For 12 weeks course only

Mathematical Methods and its Applications (Solution of assignment-10)

Solution 1 Given difference equation is,

un+2 + 6un+1 + 9un = 2n with u0 = u1 = 0.

Taking Z-transform on both sides of the difference equation, we have

Z(un+2 ) + 6Z(un+1 ) + 9Z(un ) = Z(2n )

2
 u1  z
z U (z) − u0 − + 6z(U (z) − u0 ) + 9U (z) =
z z−2
z
(z 2 + 6z + 9)U (z) =
z−2
z
U (z) =
(z − 2)(z + 3)2
U (z) 1
or =
z (z − 2)(z + 3)2
U (z) 1 1 1
= − −
z 25(z − 2) 25(z + 3) 5(z + 3)2
z z z
U (z) = − −
25(z − 2) 25(z + 3) 5(z + 3)2
Taking inverse Z-transform on both sides, we have
 
1 n n 5n n
un = (2) − (−3) + (−3)
25 3

Option ‘d’ is correct

Solution 2 Given difference equation is,

un+2 − 2un+1 + un = 3n + 5.

Taking Z-transform on both sides of the difference equation, we have

Z(un+2 ) − 2Z(un+1 ) + Z(un ) = Z(3n + 5)

 u1  z z
z2 U (z) − u0 − − 2z(U (z) − u0 ) + U (z) = 3 2
+5
z (z − 1) (z − 1)

1
 5z 2 − 2z
(z 2 − 2z + 1)U (z) = + u0 (z 2 − 2z) + u1 z
(z − 1)2
5z 2 − 2z z 2 − 2z z
U (z) = 4
+ u 0 2
+ u1
(z − 1) (z − 1) (z − 1)2
z 3 + 4z 2 + z z2 + z
 
3z z z
U (z) = + − + u0 −
2(z − 1)4 (z − 1)3 2(z − 1)2 z − 1 (z − 1)2
z
+ u1
(z − 1)2

Taking inverse Z-transform on both sides, we have

1 3 3
un = n + n2 − n + u0 (1 − n) + u1 n
2 2
1
= n(n − 1)(n + 3) + c0 + c1 n, where c0 = u0 , c1 = u1 − u0 .
2
Option ‘b’ is correct

Solution 3 We have,
Z 0 Z π
1h i
a0 = (−1)dx + dx = 0.
π −π 0

Again, Z 0 Z π
1h i
an = (− cos nx) dx + cos nx dx = 0.
π −π 0

and Z 0 Z π
1h i
bn = (− sin nx) dx + sin nx dx
π −π 0

2
[1 − (−1)n ].
=
nπ
Therefore, the Fourier series expansion of f (t) is
∞
X 2
f (t) = [1 − (−1)n ] sin nx.
n=1
nπ

Putting t = π/2 in the above expression, we get

4h 1 1 i
1= 1 − + − ...
π 3 5
1 1 1 π
⇒1− + − + ... = .
3 5 7 4
Option ‘c’ is correct

2
Solution 4 We have,
Z 0 Z π
1h i 2
a0 = (0)dx + sin x dx = .
π −π 0 π
Again,
π
−1  cos 2x π
Z
1h i
a1 = sin x cos x dx = = 0.
π 0 2π 2 0

For n 6= 1,
1h π
Z i
an = sin x cos nx dx
π 0
−1 (−1)n+1 − 1  (−1)n−1 − 1 i
h
⇒ an = −
2π n+1 n−1
−2

 if n = 2k,
⇒ an = π(4k 2 − 1)
0 if n = 2k + 1, k = 1, 2, ...


For n = 1, Z π Z π
1h 1h i i 1
b1 = f (x) sin x dx = sin2 x dx = .
π 0 π 0 2
For n 6= 1,
1h π
Z i
bn = f (x) sin nx dx = 0.
π 0
Hence, the Fourier series of f (x) is obtained as
∞
1 sin x 2 X  cos 2nx 
f (x) = + − .
π 2 π n=1 4n2 − 1

Option ‘c’ is correct.

Solution 5 We have,
0 1
−1
Z Z
a0 = (−1)dx + xdx = .
−1 0 2
Again, Z 0 Z 1
an = (− cos nπx) dx + x cos nπx dx
−1 0

(−1)n − 1
= .
n2 π 2
Therefore,
−2
a3 = .
9π 2
Hence, the value of
18π 2 (a0 + a3 ) = −(9π 2 + 4).
Option ‘c’ is correct.

3
Solution 6 Here, f (x) is an even function in (−π, π).
Therefore, the Fourier series expansion of f (x) will be
∞
a0 X
f (x) = + an cos nx,
2 n=1

where Z π Z π
2 2  2 
a0 = f (x)dx = 1 − |x| dx = 0
π 0 π 0 π
and π
2 π
Z Z
2 2 
an = f (x) cos nx dx = 1 − x cos nx dx
π 0 π 0 π
4
= 2 2 [1 − (−1)n ].
nπ
Hence, the Fourier series expansion is given as
8 h cos x cos 3x cos 5x i
f (x) = 2 + + + ... .
π 12 32 52
So, option ‘d’ is correct

Solution 7 We have, f (x) = x cos x is an odd function, therefore, a0 = an = 0.

Therefore,
∞
X
x cos x = bn sin nx, where
n=1
Z π
2
bn = x cos x sin nx dx
π 0
Z π
1
= x[sin(n + 1)x + sin(n − 1)x] dx.
π 0
Integrating, we get
h (−1)n+1 (−1)n−1 i
bn = − − , n 6= 1.
n+1 n−1
Hence,
−5
b5 = .
12
So, option ‘c’ is correct

Solution 8 The half range Fourier cosine series in 0 < x < π is given by
∞
a0 X
f (x) = + an cos nx, where
2 n=1

4
 Z π
2
a0 = (x + 1)dx = π + 2
π 0
and Z π
2 2
an = (x + 1) cos nx dx = [(−1)n − 1].
π 0 πn2
Hence,
∞
π + 2 X 2 
f (x) = + 2
((−1)n − 1) cos nx
2 n=1
πn
π  4 h cos x cos 3x i
= +1 − + + ... .
2 π 12 32
Option ‘b’ is correct.

Solution 9 The half range Fourier sine series in 0 < x < 3 is given by
∞
X
f (x) = bn sin(nπx/3), where
n=1

Z 1 Z 2 Z 3
2h i
bn = x sin(nπx/3) dx + sin(nπx/3) dx + (3 − x) sin(nπx/3) dx .
3 0 1 2
Simplifying the integral, we get
6
bn = [sin(nπ/3) + sin(2nπ/3)].
n2 π 2
Therefore, the half range sine series expansion is
∞
6 X 1 
f (x) = sin(nπ/3) + sin(2nπ/3) sin(nπx/3).
π 2 n=1 n2

Option ‘a’ is correct.