Professional Documents
Culture Documents
JANUARY1992'
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What are insulation mechanical fasteners? What is the proper treatment of parapet conditions?
Rigid insulabon is usually mechanically fastened to The designer can show either standard cant strips
steel deck by insulation chps There are many varieties (minimum 20 gauge steel) or tapered steel cants which
and methods of fastening these chps whmh penetrate vary the daagonal dimension to create a swale leading to
the steel deck They are used to wmthstand wind uphft a sump area For very wide tapered cant conditions, a
and Factory Mutual regulations These fasteners are sloping shelf angle is used at the parapet and steel
supphed and installed by the roohng contractor decking of varying lengths is used to create a swale
4 Steel T/ps January 1992
Figure 3
F eld Cut
I I ----%--- /
\ i I I /
Flat Sump Plate
Recessed Sump Pan -- Flat Recessed Sump Pan -- P•tched
Tapered Cant
spanning from the shelf angle to the metal decking ribbed deck and the accessones It acts as part or all of
already in place It is good pracbce to place scuppers the steel panel hreproohng and can be destgned to work
through the parapet to reheve abnormal water heights compositely to increase structural capacity without an
See Fig 4 increase tn steel wetght There are structural uses of
floor panels such as servtce catwalks, package convey-
ors, shelving or temporary floormg where concrete ns not
ordinanly used
F L O O R DECK Is concrete over the steel deck units required to be
structural grade?
General Only tf compostte achon between the deck umts and the
concrete hll is required to provtde the design require-
What are the general types of floor deck panels? ments
Steel floor deck panels fall into two general categones
cellular and non-cellular Cellular panels are produced Some temperature control mesh is required and the
by spot welding a nbbed panel to a flat panel to create usual value Js 00083 times the area of concrete above
a void whtch ns usable as a raceway for in-floor power, the steel deck.
hghtmg, electrJcal and communJcatJon dJstrJbutJon Non-
What causes concrete surface cracking?
cellular panels are simply fluted (ribbed) panels
Concrete slabs that are poured on imperwous surfaces
Is concrete always used over floor deck? such as steel deck or Vtsqueen can cause the top
Concrete is usually used over steel floor deck In this surface to dry relatively quickly whde the lower portion of
capacJty, Jt fumJshes a smooth surface covering the the slab remaJns wet The water bleeds to the top
Steel T/ps January 1992 5
surface and evaporates, causing cracks to open above Framing
the top surface of the rebars or mesh, whmh then
propagate to the surface. Troweling closes the cracks
Is it necessary t o put in additional support at
only at the surface and they tend to reopen m a matter
columns or other areas of deck interruptions?
of days.
Steel deck support angles are used If the nbs of the
How can surface cracking be prevented? deck units are left unsupported at the columns. See
A good way to reduce slab cracking Is to have a light fog Fig. 5. The project specifications should call for the
water spray applied to the slab during the finishing support angles to be supplied by the structural steel
operations. The concrete will have a sheen while it is suppher. They can be installed by the metal deck
wet. When this sheen starts to disappear, the fog spray erector. Voads mnthe metal deck units may need to be
should be applied to maintain the sheen Care should be closed w•th sheet metal or other closures to prevent
taken not to get excess water on the slab Venting of the concrete leakage.
deck may help to reduce cracking in the concrete.
Are cover plates or splice plates on structural steel
How should the concrete be cured? members a problem?
There are several ways of curing the concrete Products Any projection above the steel support sunace can
that are sprayed on have e•ther a wax or a resin base. impose a hardship on the steel deck erector. If the top
E•ther one may impair the application of a sealant or flange of the steel beam supporting the deck is not
hardener later It is recommended that the surface be level, Jt may be difficult to achieve adequate bearing for
covered with craft paper, Visqueen or polyethylene the steel deck units.
Are additives to the concrete fill recommended? Are concrete closures necessary?
No Corrosive salts should not be allowed as they can The designer should show a concrete closure wher-
react adversely with the steel deck units, especially with ever there is a concrete leak possible as at changes of
galvanized decking dlrecbon and ends of decking runs, at columns, duct or
shaft openings, building perimeters, etc The closure
does not have to match the profile of the deck. When
shown on the drawing, a concrete slab edge form is
provided to retain the concrete slab at its approximate
height above the deck. Since concrete edge forms are
not intended to be screeds, they are not adjustable to
Figure 5
Deck { -f'°°rSeam ,
Direction "A" - §
- , _! /
I ,. , •.,-- Outhne of
•--•_'•"'•_•. _ • ' • _ • . • Deck Cutout
. . . . . . . !•_ I I t
I* i¢• t ' 1
L2¥'x2`''x3/'6
I On Top of Metal Deck
Connect Angle t o - J - • j I
Two Full Deck --P'-•
of
FluteScutoutEach Side -• I I
Om t Angles
= When DLmenslon
Note C3 Between Edge of
Floor Support and
Omit Angles In Edge of Column
Deck DIr "A" When Q •s Less than 6"
M1 · 6" or in Deck
Dir "S" When M2 · 6"
Figure 7
How effective are steel floor panels as a
• typical support weld
horizontal diaphragm?
Combined wath concrete the assemblies offer
great ngidity and strength without greatly add-
ing to the diaphragm wetght. Values are
dependent upon deck profile, weld patterns
and spans In concept, the steel deck can act
as the shear transfer device between the con- I•Add mm 1/8' P.con t
crete fill and the perimeter (shear collector)
framing member Shearconnectorsordowels
can also be used for shear transfer
Detail at Deck Butt Joint
How are steel floor units attached?
By welding through the deck umts (arc-spot
weld) to the steel supports Side laps are See Fig. 8 (top of next page), which dlustrates a potential
button punched, welded or screwed to meet either problem when an open web joist IS poslboned close to
structural requirements or the specification of Under- a wall The joist has camber and unlessthe ledger angle
writers Laboratories is placed with the same camber, it is difficult to bend the
deck down to the ledger angle The solution is to either
How are diaphragm values of steel floor or roof poSlbOn the joist far enough from the wall to allow the
decks determined? deck to bend, or to camber the ledger angle the same as
Values are based on full-scale tests and on formulas the joist
developed in the Se/stoic Design for Buildings (Tn
Electrification
Service Manual, Army TM 5-809-10) Each quahfied
deck manufacturer has on file with ICBO or vartous
In in-floor wiring systems using cellular panels,
cities an Evaluation Report for approved welding pat-
how are the systems carried normal to the deck
terns and decking profiles
run?
Through the use of cross ducts above the top of the
Steel T/ps January 1992 7
Figure 8
--i'
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..Q
E
._1
O
...I
Detail to Avoid
cellular unats Cross ducts are of two types, header duct potenhal common problem areas are resolved prior to
and trench header. See Fig. 9 bid time
Is header duct still used?
Figure 9
Originally the only method to dlstnbute wire, it stdl has
t
, ,,•.
hmated use For example, header duct does not dasturb
J;' i : •' :•'' ',°:1•' Te'e0h°nelP°wer F
,,'.• . ;'•..• s
either the d•aphragm action of the assembly or the
Steel Deck vertical load capacity of the composite deck In addition,
Trench Header it is often used as a jack header to carry dlstnbution to
cells interrupted by columns, openings and changes m
-v ..• ..•, ,.,,o. '•.,i ...... i t m'•
deck layout direction
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o , < 3 • • .
· o
What consideration should I give trench headers? Can steel deck units be used with composite beam
Since trench headers interrupt vertical composite de- construction?
signed loading, the deck un•ts must carry the total dead Yes, stud welding is a relahvely simple process which
and live loads non-compositely Moment analysas at the prowdes high quahty welded connecbons The headed
most critical area of the trench dact will determine the shear connectors may be apphed to the beam flange
structural requirements of the deck units Trench head- directly through the steel decking sheets Arc spot welds
ers should occur in areas of Iow diaphragm values orthe may be eliminated where they coincide wrth shear stud
deck reinforced to carry the diaphragm without con- placement
crete It is desirable to locate the trench duct outside of Are all steel floor panels composite construction?
the effective beam flange area in composite beam Since the introduction of composite type floor construc-
construcbon. If this is not possible, design the beams as tion 25 to 30 years ago, nearly all floor assembhes now
slab one side or non-composately Also rewewthe effect take advantage of the economies gamed by reduction of
of the trench headers crossing the girder d that member weight of the steel, be •t the frame or the deck panel In
is designed on a composite basis, as wide trench composite construcbon, steel floor panels hrst act to
headers can ehmmate both studs and concrete Close support wet concrete and temporary construchon loads,
coordinahon is required between the structural designer and upon curing of the slab act as the pos•hve steel
and the electrical designer so that rewew and solution of reinforcement of the concrete slab by bonding to the
8 Steel T/ps January 1992
concrete Embossed ridges (in a variety of patterns When studs are used in through-deck welding, what
dependent upon the producer) assist the bonding func- are the requirements for the top flange of the sup-
tion Steel studs complete the composite action by porting steel beam?
assisting the floor slab and steel beam to act as a single The top flange of the beam should be free of deleterious
composite unit matenal which includes paint, rust and debris However,
small amounts of mill scale and rust can be tolerated
Can I use composite steel floor decks in every
provided the metal deck fits tightly to the steel beam
application?
surface. Mimimum flange width of 4-1/2" is suggested
Basically the answer Is yes, but some cautEons are
for a single row of studs. For two rows of studs, the
necessary Since a composite steel floor slab is essen-
minimum flange width suggested is 5-1/2" Flange thick-
tially a one-way reinforced slab, it ts designed for office ness should always be at least 1/3 of the stud diameter
building type installations When subjected to moving
to ensure complete development of fastener strength
loads such as fork lift trucks In Industrial applications or
heavy concentrated loads, special considerations such Who installs shear connectors in through-deck ap-
as posd•ve or negative moment reinforcement are often plications?
required. It is recommended that a deck manufacturer The shear connector studs act as a structural weld
be consulted for special applications between the metal deck and the steel beam and are
installed by the metal deck installer. The shear connec-
How are section properties of a composite floor
tors cannot be placed in the shop because of field safety
deck developed?
regulations.
Producers of composite floor decking material publish
data based upon full-scale tests Designers should How is the soundness of arc spot welds (puddle
review individual manufacturers' building code approv- welds) determined?
als By assessing the ability of the welder to make an arc-
spot weld as specified in AWS D1 3 Specification for
What are the design specifications for composite
Welding Sheet Steel /n Structures and by visual inspec-
beam/steel deck construction?
tion.
AISC recognizes this form of construction with design
criteria given in the AISC Manual of Steel Construct/on, How are shear studs inspected in the field?
9th Edition, using e•ther ASD or LRFD In addition, the Inspection, testing and operator qualification are out-
International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO) lined in the Structural Welding Code, ANSI/AWS D1 1
issues Evaluahon Reports listing approved use and and the budding code governing the project.
design load values for individual stud manufacturers
SPONSORS
The local structural steel industry (above sponsors) stands ready to assist you in
determining the most economical solution for your products. Our assistance can
range from budget prices and estimated tonnage to cost comparisons, fabrication
details and delivery schedules.
Funding for this publication provided by the California Field Iron Workers Administrative Trust.