOFTHEDEPARTMENT

Topr epar
ewor ldclassmechanicalengi
neer shavi
ngt echnicalcompetency
,
andmanager ialski
ll
s,dri
venbyhumanv aluesandi gni
tet heyoungmi nds
capableofaddressi
ngever
-changi
ngglobalissuesbyresearchandinnovati
on.

MISSI
ONOFTHEDEPARTMENT
 Topr ov
ideapl
atf
ormthati
mpar
tssci
ent
if
icknowl
edgeandt
echni
cal
ski
ll
s.
 
Totrai
nTot
rai
nst
udent
stodemonst
rat
ethei
rtechni
cal
andmanager
ial
ski
ll
s.

 
 Toengagest udent
sinpr of
essi
onalact
ivi
ti
est
hroughr
esear
ch,hi
gher
educat
ionandl
if
elongl
ear
ning.

PROGRAMMEEDUCATI ONALOBJECTI VES[ PEOs]

PEO-1:
 Graduateswi l
lhav et heabi l
itytoapplytheknowl edgeofMechani cal
Engi
neer i
ngtoexcelint hei
rcar eerpath.
PEO-2:
 Graduateswi llunderstand t he i
mportance ofv i
bration i
n desi
gn of
el
ement s.
PEO-3:
 Graduateswi l
lbeabl et oanal y
zest r
essesandst rainsinamember
subj
ectedt ocombinedl oadingofbendi ngandt orsi
onandal soabletoanalyze
perf
ormanceofGov ernorininternalcombustionengine.
PEO-4:
 Graduateswillhavetheabi li
tytopursuehighereducation

PROGRAMMESPECI
FICOUTCOMES[
PSOs]

PSO-
1:St
udent
swillhav
etheabi
li
tytolear
n,anal
yzev
ibr
ati
oni
nmachi
ne
el
ement
sandperf
ormanceofgov
ernor
s.

Mech.Dept
.,Day
anandaSagarCol
l
egeofEngi
neer
ingBengal
uru Page4
DESI
GNLABORATORY [
2016

PSO-2:Student
s wi
llbe capabl
e ofanaly
ze behav
iorofphot
o el
ast
ic
materi
alwhensubj
ect
edtodiff
erentl
oadi
ngcondi
ti
ons.

DAYANANDASAGARCOLLEGEOFENGI
NEERI
NG
(
AnAut
onomousI
nst
it
uti
onaf
fi
li
atedt
oVi
svesvar
ayaTechnol
ogi
cal
Uni
ver
sit
y,Bel
agav
i)
DEPARTMENTOFMECHANI
CALENGI
NEERI
NG,
BENGALURU-
560078

DESI
GN LABORATORY(
SYLLABUS)

VI
ISEMESTERB.E(
MECHANI
CALENGG.
)

Sub.Code:
10MEL77 IAMar
ks :
Hrs/Week: Exam Hr
s:
TotalHr
s: Exam Marks:

Cour
seObj
ect
ives:
(
1)Tomakest
udent
sexposet
opr
act
ical
modeofanal
ysi
sthr
oughoutt
hesemest
er.
(
2)Tomakest
udent
stounder
standt
hei
mpor
tanceofv
ibr
ati
oni
ndesi
gnofel
ement
s.
(
3)Toexposest
udent
stounder
standst
ressesandst
rai
nsi
namembersubj
ect
edt
o
combi
nedl
oadi
ngofbendi
ngandt
orsi
on.
(
4)Tost
udyt
hei
mpor
tanceofGov
ernori
nint
ernal
combust
ionengi
ne.
(
5)Tost
udyt
hebehav
iorofphot
oel
ast
icmat
eri
alwhensubj
ect
edt
odi
ff
erentl
oadi
ng
condi
ti
ons.
(
6)Tost
udyt
hei
mpor
tanceofl
ubr
icat
ingoi
li
nJour
nal
bear
ing.
(
7)Tomaket
hest
udent
stounder
standt
hei
mpor
tanceofbal
anci
ngofr
otat
ingmasses.

Cour
seOut
comes:

(
1)St
udent
sshoul
dbeabl
etoanal
yzet
hepr
obl
emsexper
iment
all
yandcompar
ethe
samewi
tht
heor
eti
cal
val
ues.
(
2)St
udent
sshoul
dbeabl
etocal
cul
atef
requencyofv
ibr
ati
onexper
iment
all
y.

Mech.Dept
.,Day
anandaSagarCol
l
egeofEngi
neer
ingBengal
uru Page5
DESI
GNLABORATORY [
2016

(
3)St
udent
sshoul
dbeabl
etocal
cul
atepr
inci
palst
ressandpr
inci
palst
rai
nsi
na
membersubj
ect
edt
ocombi
nedl
oadi
ngofbendi
ngandt
orsi
on.
(
4)St
udent
sshoul
dbeabl
etounder
standi
mpor
tanceofef
for
tandpoweri
ngov
ernor
s.
(
5)St
udent
s shoul
d be abl
eto st
udy t
he pr
essur
e di
str
ibut
ion under di
ff
erent
exper
iment
alcondi
ti
onsi
njour
nal
bear
ing.
(
6)St
udent
sshoul
dbeabl
etounder
standbal
anceofr
otat
ingmassesi
ndi
ff
erent
pl
anes.

Sy
ll
abus:

1 SpringMasssy st
em
2 Freet orsional osci
ll
ations
3 Dampedt orsionaloscill
ations
4 Whi rl
ingofshaf t
5 Combi nedl oadingofbendi ngandtorsi
on
6 Por t
erGov ernor
7 Har t
nel lGov ernor
Fri
ngeconst antofcirculardiscindiametr
ical
8
compr ession
Stressconcent r
ati
onf actorinacircul
arri
ng
9
subject edtocompr essivel oad
10 Fri
ngeconst antinpurebendi ng
11 Jour nal Bearing
12 Balanci ngofr otati
ngmasses
13 Vivaquest i
ons

Mech.Dept
.,Day
anandaSagarCol
l
egeofEngi
neer
ingBengal
uru Page6
 DESI
GNLABORATORY [
2016

DAYANANDASAGARCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
DEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGI
NEERING
BENGALURU–560078

DO’
s
 Adher
eandf
oll
owt
imi
ngs,
properdr
esscodewi
thappr
opr
iat
efootwear
.

 Bags,
andot
herper
sonali
temsmustbest
oredi
ndesi
gnat
edpl
ace.

 Comepr
epar
ewi
tht
hev
iva,
procedur
e,andot
herdet
ail
soft
heexper
iment
.

 Secur
elonghai
r,l
oosecl
othi
ng&knowsaf
etyandemer
gencypr
ocedur
es.

I
nspectal
lequi
pment
/met
ersf
ordamagepr
iort
ouse

 Conductt
heexper
iment
saccur
atel
yasdi
rect
edbyt
het
eacher
.

I
mmedi
atel
yrepor
tanyspar
ks/acci
dent
s/i
njur
ies/anyot
herunt
owar
dinci
dentt
o
t
hef
acul
ty/
inst
ruct
or.

 Handl
etheappar
atus/
met
ersgent
lyandwi
thcar
e

I
ncaseofanemer
gencyoracci
dent
,fol
lowt
hesaf
etypr
ocedur
e.

 Swi
tchOFFt
hepowersuppl
yaf
tercompl
eti
onofexper
iment

DONT’
s
 The use ofmobi
le/anyot
herper
sonalel
ect
roni
c gadget
sis pr
ohi
bit
ed i
nthe
l
abor
ator
y.
Mech.Dept
.,Day
anandaSagarCol
l
egeofEngi
neer
ingBengal
uru Page7
 Donotmakenoi
sei
ntheLabor
ator
y&donotsi
tonexper
imentt
abl
e.

 Donotmakel
ooseconnect
ionsandav
oidov
erl
appi
ngofwi
res
DESI
GNLABORATORY [
2016

Exper
imentNo:
___
___
__ Dat
e:_
___
___
___
__

Ti
tl
eoft
heExper
iment

Exper
imentNo:01 Dat
e:_
___
___
___
__

SPRI
NGMASSSYSTEM
Ai
m:
Todeter mi
nethenat
ural
frequencyandti
meperiodoflongi
tudinal
undampedvi
brati
ons
ofspringmasssy st
em andt ocalcul
atethepercent
ageer r
orbycomparingwiththe
theor
etical
val
ue.

Appar
atus/
Component
srequi
red:Spr
ingmasssy
stem wi
thst
ylusandgr
aph
sheet

Theor
y:
whentheparti
clesofasystem vibr
atei
nadirecti
onparall
eltotheaxisthevibrat
ionis
ter
medasl ongitudi
nalvi
brat
ions.Anexampleofl ongi
tudi
nall
yv i
brat
ingsystem isa
spri
ngmasssy stem,wher
einthemassisconstr
ainedtomov eonlyal
ongt heaxi
soft he
spri
ng.

Inanundampedsystem,vibr
ati
ont akesplaceduetorepeat
edconv
ersi
onofonefor
m
ofener
gyi nt
oanotherform ofenergy,i
.e.kinet
icenergyoft
hemassi nt
opotent
ial
ener
gyofthespr
ingandv i
ceversa

Wehav
ethr
eemet
hodst
oanal
yzet
hev
ibr
ati
onsofanundampedsy
stem:

 Energymet hod:Sinceinanundampedsy stem,t her

eisnol ossofener gy
,the
tot
alenergyoft hesyst
em shouldremainconstantwitht
ime,i.
e.,ki
neti
cenergy+
potent
ialenergy= constant
,anditsderi
vati
veiszero.
 Ralei
gh'smet hod:i
tisamodi f
icati
onoftheener gymethod,whichdirect
lyl
eads
tothedeterminati
onofthenaturalfr
equency.I
tisbasedont heprinci
plet
hat,t
he

Mech.Dept
.,Day
anandaSagarCol
l
egeofEngi
neer
ingBengal
uru Page8
DESI
GNLABORATORY [
2016

potenti
alener
gyoft hesy
stem i
smaxi mum whent hekineti
cener
gyi szeroand
thekinet
icenergyi smaxi
mum whent hepotenti
alener
gyi szer
o.Si
nce, t
hetotal
energyofthesy stem i
sconst
antthi
simpli
est hatt
hemaxi mum potenti
alener
gy
shouldbeequal tothemaximum ki
neti
cenergy.
 Applyi
ngNewt on'ssecondlaw

Thef
ir
sttwomethodscanbeappl
iedt
oonlyundampedsystems,wher
east
het
hir
d
methodcanbeappl
iedt
obothdampedandundampedsystems.

Def
ini
ti
ons:
1.Periodi
cmot i
on:amot i
on,whichrepeat
sitsel
faft
erequali
nter
val
softi
me.
2.Timeper i
od:Ti
met akentocompl et
eonecy cl
e
3.Frequency:Thenumberofcy cl
espersecond.
4.Ampl i
tude:t
hemaximum di spl
acementofav i
brat
ingbodyfr
om themean
positi
on.
5.Naturalfr
equency:
frequencyoffreevi
brat
ionsofthesyst
em.

Descri
pt i
onoft heapparatus:( Ref
erfig.).Theapparatusconsist
sofacent ralcol
umn
supportedonabase.Acol letisprovidedatt hetopoft hecolumnthroughwhi cha
spri
ngisat tached.Acy l
indricalmasscar ryi
ngasty l
usisattachedatthelowerendof
thespri
ng.ARecor dingeboni teDr
um isdr ivenbyasmal lel
ectri
cmotorrotati
ngat10
rpm andt heassembl yisfixedt oaradialarm,whichcanbef i
xedatanydesi r
edangl
e
aboutthecent r
alcolumn.Agr aphsheetisfixedontheebonit
edr um.

TheRecor
dingDr
um i
sadjust
edsuchthatthesty
lussmear
edwi
thinkmakespoi
nt
cont
actwi
ththegr
aphsheetont
herot
atingdrum.Theel
ect
ri
cmotori
sswi
tchedon

Mech.Dept
.,Day
anandaSagarCol
l
egeofEngi
neer
ingBengal
uru Page9
DESI
GNLABORATORY [
2016

andcy l
indr
icalmassisgiv
enasmal lver
ti
caldi
spl
acement(say30mm) .TheMass
star
tsoscil
l
atingaboutt
hemeanposi
ti
onandtheosci
ll
ati
onsarer
ecor
dedonthegr
aph
sheet.

Pr
ocedur
e:

1.Measur
ethedi
amet
eroft
her
otat
ingdr
um.

2.Past
eagr
aphsheetar
oundt
her
otat
ingdr
um.

3.Di
pthest
ylusi
ninkandf
ixt
hest
ylusi
nthehol
epr
ovi
dedi
nthecy
li
ndr
ical
drum.

4.Swi
tchont
heel
ect
ri
cmot
or.

5.Adjustt
her
otat
ingdr
um sucht
hatt
hest
ylusmakesapoi
ntcont
actont
hegr
aph
sheet.

6.Pul
lthemassdownt
hroughasmal
ldi
stance(
say30mm)andl
eti
tgo.

7.Gett
hesi
newav
etr
aci
ngsr
ecor
dedont
hegr
aphsheet
.

8.Measuret
hehorizontal
dist
ancebet
weenfi
vecrest
sandcal
cul
atet
hedi
stance
percy
cleofosci
ll
ati
on.
9.Measuret
heextensionofspri
ngwheni
tisl
oadedbythecyl
i
ndr
ical
mass.

Nat
ureofgr
aph

Obser
vat
ions:

Massoft
hecy
li
nder
,=‘
M’=_
_kg.
Speedoft
her
otat
ingdr
um =‘
N’=_
_rpm.
Di
amet
eroft
her
otat
ingdr
um‘
D’=_
__mm
Mech.Dept
.,Day
anandaSagarCol
l
egeofEngi
neer
ingBengal
uru Page10
DESI
GNLABORATORY [
2016

Cal
cul
ati
ons:

Spr
ingconst
ant
,k=f
orceont
hespr
ing(
N)/spr
ingext
ensi
on'
x'(
m)

= N/
m

Theor
eti
cal
cir
cul
arf
requency
,ωth= r
ad/
sec

Theor
eti
cal
frequencyofv
ibr
ati
on,
fth= = Hz

Vel
oci
tyoft
hedr
um = m/
s

Di
stanceofonecy
cleont
hegr
aphsheet=

Exper
iment
alf
requencyofv
ibr
ati
on,

f
exp=

Per
cent
agev
ari
ati
on=

Tt
h=Ti
meper
iodofosci
l
lat
ion(
Theor
eti
cal
)= ,
sec

Texp=Ti
meper
iodofosci
l
lat
ion(
Exper
iment
al)= ,
sec

Resul
ts:

Remar
ks:

Mech.Dept
.,Day
anandaSagarCol
l
egeofEngi
neer
ingBengal
uru Page11
DESI
GNLABORATORY [
2016

Si
gnat
ureofSt
affI
nchar
gewi
thdat
e:

Exper
imentNo:02 Dat
e:_
___
___
___
__

FREETORSI
ONALOSCI
LLATI
ONS

Aim:Todeter
mi nethenatur
alfr
equencyandtimeperi
odoft
orsi
onaloscil
l
at i
onsofa
shaf
tandtocalcul
atetheper
centageer
rorbycompar
ingwi
tht
hetheoret
icalval
ue.

Apparat
us:
Tor
sional
shaf
tsy
stem wi
thst
ylusandgr
aphsheet
,ver
niercal
i
per
sorscr
ew
gauge.

Theor y :Whent hepar t

icl
esofashaf tordiscmov einaci rcleabouttheaxis,thent he
vibrations--areknownast or sionalv i
brati
ons.Int hiscase,t heshafti stwistedand
untwi sted alt
ernatelyand t or sionalshearst resses ar einduced int he shaf t
.The
frequencyofundamped t or sionalosci ll
ati
ons depends on t wo system const ants,
torsional st
if
fnessoft heshaftandt hemassmoment ofiner
tiaofthedisc.Theor et
ical
ly,
thet or si
onalstif
fnesscanbecal cul
atedusingthet orsionequationor-theshaf t.The
massmomentofi nert
iaofthedi sccanbecal culatedknowi ngthemassandr adiusof
thedi sc:Theexper imentalf
requencycanbedi r
ect l
ymeasur edandt hetwof requencies
canbecompar ed.

Descri
pt i
onoftheapparatus:(Referfi
g.)
.Theapparat
usconsist
sofacent ralcolumn
supportedonabase.Att hetopoft hecolumnisfi
xedashacklet
hroughwhichar odi s
hung.Att heotherendoft her od,acyli
ndri
calmasscarry
ingast y
lusi
sat tached.A
recor
dingebonitedr
um isdrivenbyamot orandtheassemblyi
sfixedtoaradialarm of
aseparatestand.Agraphsheeti sfi
xedontheeboni
tedrum.

Mech.Dept
.,Day
anandaSagarCol
l
egeofEngi
neer
ingBengal
uru Page12
DESI
GNLABORATORY [
2016

Therecor
dingdrum isbr
oughtnearthecy l
i
ndricalmasssuchthatt
hest yl
ussmeared
wit
hinkmakespoi ntcont
actwi t
ht hegraphsheetar oundtherotati
ngdrum.The
el
ectr
icmotorisswit
chedonandt hecyl
indr
icalmassisgivenasmallangul
art
wistand
seti
ntooscil
l
ati
ons.Theosci
ll
ati
onsarerecordedonthegraphsheet
.

Pr
ocedur
e:

1.Past
eagr
aphsheetar
oundt
her
otat
ingdr
um.

2.Di
pthest
ylusi
ninkandf
ixi
tint
hehol
epr
ovi
dedi
nthecy
li
ndr
ical
mass.

3.Swi
tchont
hemot
orandt
her
ecor
dingdr
um st
art
srot
ati
ng.

4.Adj
ustther
otat
ingdr
um sucht
hatt
hest
ylusmakesapoi
ntcont
actont
he
gr
aphsheet
.

5.Gi
veasmal
langul
ardi
spl
acementt
othecy
li
ndr
ical
mass(
say30°
)andl
eti
tgo.

6.Gett
hesi
newav
etr
aci
ngsr
ecor
dedont
hegr
aphsheet
.

7.From thegraph,measurethehori
zont
aldistancebet
weenf
ivecr
est
sand
calcul
ate.t
hedistancepercycl
eofoscil
l
at i
on.

8.Measur
ethedi
amet
erandt
hel
engt
hoft
her
od.

9.Cal
culatet
hetheor
eti
cal
frequencyofvi
brat
ion,
exper
imental
frequencyof
vi
brat
ion,t
imeperi
odandpercentageer
rorbyusi
ngthefor
mula

Obser
vat
ions:

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DESI
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 Massoft
hecy
li
nder
,M =_
_kg.

 Radi
usoft
hecy
li
ndr
ical
mass,
R=_
_m.

 Di
amet
eroft
her
otat
ingdr
um att
hecent
er,
D=_
__m.

 Di
amet
eroft
her
od,
d=_
_m.

 Lengt
hoft
her
od,
l=_
_m.

 Speedoft
her
otat
ingdr
um,
N=_
_rpm.

 Tor
sional
rigi
dit
yoft
hemat
eri
aloft
her
od,
G=_
_ m2
_N/

Cal
cul
ati
ons:
Wehavethetor
sionequat
ionoft
heshaf
t
T=Appl
i
edTor
queN-
m
J=Pol
armomentofI
ner
ti
aoft
heshaf
t= m4
τ=Shearstressinduced,N/m2
r=radi
usoft heshaft,m.
G=Tor si
onalri
gidit
yofthemateri
aloft
heshaf
t, m2
N/
Θ=angl eoftwistoftheshaf
t,r
ad.
l=Lengthofshaf t
,m.

Fr
om t
hedef
ini
ti
onoft
het
orsi
onal
sti
ff
nessoft
heshaf
t,

Kt= = = Nm/
rad.

Massmomentofi
ner
ti
aofcy
li
ndr
ical
mass(
I)

I= m2
kg-
Theor
eti
cal
cir
cul
arf
requencyoft
orsi
onal
osci
l
lat
ions

ωn= r
ad/
s.

Theor
eti
cal
frequencyoft
orsi
onal
osci
l
lat
ions
f
th= = Hz

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Exper
iment
alf
requencyofv
ibr
ati
on=f
exp=

Vel
oci
tyofdr
um V= ,
m/s

Dist
ancepercycleongraphsheet=x,m
Experi
mental
frequencyoftor
sional
osci
ll
ati
on,
f p=
ex Hz
Per
cent
agev
ari
ati
on=
Tth=Theor
eti
cal
per
iodofosci
l
lat
ion= sec.
Texp=Exper
iment
alper
iodofosci
l
lat
ion= sec.

Resul
ts:

Remar
ks:

Mech.Dept
.,Day
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DESI
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Si
gnat
ureofSt
affI
nchar
gewi
thdat
e:

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.,Day
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DESI
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Exper
imentNo:03 Dat
e:_
___
___
___
__

DAMPEDTORSI
ONALOSCI
LLATI
ONS

Aim:Todeter
minethedampedfrequencyofosci
l
lat
ionsoftheshaftint
orsi
onandt
o
cal
cul
atet
hedampingcoeff
ici
ent
,dampingfact
orandlogar
it
hmicdecrement.

Appar
atus:
Dampedt
orsi
onal
shaf
tsy
stem wi
thst
ylusandgr
aphsheet
,scal
e.

Theory:Thenat uralfrequencyoft hesyst

em i sanaly
zedbyapplyingNewton'second
l
aw.Fi rst,t
hedi ffer
entialequati
ongov er
ni ngthebehav i
orofthesy st
em issetup
assumingt hatthedampi ngisv i
scousi.
e.,thedampingf or
ceopposingthemotionis
di
rectl
ypr oport
ionaltot hevelocit
y.Theequat i
onissolveddependingonwhetherthe
syst
em i sunder-
damped, cr
it
ical
lydamped, orover
-damped.

Thedi
ff
erent
ial
equat
ionofdampedt
orsi
onal
osci
l
lat
ionsi
sgi
venby

I
θ”+Cθ+Ktθ=0

Fr
equencyoft
orsi
onal
osci
l
lat
ion=

Cr
it
ical
dampi
ngcoef
fi
cienti
sgi
venbyCc=2 I
)

Dampi
ngf
act
or=ζ= =dampi
ngcoef
fi
cient
/cr
it
ical
dampi
ngcoef
fi
cient
.

Dampednat
ural
frequencyoft
orsi
onal
osci
l
lat
ion

ωd=ωn

Logari
thmicdecrement
:Thesuccessi
veampl i
tudesofvi
brat
ioni
nav
iscousdamped
syst
em arefoundtodecr
easei
nadef i
nit
erat
io,whichi
sgi
venby,

δ=l
n =
where,δ i
sknown asthelogari
thmi
cdecr
ement
,xo and xnar
etheampl
i
tudesof
vi
brati
onsofzer
oet
handnt
hcycle.

Thel
ogar
it
hmi
cdecr
ementi
srel
atedt
othedampi
ngf
act
orbyt
her
elat
ion,
δ=

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Dampedt
orsi
onal
syst
em

Descripti
on the appar atus:( Ref
erf ig.
)The appar at
us consi
sts ofcentralCol umn
suppor t
edonabase.Att het opoft hecolumnisfixedashacklethroughwhichar odis
hung.Att heot herendoft her odacy l
indri
calmassisat t
achedwhichisimmersedi noi
l
containedinat ank.A st y
lusi sat t
achedt othecy l
indri
calmassf orrecordi
ngt he
osci
llati
ons.Ar ecor
dingeboni tedrum isdri
venbyamot orandtheassemblyisfixedto
aradialarm ofasepar atestand,sot hattheassembl ycanbefixedatanyangl eabout
thecent r
alcolumn.Agr aphsheetisf i
xedont heebonitedrum.

Therecor
dingdr
um isbroughtneart
hecy l
i
ndri
calmasssucht
hatthesty
lussmear
ed
wit
hinkmakespointcont
actwit
hthegraphsheetar
oundt
herot
ati
ngdrum.The

Electr
icmotorisswit
chedonandt hecyl
i
ndricalmassisgi
venasmallangul
art
wistand
setintoosci
ll
ati
ons.Theosci
l
lat
ionsarerecordedonthegr
aphsheet
.

Pr
ocedur
e:
 Measur
ethedi
amet
eroft
her
otat
ingdr
um att
hecent
er.

 Past
eagr
aphsheetar
oundt
her
otat
ingdr
um.

 Di
pthest
ylusi
ninkandf
ixt
hest
ylusi
nthehol
epr
ovi
dedi
nthecy
li
ndr
ical
mass.
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 Swi
tchont
hemot
orandt
her
ecor
dingdr
um st
art
srot
ati
ng.

 Adjustt her otatingdr um sucht hatthest y l

usmakesapoi ntcontactonthegr aph
sheet .
 Giveasmal langul ardisplacement tothecy l
indri
calmass( say300)andletitgo.
 Gett hesi newav et raci
ngsr ecordedont hegr aphsheet.
 From t hegr aph, measur et hehor i
zontaldi st
ancebet weenf i
ve(crestsand
calculatet hedi stancepercy cl
eofosci ll
at i
on.
 Measur ethedi amet erandt helengthoft herod.
 Calculatet het heor eti
ca1f requencyofundampedt orsionalosci
ll
ation.
Exper i
ment alfrequencyofdampedt orsional osci
ll
ati
ons,dampingcoef fi
cient,
dampi ngf act
or ,logarit
hmi cdecrement ,
theor eti
calti
meper iodandexperiment al
ti
meper iod.

Obser
vat
ions:

Massoft
hecy
li
nder
,M,
=__kg.

Radi
usoft
hecy
li
ndr
ical
mass,
R,=_
_m

Di
amet
eroft
her
otat
ingdr
um att
hecent
er,
D,=_
_m

Di
amet
eroft
her
od,
d,=_
__m

Lengt
hoft
her
od,
l,=_
__m.

Speedoft
her
otat
ingdr
um,
N,=_
__r
pm.

Tor
sional
rigi
dit
yoft
hemat
eri
aloft
her
od,
G,=_
_ m2
_N/

Cal
cul
ati
ons:
Pol
armomentofi
ner
ti
aoft
her
od, m4
J= ,

Tor
sional
sti
ff
nessofr
od(
Kt)

Wehav
ethet
orsi
onequat
ionoft
heshaf
t

T=Appl
i
edTor
queN-
m

J=Pol
armomentofI
ner
ti
aoft
heshaf
t= m4

τ=Shearst
ressi
nduced,
N/m2

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r=r
adi
usoft
heshaf
t,m.
G=Tor
sional
rigi
dit
yoft
hemat
eri
aloft
heshaf
t, m2
N/
Θ=Angl
eoft
wistoft
heshaf
t,r
ad.
l
=Lengt
hofshaf
t,m.

Fr
om t
hedef
ini
ti
onoft
het
orsi
onal
sti
ff
nessoft
heshaf
t,
Kt= = Nm.

Massmomentofi
ner
ti
aofcy
li
ndr
ical
mass(
I)

I= m2
kg-

Ci
rcul
arf
requencyof
undampedt
orsi
onal
osci
l
lat
ions

ωn= r
ad/
s.

Al
so,
thet
heor
eti
cal
frequencyofundampedt
orsi
onal
osci
l
lat
ions

f
th= = Hz

Vel
oci
tyofdr
um =v=πDN/
60,
m/sec

Exper
iment
al f
requency of damped t
orsi
onal osci
l
lat
ions = f
exp=

Hz

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Dampedci
rcul
arf
requency=ωd=2πf
exp,
rad/
sec
Cr
it
ical
dampi
ngcoef
fi
cient=CC=2
Dampi
ngf
act
or

ζ= )

Al
so,
dampi
ngf
act
or=ζ=

Ther
efor
e,C=ζCC

Logar
it
hmi
cdecr
ement=δ= /
n

Resul
ts:

Remar
ks:

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.,Day
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DESI
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Si
gnat
ureofSt
affI
nchar
gewi
thdat
e:

Exper
imentNo:04 Dat
e:_
___
___
___
__

WHI
RLI
NGOFSHAFT

Aim:Todeter
minethecr
it
icalspeedorwhi
rl
ingspeedorwhi
ppi
ngspeedandmode
shapesoft
heshaf
t.

Theory :Thecr i
ticalspeedofar otati
ngshaf tisthespeedatwhichtheshaf tst
artsto
vi
bratev iolent
lyi nt hetransversedi r
ecti
on.I tisverydangeroustoconti
nuet orunthe
shaftati tscri
ti
calspeedsi ncetheampl i
tudeofv i
brat
ionbuil
dsupveryfasttosucha
l
evelt hatt hesy stem maygot opi eces.Thewhi rl
i
ngoft heshaftr
esult
smai nl
yf r
om
unbalanceoft her otati
ngsy st
em.Thecr it
icalspeedoft heshafti
salsof oundtobe
equalt othenat ural fr
equencyofl ateralv
ibrationsoftheshaft.

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Descript
ionoft heapparat
us:(Referfi
g)I tconsistsofalongshaftsuppor
tedatthet wo
endsbybal lbeari
ngs.Oneendoft heshaf ti
scoupl edtoanelect
ricmotor
.Themot oris
connectedt othemai npowersuppl ythroughar heostat
.Byoperati
ngtherheost
at,the
speedoft hemot orcanbechangedov erawi der ange.Threemetall
i
cri
ngsareprovided
i
nbet weent hesuppor t
st opreventt heshaf tfrom buil
dingupt heampli
tudebeyond
l
imits.Theentireassemblyissupportedonast and.

Pr
ocedure:
 Measur et hediamet erand-thel engthoft heshaftbetweensupport
 Initi
all
y,keepther heostatincut -i
nposi ti
on.Switchont hemotor-.
andincr
ease
t
hespeedbysl owlycut t
ing-outt her heostatunt
iltheshaftst
art
svibr
ati
ng
vi
olentl
yinthet r
ansv er
sedi rection.
 Measur et hi
sspeedoft heshaf tusi ngat achomet er
.Notethemodeshape
vi
brati
on.
 Cal cul
atethefrequencyofv ibrationandRPM oft heshaftusi
ngtheformulae.

Obser
vat
ions:

Lengthbetweensupport
soft heshaft,
l=__,m:
Diameteroftheshaft
,d,=__m.
Massperunitlengthoft
heshaf t,
m, =__kg/m.
Weightperunitl
engthoftheshaft,w,=__N/m.
Young'smodulusofthemat eri
aloftheshaf
t,E,
=_ m2
_N/

Cal
cul
ati
ons:
Momentofi
ner
ti
aoft
heshaf
t,I= m4
,

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DESI
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2016

Massperuni
tlengt
hoft
heshaf
t,m,
kg/m.
Thef
requencyofv
ibr
ati
onofashaf
tisgi
venbyωn= ,
rad/
sec
Wher
e,n=1,
2,
3,
…fordi
ff
erentmodes.

Theoret
icalcr
it
ical
speedoft
heshaf
t
Nth= ,r
pm.
Exper
iment
alcr
it
ical
speedoft
heshaf
tbydi
rectmeasur
ement=Nexpr
pm.
Byappr
oxi
mat
emet
hod,
frequency=ωn=

Wher
e,st
ati
cdef
lect
ion=δst= ,
m.

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DESI
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2016

Resul
ts:

Remar
ks:

Si
gnat
ureofSt
affI
nchar
gewi
thdat
e:

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.,Day
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DESI
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Exper
imentNo:05 Dat
e:_
___
___
___
__

COMBI
NEDLOADI
NGOFBENDI
NG&TORSI
ON

Aim:Todeterminethepri
nci
palstr
essesandpri
ncipalstr
ainsm amembersubject
edto
combined l
oading ofbendi
ng and torsi
on,usi
ng strai
nr oset
tesand comparethe
exper
imentalval
ueswithcal
cul
atedvalues.

Theory:Inagener albi
axi
alstressfi
el d,wherei
nthedirect
ionsofpri
nci
palstressesare
unknown,t hree-
elementstr
ainrosettesareut i
l
izedtodeterminethepr
incipalstr
esses
andst r
ains.From thethreegauger eadings,boththemagni t
udeanddirecti
onsoft he
pri
ncipalstressescanbeest abli
shed.I nsuchcases,ar ectangul
arst
rainrosettei.
e.,
thr
eegaugeswi thaxesspacedat45°i nter
valsisused.

I
fε1,
ε2,andε3 arest
rai
nsmeasur
edatapoi
nti
nthr
eedi
rect
ions,t
hent
hepr
inci
pal-
st
r nsε
ai uandε,
y t
hepr
inci
pal
str
essesσuandσyandt
hei
rdi
rect
ionscanbecal
cul
ated

Theabov epr i
nci
palstressesandthei
rdirecti
onsatapoi ntcanalsobecalculatedby
calcul
ati
ngt hebendingst ressandthet orsi
onalst r
essduet oactuall
oadingoft he
component .Theseval
uescanbecompar edwi t
ht heprinci
palstr
essescal
culatedfrom
themeasuredstrai
nvaluesandt heper
centageerroriscalcul
ated.

Descr i
pti
onoft heappar atus:(
Referfig.).Thespeci meni sal ongplateofr ectangular
crosssect ion.Thepl ateisf i
xedatoneendandt hef r
eeendi sconnect edt oacr oss
arm whi chi sloadedati t
sendbywei ght s.Thi simposesbot hbendi ngandt orsional
stressesi nthepl ate.Neart hefixedend,ar ect angularstr
ainrosetteisf i
xedont het op
surfaceoft hepl ateandt hestrainrosettemeasur esthest r
ainsinthet hreedi r
ect i
ons.
Anel ectronicdigitaldisplayunitinmi cro-strainsindicatestheout putfrom t heroset te.
Theout put sfr
om t het hreestrai
ngaugesar emeasur edoneaf t
ertheot her.Thepl atei s
subjectedt ocombi nedbendi ngandt orsionalst r
essesbyl oadingthepanwi thwei ght s.
Foreachl oading,t hedisplayuni ti
ndicatest hest rai
nsi nthet hr
eear msoft hest rain
rosette.

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Pr
ocedur
e:

 Swi
tchont
hedi
spl
ayuni
tandwai
tti
l
liti
sreadyf
oruse.

 Loadt
hepanwit
hweight
s.Swi
tchonthet
hreearmsofthestr
ainr
oset
teone
aft
ert
heot
herandnot
edownthereadi
ngsofthegauges1,
2,and3.

 Repeattheprocedur
efordif
ferentl
oadsandt
abul
atet
her
eadi
ngs.Swi
tchont
he
di
splayunitandwaitt
il
li
tisreadyforuse.

 Loadt
hepanwit
hweight
s.Swi
tchonthet
hreearmsofthestr
ainr
oset
teone
aft
ert
heot
herandnot
edownthereadi
ngsofthegauges1,
2,and3.

 Repeatt
hepr
ocedur
efordi
ff
erentl
oadsandt
abul
atet
her
eadi
ngs.

 Calculat
ethepr
inci
pal
str
ainsandpri
ncipal
str
esses,compar
ethem wi
th
theoreti
cal
val
uesandcal
culat
ethepercent
agevari
ation.

Obser
vat
ions:

Widthofthespeci
men, b,
=__m.
Thicknessoft
hespeci men,t
,=_ _m.
Lengthofthecanti
leverbeam,l,
=__m.
Lengthofthetor
sionalarm,x,=__m.
Young'smodulusofthemat er
ialof
thespeci
men,
E,=_ m2.
_N/

Cal
cul
ati
ons:
Pri
nci
pal
strai
ns
εu= +

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.,Day
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DESI
GNLABORATORY [
2016

εv= -

t
an2φ= =- =

Pr
inci
pal
str
esses
σu=E +E

σv=E -E

Massi
nthepan=P,
=__kg
Loadi
nthepan=P*
9.81,
=__N
Tor
sionont
hebeam,
T=P*
9.81*
x,=_
_Nm.

Momentofi
ner
ti
aoft
hespeci
men,
I= ,
=__m4

Bendi
ngmoment
,M=P*
9.81*
l,Nm.
Di
stanceoft
het
opedgef
rom t
heneut
ral
axi
s,y= ,
=__m

Bendi
ngst
ress=σb= ,
=_ m2
_N/

Shearst
ress=τ= ,
=_ m2
_N/

Wher
e‘α’
dependsont
her
ati
ob/
t
(
From machi
nedesi
gndat
ahandbook)
Pr
inci
pal
str
ess
σ1=

σ2=
Per
cent
agev
ari
ati
oni
nmaxi
mum pr
inci
pal
str
ess=
Per
cent
agev
ari
ati
oni
nmi
nimum pr
inci
pal
str
ess=

Resul
ts:

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.,Day
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DESI
GNLABORATORY [
2016

Remar
ks:

Si
gnat
ureofSt
affI
nchar
gewi
thdat
e:

Exper
imentNo:06 Dat
e:_
___
___
___
__

PORTERGOVERNOR

Aim:Todeter
minethemeanspeedofr otat
ionofrotati
onoft
hegov
ernorandt
o
cal
cul
atet
hesensi
ti
vi
ty,
eff
ortandt
hepowerofthegov
ernor

Appar
atus:
Por
tergov
ernorsy
stem,
tachomet
er.

Theory:Agov ernorisrequir
edt omai nt
ainaconst antmeanspeedofrotat
ionofthe
crankshaf
tov erlongperiodsduringwhichthel oadon theenginemayv ar
yfrom no
l
oadt oful
lload.Iftheloadont heenginechanges,themeanspeedofrot
ati
onchanges
unlesstheoutputoft heengineisadjust
edtot henewdemand.Itist
hepurposeofthe
gov er
nortomaket hisadjust
mentautomat i
call
y.

Agov er
norisdiff
erentf
rom af
lywheeli
nthatt
hef
lywheelser
vest
oli
mitthei
nev
itabl
e
fl
uctuat
ionsofspeeddur i
ngeachcy cl
eandhasabsolutel
ynocont
rolonthemean
speedofrotat
ion.

Ther ear et woty pesofgov ernors–cent r

if
ugalandinertiaty
pe.I nthecentr
if
ugal t
ypeof
gov ernor .Thegov ernorbal l
srevolv
eaboutt heaxisoftheshaf t,whichisdri
venthrough
asui tablegear ingf rom theengi necrankshaft
.Whent hel oadont heengi
nedecr eases,
thespeedofr otationincr easescausingt hegov er
norbal lst omov eout wardsand
consequent l
ymov i
ngt hesl eeveupwar ds.Thisupwar dmov ementoft hesl eeveis
transmi ttedbyt hegov er normechani sm tot heengi nev alv
e,whi chdecreasest he
amountofener gysuppl iedt otheengine.Thisrest
orest heengi nespeedtotheor i
ginal
value.Whent hel oadont heengi neincr
eases,thespeedofr otati
ondecreasescausing
thegov ernorbal lsmov ei nwardsandconsequent lymov ingthesl eevedownwards.This
mov ementi st ransmi tt
ed byt he governormechani sm t ot he engi
ne valv
e,whi ch
i
ncr easest heamountofener gysuppl i
edt otheengine,restoringtheenginespeedt o
theor iginal v
alue.

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.,Day
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Thef
ri
cti
onal
for
ceandt
heor
eti
ca1speedar
ecal
cul
atedasf
oll
ows:

Taki
ngmoment
saboutI
,

FC*
BD=mg*
ID+Mg*
IC/
2

FC=mg*
ID/
BD+Mg*
IC/(
2*BD)
=mgt
anα+Mg(
tanα+t
anβ)
/2
=t
anα[mg+Mg(
1+t
anβ/t
anα)
/2]
=t
anα[m +M(
1+k)
/2]
*g,
wher
ek=t
anβ/t
anα

mω2r=[m +M(
1+k)
/2]
*rg/
h.
ω2=[m +M(
1+k)/2]g/
mh.
2
(
2πN/
60)=[m +M (
1+k)
/2]
g/mh.
N=60/
2π*
√(9.
81/
h)*
√{[m +M(
1+k)
/2]
/m}
,rpm
Consi
der
ingf
ri
cti
onal
for
ce,

N= ,
rpm

+signisusedwhenthespeedisi
ncreasi
ngand
-
signisusedwhenthespeedisdecr
easing.

Sensi
ti
veness:Sensi
ti
venessi
sdef
inedastherati
oofdiffer
encebet
weent
hemax
imum
speedandmi ni
mum speedtothemeanequil
ibr
ium speed.

Sensi
ti
veness=2(
Nmax–Nmin)/(
Nmax+Nmin)

Gov
ernoref
for
t:Gov
ernorEf
for
tist
hemeanf
orcer
equi
redont
hesl
eev
etor
aisei
tor

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.,Day
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2016

l
oweri
tforagi
venchangei
nspeed.

LetC=per
cent
agei
ncr
easei
nspeed,
thent
hehei
ghtoft
hegov
ernor
,

h= -
--
--
--
--
--[
1]
Fortheincreasei
nspeed(
1+C)
N,hei
ghtr
emai
ningt
hesame,
mor
esl
eev
eef
for
tis
requi
red,then,

h= -
--
--
--
--
--[
2]
Wher
eM1gi
sthenewl
oad

Equat
ing[
1]and[
2],
andsi
mpl
i
fyi
ng(
negl
ect
ingt
het
erm C2)

M1–M = *2C
M1–M =4C[
m/(
1+k)
+M/
2]

Gov
ernoref
for
t,Q=(
M1-
M)g/
2

=C[
{2m/
(1+k)
}+M]
g.

Governorpower:
Gov er
norPoweristheworkdoneatthesl
eevef
oragivenper
cent
age
ofchangeinspeed.Thusiti
stheproductofgov
ernoref
for
tandthesl
eeve
di
splacement(x)
.

Gov
ernorpower
,P=Q*r
iseofsl
eev
ex,
N-m.

Descr
ipt
ion oft
heappar
atus:Thepor
tergov
ernorconsi
stsoft
wo gov
ernorbal
l
s
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.,Day
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revol
vi
ngabouttheaxisofashaft.Thegov er
norball
sareconnect edtotheshaftatthe
topbyatoparm andt othediscandsleeveatthebottom byabot t
om arm.Thesleeve
cansli
deupanddownf r
eelyontheshaft.Apull
eyiskeyedont ot heshaf
tandi sdri
ven
byaVbel tusi
nganel ectr
icmotor.Themot orspeedcanbev ari
edbyar heost
at.The
wholeassembl
yi ssupport
edonar i
gidstr
uctur
alfr
ame.Av er
ticalscal
eisf i
xedtothe
frametoreadt
hepositi
onofthedisc.

Procedure:
 not et heiniti
al scalereadingagai nstthet opsurfaceoft hedisc.
 Swi t
chont heel ectri
cmot orandadj ustthespeedt oami ni
mum v alueby
oper ati
ngt herheost at.
 Not ethescal er eadingagai nstthetopsur f
aceoft hediscandnot edownt he
speedoft heel ectr
icmot orusingtachomet er.
 I ncreaset hespeedi nst epsandf oreachspeednot edownt heheightandspeed
ofthedi sc.
 Repeatt hepr ocedur ef ordecreaseint hespeedoft hemot or.
 Measur etheangl esαandβgr aphicallybypl ott
ingtheconf i
gurati
onofthearms
fordi f
ferentspeeds.
 Cal culatet hefricti
onf orceforeachspeed, andcalcul
atesensitiv
eness,gover
nor
effortandgov ernorpowerf oreverychangei nthespeed.
Observations:
Lengthoft heupperar m,=_ _m.
Lengt
hoft
hel
owerar
m,=_
_m.
Di
stancebet
weenl
owerpi
votont
hesl
eev
eandt
heaxi
soft
hegov
ernor
,=_
_m.
Massoft
hesl
eev
e,M,
=__kg.
Massoff
lybal
l
,m,
=__kg.
Cal
cul
ati
ons:

N=60/
2π*
√(9.
81/
h)*
√{[m +M(
1+k)
/2]
/m}
,rpm

Consi
der
ingf
ri
cti
onal
for
ce,

N= ,
rpm

+signisusedwhenthespeedisi
ncreasi
ngand
-
signisusedwhenthespeedisdecr
easing.

Sensi
ti
veness,
C=2(
Nmax–Nmin)/(
Nmax+Nmin)

Gov
ernoref
for
t,Q=(
M1–M)
g/2=C[
{2m/
(1+k)
}+M]
g.

Gov
ernorpower
,P=Q*r
iseofsl
eev
ex,
Nm.

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.,Day
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Tabul
arCol
umn:
Incr
easei
nspeed

Sl Hei
ghtof Ta Ta Hei
gh Nth Nact Fr
ici
to Fr
act
iona Ef
for Powe
No sl
eeve,
m nα nβ th,
m Rp Rp n li
ncr
ease tQ rP
. I FR Ri s m m F,
N i
nspeed
R e= C
I
R-
FR

Tabul
arCol
umn:
Decr
easei
nspeed

Sl Hei
ghtof Ta Ta Hei
gh Nth Nact Fr
ici
to Fr
act
iona Ef
for Powe
No sl
eeve,
m nα nβ th,m Rp Rp n li
ncr
ease tQ rP
. I FR Ri s m m F,
N i
nspeed
R e= C
I
R-
FR

Resul
ts:

Remar
ks:

Mech.Dept
.,Day
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Si
gnat
ureofSt
affI
nchar
gewi
thdat
e:

Exper
imentNo:07 Dat
e:_
___
___
___
__

HARTNELLGOVERNOR

Aim:Todeterminethemeanspeedofrot
ati
onofHar
tnel
lGov
ernorandt
ocal
cul
atet
he
sensi
ti
veness,ef
for
tandpowerofthegover
nor
.

Appar
atus:
Har
tnel
lGov
ernorsy
stem,
tachomet
er,
etc.

Theory:Agov ernorisrequir
edt omai nt
ainaconst antmeanspeedofrotat
ionofthe
crankshaf
tov erlongperiodsduringwhichthel oadon theenginemayv ar
yfrom no
l
oadt oful
lload.Iftheloadont heenginechanges,themeanspeedofrot
ati
onchanges
unlesstheoutputoft heengineisadjust
edtot henewdemand.Itist
hepurposeofthe
gov er
nortomaket hisadjust
mentautomat i
call
y.

Agov er
norisdiff
erentf
rom af
lywheeli
nthatt
hef
lywheelser
vest
oli
mitthei
nev
itabl
e
fl
uctuat
ionsofspeeddur i
ngeachcy cl
eandhasabsolutel
ynocont
rolonthemean
speedofrotat
ion.

Ther earet wotypesofgov ernors–cent r

if
ugalandinert
iatype.Int
hecent
ri
fugaltypeof
gov ernor,
thegov ernorball
sr evol
veaboutt heaxisoftheshaft,
whichi
sdri
venthrougha
suitablegear i
ngf rom theengi necrankshaft.Whent heloadont heengi
nedecr eases,
thespeedofr otationincreasescausingt hegov er
norbal l
st omov eoutwardsand
consequent l
ymov ingthesl eeveupwar ds.Thisupwar dmov ementofthesleev eis
transmi t
tedbyt hegov ernormechani sm tot heenginev alve,whi
chdecreasest he

Mech.Dept
.,Day
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DESI
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amountofener gysuppli
edtotheengine.Thisrest
orestheenginespeedtotheorigi
nal
val
ue.Whent hel oadontheengineincr
eases,thespeedofrotati
ondecreasescausi
ng
thegovernorbal l
smov einwar
dsandconsequent lymov i
ngthesleevedownwards.This
mov ementist ransmit
ted bythe governormechani sm tothe engi
ne valv
e,which
i
ncreasestheamountofener gysuppl i
edt otheengine,r
estor
ingtheenginespeedt o
theori
ginalvalue.

Meanspeedofr
otat
ion(
N):

Byt
aki
ngmoment
saboutt
hef
ulcr
um,

F*
a=(
Mg+S)
b/2

Wher
e,S=(
Spr
ingconst
ant*r
iseofdi
sc)+i
nit
ial
spr
ingf
orce=kx+S0

mω2r
a=(
Mg+S)
b/2

ω2=

N=

Consi
der
ingt
hef
ri
cti
onal
for
ce,

N= ,
rpm.
+si
gni
susedwhenthespeedisincr
easi
ngand
- Si
gnisusedwhenthespeedisdecr
easi
ng

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.,Day
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Governoref
forti
sthemeanf
orcer
equi
redont
hesl
eev
etor
aisei
torl
oweri
tforagi
ven
changeinspeed.

LetC=Per
cent
agei
ncr
easei
nspeed.

r= -
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--[
1]

Fort
hei
ncr
easei
nspeedN(
1+C)
,‘r
’remai
ningsame,
mor
esl
eev
eloadi
srequi
red.

r= -
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--[
2]

Equat
ing[
1]and[
2],
simpl
i
fyi
ngandnegl
ect
ingt
het
erm C2

(
M1–M)
g=2C(
Mg+S)

Gov
ernoref
for
t,
Q=(
M1-
M)g/2
=C(
Mg+S)
,N
Governorpoweristheworkdoneatthesleeveforagi
venpercentageofchangein
speed.Thusitisthepr
oductofgov
ernoreffor
tandthesl
eev
edi splacementf
orthe
changeinspeed.

Gov
ernorpower
,P=Q*r
iseofsl
eev
e,Nm.

Descr i
pt i
onoftheapparat
us:
Hartnellgovernorconsistsofacast i
ng,whichiskeyedt o
thespi ndleandrotat
eswit
hit.I
nsidet hecasti
ng,acompr essedspringpressesagainst
thetopoft hecast
ingandanadj
ust ablecol
laratthebottom.Thecol l
ari
salsofixedtoa
sleeve, whichcansli
deupanddownont hespindle.Bellcrankl
ev ersar
epi v
otedtot he
casti
ng,onear m ofwhichcarr
iest heballweight sandt heot herendcar r
iesar oll
er
pressingont heundersi
deoft
hecol laronthesleeve.

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Pr
ocedure:
 Setupt heHar tnellgovernoront hest ructuralf
rame.
 Not edownt hei ni
ti
al scaleagainstt het opsur faceofthedisc.
 Swi tchont heel ectri
cmot orandadj ustthespeedbyv aryi
ngtherheostattoa
mi nimum v alue.
 Not ethescal er eadingagainstt het opsur f
aceoft hedisc.Thedi
ffer
ence
bet weenf i
nal readingandt hei niti
al readinggivestheriseofthegovernorsleev
e.
Alsomeasur et hespeedusi ngat achomet er.
 I ncreaset hespeedoft hegov ernoronst eps,andf oreachstepnotedownt he
scal ereadingandspeed.
 Repeatt heprocedur efordecr easei nspeedoft hegovernor.
 Tabul atether esult
sandcal culatet hesensi ti
veness,effor
tandpowerusi ngthe
formul ae

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Obser
vat
ions:
Lengt
hofthetopar
m oft
hel
ever
,a,
=__mm.
Lengt
hoft
hebot
tom ar
m oft
hel
ever
,=_
_mm.
Massoft
hesl
eev
e,M,
=__kg.
Massoft
hebal
l
,m,
=__kg.
St
if
fnessoft
hespr
ing,
k,=_
_N/
m.
Hor
izont
aldi
stancef
rom gov
ernoraxi
stopi
vot
,=_
_mm.
I
nit
ial
compr
essi
onofspr
ing,
=__mm.
Cal
culat
ions:
I
nit
ial
springfor
ce,
S0=k*i
nit
ial
compr
essi
on,
N.
Spr
ingf
orce,
S=(
S0+kx)
,N.

Nth= ,
rpm

Consi
der
ingt
hef
ri
cti
onal
for
ce,

Nexp= ,
rpm.
Gov
ernoref
for
t,
Q=C(
Mg+S)
,N
Gov
ernorpower
,P=Q*r
iseofsl
eev
e,Nm.

Tabul
arCol
umn:
Incr
easei
nspeed

Sl Hei
ghtof r Nth Nact % Fri
cti
on Percent
age Ef
for
t Power
No sl
eeve,
m cm r
pm rpm v ari
ati
o for
ce i
ncreasein Q P
. I R FR x=I R- n F,N speed‘C’
FR

Tabul
arCol
umn:
Decr
easei
nspeed

Sl Hei
ghtof r Nth Nactr % Fri
cti
on Percent
age Ef
for
t Power
No sl
eeve,
m cm r
pm pm v ari
ati
o for
ce i
ncreasein Q P
. I R FR x=I R- n F,N speed‘C’
FR

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.,Day
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Resul
ts:

Remar
ks:

Si
gnat
ureofSt
affI
nchar
gewi
thdat
e:

Exper
imentNo:08 Dat
e:_
___
___
___
__
Mech.Dept
.,Day
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2016

FRI
NGECONSTANTOFACI
RCULARDI
SCI
NDI
AMETRI
CALCOMPRESSI
ON

Aim:To det
ermi
ne the mater
ialfri
nge const
antofa ci
rcul
ardi
sc i
n di
amet
ri
cal
compr
essi
onbyusingci
rcul
arpolar
iscope.

Appar
atus:
Cir
cul
arPol
ari
scope,
cir
cul
ardi
scspeci
men,
loadi
ngsy
stem.

Theory:Apolari
scopeisanopt i
cali nstrumentwhi chuti
li
zesthepr oper
tiesofpolar
ized
l
ightinitsoperati
on.Forexper i
ment alstressanal ysiswork,twot ypesar egenerall
y
employed -theplanepolar
iscopeandt hecircularpolari
scope.Thenamesf oll
owfrom
thetypeofpolari
zedli
ghtusedi nt heiroperation.Planepolari
zedlighti
spr oducedwith
anopt i
calel
ementknownaspl anepol ari
zer.Thepr oducti
onofcircular
lypolari
zedl
ight
requi
restheuseofapl anepolarizer,togetherwi thanopt i
calel
ementknownasawav e
plat
e.

Planepolar
iscope:Itist hesimplestopticalsy
stem usedi nphotoelast
icit
y.I
tconsists
oft woplanepol ari
zer sandal i
ghtsour ce.Thepl anepol ar
izernear
estt othelight
sourceiscall
edthepol ari
zer,
whilethesecondlinearpolari
zeri
sknownast heanaly
zer.
Intheplanerpolariscope,t hetwoaxesoft hepl anepolari
zati
onareal wayscrossed.
Hencenol ightist ransmi t
tedthroughtheanal yzerandt hi
sopt i
calsystem pr
oduces
darkfiel
d.Inoper ation,aphot oel ast
icmodeli sinser
tedbet weenthet wocrossed
elementsandv i
ewedt hroughtheanalyzer.

Cir
cul arpol ariscope:Theci rcul arpol ar
iscopeempl oysci r
cularl
ypol ar
izedl i
ght.The
phot oel ast i
cappar atuscont ai nsf ouropt icalelementsandal ightsour ce.Thef irst
el
ementf ollowi ngt hel ightsour ceiscal ledt hepol ari
zer.I tconvertst heor di
narylight
i
ntopl anepol arizedl i
ght .Thesecondel ementi saquarterwav epl atesetatanangl eof
0
45 t ot he pl ane ofpol ari
zat ion.The f irstquar terwav e plate conv ertst he plane
polari
z edl ighti ntoci rcularlypol ari
zedl i
ght .Thesecondquar t
erwav epl atei ssetwi th
i
tsf astaxi spar alleltothesl owaxi soft hef ir
stquar t
erwav eplate.Thepur poseoft his
el
ementi st oconv erttheci rcul arl
ypol arizedl i
ghtint
opl anepol arizedl i
ght ,whichi s
againv i
br atingi nv erti
calpl ane.Thel astel ementist heanal yzer ,withi t
saxi sof
polari
z ationi nt hehor izont alpl aneandi tspur poseistoext i
nguisht hel i
ght.Thi sser i
es
ofopt icalel ement sconst i
tutet hest andar dar rangementf oracircularpol ariscope,and
i
tpr oducesadar kf iel
d.Act ual l
yfourar rangement soft heopt icalel ement sint he
polari
scopear epossi bledependi nguponwhet herthepol arizesandquar terwav eplates
arecrossedorpar all
el.

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Theyar
e:
Ar
rangement Quar
terwav
epl
ates Polar
izerand Fi
eld
analyzer

A Cr
ossed Cr
ossed Dar
k

B Cr
ossed Par
all
el Li
ght

C Par
all
el Cr
ossed Li
ght

D Par
all
el Par
all
el Dark
Arr
angementsAandBar enor
mal
lyrecommendedf orli
ghtanddar
kfiel
d useoft he
polar
iscopesince apor
ti
onoft
heer r
orint
roducedbyi mperf
ectquar
terplat
esi s
cancell
edout.

Str
essopticlaw:thisl
aw r el
atesthechangesi ntheindi
cesofther
efr
act
ionofa
mater
ialexhi
bit
ingtemporarydoubleref
ract
ion,tothestat
eofst
ressi
nthemater
ial
.
For2Dorplanestr
essproblems,thi
slawisexpressedas

(
σ1–σ2)=NF/
t

Where, σ1andσ2ar eplanepri

nci
pal
str
esses.
Fisthemat eri
alfr
ingeconstant
.
t=thicknessoft hemodel ,mm.
N=r elati
ver et
ardati
onintermsofacomplet
ecy
cleofr
etar
dat
ionorf
ri
ngeor
der(
iso-
chr
omat i
cs).

Fr
ingesassoci
ated wi
th pr
inci
palst
ressdi
rect
ionsar
ecal
l
ed i
so-
cli
nesand t
hose

Mech.Dept
.,Day
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DESI
GNLABORATORY [
2016

associatedwit
hstressmagni t
udesar ecall
ediso- chromatics.Inplanepolari
scope,both
i
so-cli
nesandi so-
chromaticsar eobt ai
ned.Inci rcularpol
ariscope,onlyiso-
chromatics
are present
.Hence pl ane pol ar
ized mode i s cal l
ed direct
ion mode and ci r
cular
polar
iscopeiscall
edasmagni tudemode.Aci rcul ardiscwhensubj ectedtodiametri
cal
compr essi
ongivesthefol
lowingst ressdist
ributional ongthehor i
zontal
:
D2–4x2]2
/πDt[D2+4x2] 2
σx=2P[ and

{4D2/(
D2+4X2)
2
σy=-2P[ }-
1]/
πDt

Att
hecent
rex=0,
ther
efor
e,σx=2P/
πDtandσy=-
6P/
πDt
Ther
efor
e,σx–σy=8P/
πDt
Butfr
om st
ressopt
icl
awf
or2Dst
resssy
stem,
σx–σy=NF/
t

Where,N=fri
ngeinteger
.
F=fri
ngeconstantofthemat
eri
aloft
hedi
sc.
t=thi
cknessofthedisc,
mm.

Ther
efore,
NF/t=8P/πDt
F=8P/ πDN,N/
mm/ f
ri
nge.

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.,Day
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Descripti
onoftheappar atus:Theappar atusconsi stsofaci r cularpolariscopewi tha
pointsourceofl i
ghtandacol li
mat inglens, whichconv ertst hespher i
callydivergent
l
ightintoparall
esr ays.Thepol ari
zeri sal i
gnedwi thitsaxisofpol arizati
oni nv ert
ical
dir
ectionwhereas; theanal y
zerisor i
entedwi thitsaxisofpol ari
zat i
oni nhor i
zontal
dir
ection.TheQWP1andQWP2ar eor ientedwi ththeiraxesofpol ari
zationat450t othe
verti
calbutwiththeirfastaxisat900t oeachot her.Thisgi v
est hedar kf i
eld
arr
angement .Thespeci meni sloadedbyal oadingbarar rangement .Thesel f-
wei ghtof
theloadingbarisbal ancedaboutt hef ulcrum byadjustingt hebal anci ngwei ghttokeep
thebarhor i
zontal.Theloadingbarcar riesapanwi thwei ghtsf orloadi ngt hespeci men.
Theci r
cularpolari
scope, sourcelight,col l
i
mat i
ngl ens,andt hel oadingbarar rangement
aresuppor t
edonar igi
df rame.

Pr
ocedur
e:

 Wit hnowei ghtspl acedi nthepan, adjustt hebal ancingwei ghtsothatthe

l
oadi ngbari shorizont al
 Placet hemodel i
nl i
newi t
ht heaxi sofpol ar iscopeandbr idgeitbetweenthe
l
oadi ngbarandt hebot tom sur faceoff r
ame.
 Measur ethedistances' a'and'b' oft hespeci men, andthewei ght
sf rom t
he
fulcrum.
 Foreachoft hefractional l
oadpl acedi nt hepan, observethespeci menthrough
theanal yzeer.
 Det ermi netheloadsr equi redforget ti
ngint egral f
ringeorders(1,
2,3)atthe
cent reoft hecirculardi scandt abul atether esul t
s.
 Drawt hegr aphofl oadv ersusfringeor der1, 2,3andcal culatetheslopeofthe
l
ine.
 Cal culatethef r
ingeconst antoft hephot oel asticmat er
ialofthespecimenusi ng
thef ormul a

Obser
vat
ions:
Di
ameterofthespeci
men,
D,=_
_mm.
Thi
cknessoft
hespeci
men,
t,=_
_mm.
Di
stancef
rom t
hef
ulcr
um t
ospeci
mena,
=__mm.
Di
stancef
rom f
ulcr
um t
owei
ghtpanb,
=__mm.

Tabul
arcol
umn:

Sl Fr
inge Wei
ghti
npan Load Slopeofthe Mater
ialf
ri
nge
No. or
der, appl
i
ed l
ine const
ant
N mkg W= P=w* b/
a P/
N F=8P/πDN
m*9.
81 N/ f
ri
nge N/mm/ f
ri
nge
N
Mech.Dept
.,Day
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DESI
GNLABORATORY [
2016

Cal
cul
ati
ons:
Massi
nthepan=m,
=__kg
Wei
ghti
nthepan=w=m*
9.81,
=__N
Loadappl
i
edont
hespeci
menP=w*
b/a,
=__N
Sl
opeoft
hel
i
neont
hegr
aphPv
ersusN=P/
N,N/
fri
nge
Mat
eri
alf
ri
ngeconst
antF=8P/
πDN,
N/mm/
fri
nge

Resul
ts:

Remar
ks:

Si
gnat
ureofSt
affI
nchar
gewi
thdat
e:

Mech.Dept
.,Day
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egeofEngi
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uru Page44
DESI
GNLABORATORY [
2016

Exper
imentNo:09 Dat
e:_
___
___
___
__

STRESSCONCENTRATI
ONFACTORI
NACI
RCULARRI
NGSUBJECTEDTOCOMPRESSI
VELOAD

Aim:Todeterminethestr
essconcent
rat
ionf
act
ori
nagi
venphot
oel
ast
icmat
eri
al
underdi
ametr
icalcompr
essi
on.

Apparat
us:Ci
rcul
arpol
ari
scopewi
thaccessor
ies,phot
oel
ast
icci
rcul
arr
ingspeci
men,
l
oadingarr
angement
.

Theory:Apolari
scopeisanopt i
cali nstrumentwhi chuti
li
zesthepr oper
tiesofpolar
ized
l
ightinitsoperati
on.Forexper i
ment alstressanal ysiswork,twot ypesar egenerall
y
employed -theplanepolar
iscopeandt hecircularpolari
scope.Thenamesf oll
owfrom
thetypeofpolari
zedli
ghtusedi nt heiroperation.Planepolari
zedlighti
spr oducedwith
anopt i
calel
ementknownaspl anepol ari
zer.Thepr oducti
onofcircular
lypolari
zedl
ight
requi
restheuseofapl anepolarizer,togetherwi thanopt i
calel
ementknownasawav e
plat
e.

Planepolar
iscope:Itist hesimplestopticalsystem usedi nphotoelast
icit
y.I
tconsists
oft woplanepol ari
zer ’
sandal ightsour ce.Thepl anepol ar
izernear
estt othelight
sourceiscall
edthepol ari
zer,
whilethesecondl i
nearpol ari
zeri
sknownast heanaly
zer.
Intheplanerpolariscope,t hetwoaxesoft hepl anepolari
zati
onareal wayscrossed.
Hencenol ightist ransmi t
tedthroughtheanal y zerandt hi
sopt i
calsystem pr
oduces
darkfiel
d.Inoper ation,aphot oel ast
icmodeli sinser
tedbet weenthet wocrossed
elementsandv i
ewedt hroughtheanalyzer.

Cir
cularpol ariscope:Theci rcularpolar
iscopeempl oyscircularl
ypol ar
izedl i
ght.The
photoelast i
cappar atuscont ainsf ouropt icalelementsandal ightsour ce.Thef i
rst
el
ementf ollowi ngt hel ightsour ceiscalledt hepol ari
zer.Itconvertst heor di
narylight
i
ntoplanepol arizedl i
ght .Thesecondel ementi saquarterwavepl atesetatanangl eof
450 t
ot he pl ane ofpol ari
zat i
on.The f irstquar terwav e plate conv ertst he pl
ane
pol
ari
z edlighti ntoci rcularlypol ar
izedli
ght .Thesecondquar t
erwav epl ateissetwi th
i
tsfastaxispar alleltothesl owaxi softhef ir
stquar t
erwav eplate.Thepur poseoft his
el
ementi st oconv erttheci rcularl
ypolarizedl i
ghtint
opl anepol arizedl i
ght,whichi s
agai
nv i
bratingi nv erti
calpl ane.Thel astel ementist heanal yzer ,withi t
saxi sof
pol
ari
z at
ioni nt hehor izont alplaneandi tspur poseistoext i
nguisht hel i
ght.Thisseries

Mech.Dept
.,Day
anandaSagarCol
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egeofEngi
neer
ingBengal
uru Page45
DESI
GNLABORATORY [
2016

ofopticalel
ementsconsti
tut
ethestandar
darrangementf
oracircul
arpol
ari
scope,and
i
tpr oducesadar kfiel
d.Actual
lyfourarr
angementsoftheopt i
calel
ementsint he
pol
ar i
scopeare possibl
edependinguponwhet herthepol
ari
zer’
sandquar t
erwav e
pl
atesar ecr
ossedorparal
lel
.Theyare:

Ar
rangement Quar
terwav
epl
ates Polar
izerand Fi
eld
analyzer

A Cr
ossed Cr
ossed Dar
k

B Cr
ossed Par
all
el Li
ght

C Par
all
el Cr
ossed Li
ght

D Par
all
el Par
all
el Dar
k

Arr
angement sAandBar enor
mallyrecommendedf orl
ightanddar
kfiel
duseofthe
polar
iscopesi
nce a por
ti
on ofthe err
orint
roduced byimperf
ectquart
erpl
ates i
s
canceledout.

Str
essopticlaw:Thislaw rel
atesthechangesi nt hei
ndicesoftheref
ract
ionofa
mater
ialexhi
bit
ingtemporarydoubleref
ract
ion,tothestat
eofstressi
nthemat er
ial
.
For2Dorplanestr
essproblems,thi
slawisexpressedas

(
σ1–σ2)=NF/
t

Where, σ1andσ2ar eplanepri

nci
pal
str
esses.
Fisthemat eri
alfr
ingeconstant
.
t=thicknessoft hemodel ,mm.
N=r elati
ver et
ardati
onintermsofacomplet
ecy
cleofr
etar
dat
ionorf
ri
ngeor
der(
iso-
chr
omat i
cs).

Fri
ngesassoci ated wi t
h pri
ncipalstressdi r
ect i
onsarecal l
ed iso-
cli
nesand t hose
associ atedwit
hst ressmagni t
udesar ecallediso-chr
omat i
cs.Inplanepolari
scope,bot h
i
so-clinesandi so-chromaticsareobt ained.I
nci rcul
arpolar
iscope,onlyiso-chr
omat ics
are pr esent
.Hence pl ane polarized mode i s call
ed directi
on mode and ci rcular
polari
scopei scal l
edasmagni tudemode.I nmostphot o-
elasti
canal ysi
s,thest r
ess
di
st r
ibutioninacompl exmodel issoughtasaf uncti
onofload.Todet erminethi
sst r
ess
di
st r
ibutionaccurately,acaref
ulcal i
brati
onoft hemat er
ialfri
ngconst antFisrequired.

Mech.Dept
.,Day
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neer
ingBengal
uru Page46
DESI
GNLABORATORY [
2016

Inanycal
ibr
ati
on,
ast
ressf
iel
dforwhi
cht
het
heor
eti
ca1st
ressdi
str
ibut
ioni
sknowni
s
sel
ected.

Ari
ngisloadedbyacompr
essi
vel
oadP,
alongt
hedi
amet
erABCD.Thenor
mal
str
ess
i
sgivenby

σnom =P/
[(D-
d)t
], mm2
N/

wher eD=out erdiameterofthering,

=_ _mm.
d=i nnerdiameteroftheri
ng, =__mm.
t=t hi
cknessoft hemateri
al,
=_ _mm.
Howev er,atpointsBandC,t heactualstr
essi
smorethanthenominalst
ressdueto
stressconcentrati
on.Theact ualstressatpoi
ntsBandCar edeter
minedbyphoto-
elasti
cit
y.Whent heringisl oaded,findoutt
hefr
ingeordernumberwhichpasses
throughthepointBorC.

Thenbyst
ressopt
icl
aw,
σ1-
σ2=NF/
t,

Si
nceσ2=0,
att
hesepoi
nts,
σ1=σact=NF/
t

Thusst
ressconcent
rat
ionf
act
or,

Kt=act
ual
str
essatBorC/Nomi
nal
str
essatBorC=σact/
σnom

=NF(
D-d)t/t
p=NF(
D-d)/P

Mech.Dept
.,Day
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egeofEngi
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ingBengal
uru Page47
DESI
GNLABORATORY [
2016

Descript
ionoft heappar atus:Theappar atusconsi stsofci r
cularpol ariscopewi t
ha
pointsourceofl i
ghtandacol li
mat inglenswhi chconv ertsthespher icallydivergentli
ght
i
ntopar all
elrays.Thepol arizerisal i
gnedwi t
hi tsaxisofpol ari
zat i
onv er
tical,whereas
theanalyzerisor i
entedwithi t
sax i
sofpol ari
zationhor i
zontal.TheQWP1andQWP2ar e
0
ori
entedwi ththeiraxesofpol arizati
onat45 t ot heverti
cal,butwi tht heirfastaxesat
0
90 toeachot her.Thisgivest hedar kfiel
dar rangement .Thespeci meni sl oadedbya
l
oadingbarar rangement .Thesel f-
weightoft hel oadi
ngbari sbal ancedaboutt he
ful
crum byadj ustingthebal anci ngwei ghttokeept hebarhor izontal.Thel oadi ngbar
carri
esapanwi thwei ght
sf orl oadingthespeci men.Theci r
cularpol ariscope, sourceof
l
ight,col
li
mat i
ngl ensandt hel oadingbarar rangementar esuppor tedonar i
gidframe.

Pr
ocedur
e:

 withnowei ghtint hepanadj ustt hebalanci

ngwei ghtsot hatt
heloadingbaris
hor i
zontal
 placethespeci meni nli
newi tht heaxisofthepol ari
scopeandbr i
dgeitbetween
theloadingbarandt hebot t
om sur faceoftheframe
 measur et hedistancesaandboft hespecimenandwei ghtsinthepanf r
om the
fulcrum.
 Foreachoft hef racti
onalwei ghtsplacedont hepan, observethespecimen
throught heanal yzer.Fi
ndoutt hehighestfri
ngeor dernumberNwhi chpasses
throught hepointBorC
 repeattheexper i
mentf ordifferentloads
 assumi ngt hefringeconst antoft hemat eri
alofthespecimen, cal
cul
atethe
stressconcent rationfactorusingt heformula.

Obser
vat
ions:

Mech.Dept
.,Day
anandaSagarCol
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egeofEngi
neer
ingBengal
uru Page48
DESI
GNLABORATORY [
2016

Out
erdi
amet
eroft
hespeci
men,
D,=_
__mm.
I
nnerdi
amet
eroft
hespeci
men,
d,=_
__mm.
Di
stancef
rom t
hef
ulcr
um t
othespeci
men,
a,=_
__mm.
Di
stancef
rom t
hef
ulcr
um t
othewei
ghtpan,
b,=_
__mm.
Thi
cknessoft
hespeci
men,
t,=_
__mm.

Tabul
arcolumn:
Sl Fri
nge Wei npan Load
ghti Nominal Act ual Str
ess
No. or der m kg w=mg applied st
ress stress concentrati
on
N N P=w*b/a σnom =P/
[(D- σact= Kt=σact/
σnom
N d)t]
, NF/ t
mm2
N/ N/ mm2

Cal
cul
ati
ons:

Massoft
hespeci
meni
nthepan=m kg.
Wei
ghti
nthepan=w=m*
9.81,
N
Ef
fect
ivel
oadappl
i
edont
hespeci
men=P=wb/
a,N
Nomi
nal
str
essatpoi
ntBorC=σnom =P/
[(D-
d)t
], mm2
N/
Thehi
ghestf
ri
ngeor
derpassi
ngt
hroughBorC=N
Act
ual
str
essatBorC=σnom=NF/
t, mm2
N/
St
ressconcent
rat
ionf
act
or=Kt=σact/
σnom =NF(
D-d)
t/(
D-d)
t=NF(
D-d)
/P

Resul
ts:

Mech.Dept
.,Day
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egeofEngi
neer
ingBengal
uru Page49
DESI
GNLABORATORY [
2016

Remar
ks:

Si
gnat
ureofSt
affI
nchar
gewi
thdat
e:

Exper
imentNo:10 Dat
e:_
___
___
___
__

FRI
NGECONSTANTI
NPUREBENDI
NG

Ai
m:Todet er
minethefr
ingeconst
antoft
hephot
oel
ast
icmat
eri
aloft
hespeci
men
l
oadedunderpur
ebendi
ng

Appar
atus:ci
rcul
arpol
ari
scopewi
thl
oadi
ngar
rangement
,phot
oel
ast
icmodel
,pur
e
bendi
ngloadarr
angement

Theory:Apolari
scopei sanopt i
cali nstrumentwhi chuti
li
zest heproper
tiesofpolar
ized
l
ightinitsoperation.Forexper i
ment alstressanal ysiswor k,twotypesar egenerall
y
employed-thepl anepol ar
iscopeandt hecircularpolar
iscope.Thenamesf oll
owfrom
thetypeofpolari
zedl i
ghtusedi nt heiroperation.Planepolarizedl
ighti
spr oducedwith
anopt i
calel
ementknownaspl anepol ari
zer.Thepr oducti
onofci r
cular
lypolari
zedl
ight
requi
restheuseofapl anepol arizer,togetherwi thanopt i
calelementknownasawav e
plat
e.

Mech.Dept
.,Day
anandaSagarCol
l
egeofEngi
neer
ingBengal
uru Page50
DESI
GNLABORATORY [
2016

Planepolar
iscope:Itist hesimplestopticalsystem usedi nphotoelast
icit
y.I
tconsists
oft woplanepol ari
zer ’
sandal ightsour ce.Thepl anepol ar
izernear
estt othelight
sourceiscall
edthepol ari
zer,
whilethesecondl i
nearpol ari
zeri
sknownast heanaly
zer.
Intheplanerpolariscope,t hetwoaxesoft hepl anepolari
zati
onareal wayscrossed.
Hencenol ightist ransmi t
tedthroughtheanal y zerandt hi
sopt i
calsystem pr
oduces
darkfiel
d.Inoper ation,aphot oel ast
icmodeli sinser
tedbet weenthet wocrossed
elementsandv i
ewedt hroughtheanalyzer.

Cir
cularpol ariscope:Theci rcul arpol ar
iscopeempl oysci r
cularlypol ar
izedl i
ght.The
photoel ast i
cappar atuscont ai nsf ouropt icalelementsandal ightsour ce.Thef i
rst
el
ementf ollowi ngt hel ightsour cei scalledt hepol ari
zer.Itconv ertst heor di
narylight
i
ntopl anepol arizedl i
ght .Thesecondel ementi saquarterwavepl atesetatanangl eof
450 tot he pl ane ofpol ari
zat ion.The f irstquar terwav e plate conv ertst he pl
ane
pol
ar i
zedl ighti ntoci rcularlypol ari
zedl i
ght .Thesecondquar t
erwav epl atei ssetwi th
i
tsfastaxi spar alleltothesl owaxi soft hef ir
stquar t
erwav eplat e.Thepur poseoft his
el
ementi st oconv erttheci rcul arl
ypol arizedl i
ghtint
opl anepol arizedl i
ght ,whichi s
agai
nv ibratingi nv erti
calpl ane.Thel astel ementist heanal yzer ,withi t
saxi sof
pol
ar i
zationi nt hehor izont alpl aneandi tspur poseistoext i
nguisht hel i
ght.Thi sseries
ofopticalel ement sconst i
tutet hest andar dar rangementf oraci rcularpol ariscope,and
i
tpr oducesadar kf iel
d.Act ual l
yf ourar rangement soft heopt icalel ement sint he
pol
ar i
scopear e possi bledependi nguponwhet herthepol arizer ’
sandquar terwav e
pl
atesar ecr ossedorpar all
el.

Theyar
e:
Ar
rangement Quar
terwav
epl
ates Polar
izerand Fi
eld
analyzer
A Cr
ossed Cr
ossed Dar
k

B Cr
ossed Par
all
el Li
ght

C Par
all
el Cr
ossed Li
ght

D Par
all
el Par
all
el Dark
Arr
angementsAandBar enor
mal
lyrecommendedf orli
ghtanddar
kfiel
d useoft he
polar
iscopesince apor
ti
onoft
heer r
orint
roducedbyi mperf
ectquar
terplat
esi s
canceledout
.

Mech.Dept
.,Day
anandaSagarCol
l
egeofEngi
neer
ingBengal
uru Page51
DESI
GNLABORATORY [
2016

Str
essopticlaw:Thislaw rel
atesthechangesi nt hei
ndicesoftheref
ract
ionofa
mater
ialexhi
bit
ingtemporarydoubleref
ract
ion,tothestat
eofstressi
nthemat er
ial
.
For2Dorplanestr
essproblems,thi
slawisexpressedas

(
σ1–σ2)=NF/
t

Where, σ1andσ2ar eplanepri

nci
pal
str
esses.
Fisthemat eri
alfr
ingeconstant
.
t=thicknessoft hemodel ,mm.
N=r elati
ver et
ardati
onintermsofacomplet
ecy
cleofr
etar
dat
ionorf
ri
ngeor
der(
iso-
chr
omat i
cs).

Fri
ngesassoci ated with pri
ncipalst
ressdi r
ect ionsar ecal l
ed iso-cl
inesand those
associatedwithstressmagni t
udesarecallediso-chromat i
cs.Inplanepol ari
scope,both
i
so-cli
nesandi so-chromaticsareobtained.I
nci r
cularpolar
iscope,onl yiso-
chromatics
are present.Hence pl ane polari
zed mode i s cal l
ed directi
on mode and ci r
cular
polar
iscopeiscalledasmagni tudemode.Ar ect angularspecimenisl oadedasshowni n
thefi
gur e.Thepor ti
onoft hebeam BCi ssubj ectedt oaconst antbendi ngmomentof
Pe.Thebendi ngmomentdi agram f
ortheloadedspeci menisshown.

Thebendi
ngst
ressoft
hebeam i
sgi
venby
σb= = = mm2
N/

Fr
om st
ressopt
icl
aw,
σ1-σ2=NF/b,
N/mm2
Butσ2=0andσ1=σb,
Ther
ef eσb=NF/b=3Pe/bd2
or
or
,F= ,
N/mm/
fri
nge.

Where,P=l oad,
N.
b=thicknessofthespeci
men,
mm.

Mech.Dept
.,Day
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d=dept
hoft
hespeci
men,
mm.
Descr
ipti
onoftheapparat
us:Theappar
atusconsist
sofacircul
arpol
ari
scopeinthe
darkfiel
d ar
rangement
.The specimen isloaded by a f
ourpointbending l
oad
arr
angement.

Pr
ocedure:
 Fi xthespecimeni nt heshackl esoft hef ourpointbendingarrangementtaki
ng
caretoseet hatthej ointsar efreet omov e.
 Measur ethedistances‘ a’ and‘ b’ofthespeci menandt heweightpanfrom t
he
ful
crum.
 Measur ethethickness’ t
’anddept hofthespeci men’d'andtheloadov er
hang'e'
.
 Loadt hespecimengr adual l
ybyput t
ingfract
ionalmassesi ntheloadi
ngpan,
i
nducingpur ebendi ngi nthespeci menandobser vet hroughtheanaly
zer.Adj
ust
theloadtogeti ntegral f
ringeor ders(1,2,and3)att het opandbottom edgeof
thespecimen.
 Tabul atetheresultsf ordifferentl oads.
 Pl otagraphofPv ersusNandcal culat
et heslopeoft heli
ne.
 Cal culat
ethef r
ingeconst antoft hemat erial
usingthef ormula.

Obser
vat
ions:
Thi
cknessoft
hespeci
men,
b,=_
__mm.
Dept
hoft
hespeci
men,
d,=_
__mm.

Tabul
arcolumn:
Sl Fr
inge Weighti
nthepan Loadappl
ied Slopeoft
he Mater
ial
no. or der P=w*b/
a l ine f
ri
nge
m,kg w=mg,N
Mech.Dept
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N N P/N const
ant,F
N/
fri
nge N/mm/ f
ri
nge

Cal
cul
ati
ons:
Massi
npan=m,=_
__kg
Wei
ghti
npan=w=m*
9.81,
N
Ef
fect
ivel
oad,
P=w*
b/a,
N.
Bendi
ngmomentonspeci
men,
M =Pe/
2,N-
mm.
2 2
Bendi
ngst
ress,
σb=3Pe/
bd,
N/mm
Mat
eri
alf
ri
ngeconst d2N)
ant=F=3Pe/( ,N/
mm/
fri
nge.

Resul
ts:

Remar
ks:

Si
gnat
ureofSt
affI
nchar
gewi
thdat
e:

Exper
imentNo:11 Dat
e:_
___
___
___
__

JOURNALBEARI
NG

Aim:tostudyt
hepressur
edistr
ibuti
onunderdi
ff
erentexper
iment
alcondi
ti
ons(
load,
speed)andver
if
ythesametheor
etical
ly
.

Appar
atus:
andmat
eri
als:
Jour
nal
bear
ingset
up,
wei
ght
sandl
ubr
icat
ingoi
l
.

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.,Day
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Theor
y:

Aj ournalbearingsuppor t
sashaf tandper mitsrotarymot i
on.Thesecauseswearof
surfacesduet ofrict
ionbetweent hecont actsurfacesandheati sgener at
ed,result
ingin
l
ossofpower .Tomi ni
mizet hi
sl ubricati
ngoi lisintr
oducedi nthecl ear
ancebet ween
thej ournalbeari
ngs.Thi spr ov
idesat hinfil
m,separ atingthecont actsurfaces.The
amountofsepar ati
on dependson t het hi
cknessoft hef i
lm formed.Theoi lfil
m
format i
onofsuf fici
entthickness,r esultsfrom thepr essuredevelopedi ntheannul ar
spacebet weent hebear i
ngand j our nalsurfaces.Themagni tudeofpr essurei sa
function ofpr opert
ies oft he lubricant,speed ofr otati
on,clearance between t he
surfaces,loadont hebear i
ng,di mensi onoft hebear i
ngandoi lleakagef r
om t he
surfaces.

Thestudyofpr
essuredistr
ibut
ionandv
ari
abl
esassoci
atedwi
tht
hebear
ingcanbe
usedf
ordesi
gnpurposes.

Pφ=

μ=Dy nami cv i
scosit
yoft heoi
l
r=r
adi usoft hebearing
U=πdN/ 60=per ipheral
veloci
ty
N=rpm ofj ournal
c=radial cl
earance
n=attitude
φ=angl emeasur edfrom thei
nletv
alv
etoanygi
venposi
ti
on.

Pr
ocedur
e:

 Fi
llthetankwi t
hl ubri
cati
ngoil(saySAE–40)andposi t
iont hetankatdesir
ed
height.
 Switchont hemot orandnotedownt hedirect
ionofrotation.
 Rotatethedimmerst atknobgraduallytil
l t
hedesir
edspeedi sreached
 Addt hedesiredloads
 Runt hesetupatt hisspeedandl oad,til
ltheoill
evel
si nallthemanomet ert
ubes
areinsteadystat e
 Not edownt hepr essureofoi
linallthemanomet ertubesandt abulatet
hem
 Changet hespeedorl oadandrepeatt heexperiment
 Aftertheexperimenti soverr
emov etheloads
 Bri
ngdownt hespeedt ozero
St
epsf orpl
ott
ingpr essuredist
ri
butiongr aph

1.Sel
ectasui
tabl
escaletoplott
hepressur
edi
str
ibut
ioncur
ve.
2.Wit
htheini
ti
alpr
essureheadasradiusdr
awacircl
e.

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.,Day
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DESI
GNLABORATORY [
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3.Div i
det hecir
cleinto12equal di
visionstor epresentt helocat i
onoft hepressure
tapi ngsont hebear ingal ongt hecircumf erence
4.Drawt heradiall
inesfrom t hecent reoft hecirclealongt hese12poi ntsand
numbert hem sequent i
al l
yincw, ifrotati
onoft heshaf tisICCW di recti
on,
star tingfrom thetopv er t
ical.
5.Mar kt hepressureheadsal ongt heser adialli
nescor respondi ngtot hetapings.
6.Joi nt hesepoi nt
swi thasmoot hcur v
e
7.Mar kt hedir
ect i
onofr otationoft hejournal ont hefigure
8.Sel ectt hepointsont hecur vehavingequal pressures( approximately)and180
degr eesapartandj oint hem wi t
hast r
aightlinepassi ngt hroughthecent reofthe
circle.Thi si
st hereferencel i
neOO' .
9.Measur eanyangl eøf rom t hisr
eferencel ineint hedirectionofrotationoft he
jour nal.
10.
Commentont heresult.

For
mul
aeUsed
 Cal
cul
ati
onofat
ti
tuden: cosφm =

Wher
eφm ist
heangl
emeasur
edf
rom r
efer
encel
i
net
othel
i
neofmaxi
mum pr
essur
e,i
n
t
hedi
rect
ionofr
otat
ion.

 Cal
cul
ati
onofpressur
eheadofoi
l
:h=P/
w
Wher
ew=speci
fi
cweightofoil

 Loadcar
ryi
ngcapaci
tyofbear
ing:

W=

Wher
eU=2πr
N/60,
m/sec

TubeNo.Fi
nalmanomet
erHeadabov ethecentr
eof Pact=hactxw Ptheo
Readi
ng bear i
ng Actualpressur
e
hf(
mm) hact=(
hf-hb)mm

Mech.Dept
.,Day
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2016

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Resul
ts:

Remar
ks:

Si
gnat
ureofSt
affI
nchar
gewi
thdat
e:

Exper
imentNo:12 Dat
e:_
___
___
___
__

BALANCI
NGOFROTATI
NGMASSES

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.,Day
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2016

Ai
m:Tobal
ancesev
eral
massesr
otat
ingi
ndi
ff
erentpl
anes

Int
roducti
on:
Becauseofmanuf acturi
ngi r
regular
it
iestheactualaxi sofrotati
ondoesnotcoi nci
de
withoneoft heprincipalaxesofi nert
iaofbody ,andv ar
iabledisturbi
ngfor
cesare
producedwhichresultsinvibrati
on.
Inordertoremov ethesev i
brationsandestabl
ishpr operoperati
on,balanci
ngbecomes
necessary.Theforcesgener atedduet oanunbal ancearepr oporti
onaltotherot
ati
ng
speed oft he r
otorsquar ed.Ther efor
et he bal
ancing ofhi gh speed equi
pmentis
especial
l
yi mport
ant.

Experimentalsetup:
Thel ongri
gidr otori
ssuppor t
edinitsbeari
ngsandi sdr i
venbyamot orwhosespeed
canbecont r
oll
ed.Not ethatthecradl
eonwhi chthesear emount edhasbeenisolated
from thesuppor t
ingstruct
ure.I
fthesystem isbalancedcorrectl
ythentheosci
ll
ations
oft hecradleint heset upshouldbeni l(
sincethev al
uesar efoundfrom gr
aphi cal
techniquewhichisanappr oximat
eone, mil
doscil
lati
onsmayexi st)

Procedure:
Withreferencetot
hefi
gur
eshownanddatai
nthetabul
arcol
umndet
erminetheval
ues
0
ofxandyandt hei
ncl
i
nati
onsofpl
aneAandB.MassDmakeanangleof30 wit
hC.

St
eps
1.compl et
et hetabularcol
umn
2.drawt heforcepolygonanddetermineɵAandɵB
3.Drawt hecouplepol ygonsel
ecti
ngCasar ef
erenceplane.From thisdet
erminex
andy
4.Arrangethebal ancingmachi
newi t
hthemassesatr espect
iveradius,pl
anesand
angularpositi
onsasdet ermi
nedandr unthemachi ne.
5.Ifthesystem isbalancedcorr
ectl
ythentheoscill
ati
onsoft hecradleintheset
up
shouldbeni l
.

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.,Day
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2016

Tabul
arCol
umn:

Pl
ane Mass Radi
usr(
mm)For
ce Dist
ancefrom Coupl
e
'
m'(gms) RefPlane mrl
(mm)
A 206 50
B 206 35
C(
RP) 206 45
D 206 40

Pr
ocedur
etodr
awf
orcepol
ygon:

 Selectasui t
abl
escaletothe' mr
'value
 SinceCi srefer
enceplane,drawahor izontall
i
neequal to'mr'v
alueofC
 Anglebet weenCandDi s300whosel engthisequal t
o'mr'val
ueofD.
 Nowt heangleofplanesAandBi sunknown.Onl y'mr'val
ueisknown.Ther
fore
fr
om t heendoft heli
neDdr awandar cequalto'mr'val
ueofA.Dr awonemore
arctocutt heprevi
ousarcfrom thest ar
ti
ngpoi ntofCwi t
hradiusequal
tothe
'
mr 'valuesofB.
 Jointhesel i
nestogettheforcepolygonasshowni nf i
gureanddeter
mineɵAand
ɵB.

Pr
ocedur
etodr
awcoupl
epol
ygon

 selectasuit
ablescaletothe' mrl'value
o
 Drawal ineatanangle30 equal tot he'
mr l
'val
ueofD
 From theendoft hi
slinedrawal i
nepar al
lelt
oBAoft hefor
cepol
ygon
 From thestart
ingpointofthef i
rstlineali
nepar al
l
eltoCBofthef
orcepol
ygoni
s
drawnt oint
ersectt
hepr eviousline.
 Jointheseli
nest ogetcoupl epolygonasshowni nfi
gur
e.

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.,Day
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DESI
GNLABORATORY [
2016

Fi
g:Coupl
epol
ygon

Calcul
ati
ons:
Wehav e‘mrl
’val
ueofA=- 10300x
(Note:
minussignbecausemassAi st
othel
eftsi
deoft
her
efer
encepl
aneC)

From t
hecoupl epol
ygonwehav
eA=340000
340000=- 103000x
x=(-340000/10300)
x=33mm t othelef
tofC

Wehave‘
mrl’
valueofB=- 7210y
(
Note:
minussignbecausemassBist
othel
eftsi
deoft
her
efer
encepl
aneC)

From t
hecoupl
epol
ygonwehav
eb=784000
784000=-7210y

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.,Day
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DESI
GNLABORATORY [
2016

y=(-
784000/7210)
y=109mm tothelef
tofC

Posit
ionofmasses
Theangularposi
ti
onsofthebalancingmassesareobtai
nedf r
om t
heforcepoly
gonand
theaxial
dist
ancesbet
weenthepl anesar
eobtainedfrom t
heabovecalcul
ati
ons.The
angul
arpositi
onsandthedi
stancesbetweentheplanesforthegi
venprobl
em are
shownasbel ow.

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Day
anandaSagarColl
egeofEngi
neer
ing
Mechani
calEngi
neeri
ngDepart
ment
Bengalur
u-560078

DESI
GNLABORATORY(
10MEL77)

PROBABLE/
SUGGESTEDQUESTI
ONBANK

1)Whatar
etheel
ement
sofav
ibr
ati
ngsy
stem?
2)Expl
aint
her
oleoft
hef
oll
owi
ngel
ement
sinav
ibr
ati
ngsy
stem
a.I
ner
ti
a b.Dampi
ngel
ementc.El
ast
icel
ement d.Exci
tat
ion
3)Expl
aint
het
erms
a.Spr
ingconst
antb.Tor
sional
sti
ff
nessofshaf
tc.Dampi
ngcoef
fi
cient
4)Expl
aint
het
erms
a.Underdampedsy
stem b.Ov
erdampedsy
stem
c.Cr
it
ical
l
ydampedsy
stem d.Dampi
ngcoef
fi
cient
5)Expl
aint
het
erms
a.Nat
ural
vibr
ati
onb.For
cedv
ibr
ati
onc.Resonancef
requency
6)Expl
aint
hedi
ff
erentmet
hodsoff
indi
ngt
henat
ural
frequencyofav
ibr
ati
ng
sy
stem andst
atet
hei
radv
ant
agesandl
i
mit
ati
ons
7)Whati
slogar
it
hmi
cdecr
ement
?Expl
ainhowi
tisr
elat
edt
othedampi
ng,
exi
sti
ngi
nasy
stem
8)Whati
smeantbycr
it
ical
speedofashaf
t?Expl
ainhowi
tisr
elat
edt
othe
nat
ural
frequencyoft
ransv
ersev
ibr
ati
onoft
heshaf
t.
9)Expl
aint
heef
fectofdampi
ngont
hecr
it
ical
speedofashaf
t.
10)Whati
sast
rai
nroset
te?Expl
ainhowi
tisut
il
izedi
ndet
ermi
ningt
hepr
inci
pal
st
ressesandst
rai
nsi
nacombi
nedl
oadi
ngsy
stem.
11)Whati
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weenagov
ernorandaf
lywheel
12)Ex
plai
nthepr
inci
pleofwor
kingofani
ner
ti
agov
ernor
13)Ex
plai
nthepr
inci
pleofwor
kingofancent
ri
fugal
gov
ernor

Mech.Dept
.,Day
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DESI
GNLABORATORY [
2016

14)Ment
iont
hedi
ff
erentappl
i
cat
ionsofagov
ernor
15)Ex
plai
nthepr
inci
pleofwor
kingofapol
ari
scope
16)Whati
smeantbypl
anepol
ari
zedl
i
ghtandci
rcul
arpol
ari
zedl
i
ght
17)Ex
plai
nhowst
ressescanbecal
cul
atedusi
ngphot
o-el
ast
ici
ty
18)Ex
plai
nthet
ermsf
ri
ngeor
derandmat
eri
alf
ri
ngeconst
ant
.

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DAYANANDASAGARCOLLEGEOFENGINEERI
NG
DEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERI
NG,
BENGALURU-
560078

CONTI
NUALEVALUATI
ONFORMAT

DESI
GNLABORATORY(
10MEL77)

(
2016-
2017)

Semester/
Sect
ion: Batch:
S USN st
udentName Expt
.No:
1 Expt
.No:
2 Expt
.No:
3 Expt
.No:
4
N
Dat
e: Dat
e: Dat
e: Date:
o.
Viva Recor
d Total v
iva Recor
d Total Viva Recor
d Total Viva Recor
d Total
(05) (10) (15) (05 (10) (15) ( 05) (10) (15) ( 05) (10) (15)
)

Facul
tySignat
ureWi th
Date
NameoftheFacult
yIncharge (
1)

(
2)

(
3)
Note:
(1)Vi
vaquest
ionst
obeaskedw.
r.
tthecur
rentexper
imentoft
hepar
ti
cul
arweek.

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(
2)Theabov
esamepagef
ormati
susedf
ornextsetofexper
iment
si.
e.5,
6,….
expt
s.

(
3)Separ
atesheet
smustbeusedf
ordi
ff
erentbat
ches.
DAYANANDASAGARCOLLEGEOFENGI NEERI
NG
DEPARTMENTOFMECHANI CALENGINEERING,BENGALURU-
560078

FI
NALIAMARKSFORMAT
DESI
GN LABORATORY(
10MEL77)

Year
:

Semest
er/
Sect
ion: Bat
ch:

Continual Si
gnatur
eof
I
ATest Final
Evaluati
o St
udent
SN USN NameOfTheSt
udent Mar
ks Mar ks
nMar ks
(
10) (25)
(15)

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