During the 15th century the sound of full triads became common, and towards the end of the

16th
century the system of church modes began to break down entirely, giving way to the functional tonality which
was to dominate western art music for the next three centuries. Polyphony became increasingly elaborate
throughout the 14th century, with highly independent voices: the beginning of the 15th century showed
simplification, with the voices often striving for smoothness. This was possible because of a greatly increased
vocal range in music – in the Middle Ages, the narrow range made necessary frequent crossing of parts, thus
requiring a greater contrast between them.

Towards the end of the 15th century, polyphonic sacred music (as exemplified in the masses ofJohannes
Ockeghem and Jacob Obrecht) had once again become more complex, in a manner that can perhaps be seen as
correlating to the stunning detail in the painting at the time. 

Sound recording and reproduction is an electrical or mechanical inscription and re-creation of sound waves,
such as spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, or sound effects. At 15th Century it was discovered. In the
14th century, Flanders introduced a mechanical bell-ringer controlled by a rotating cylinder. Similar designs
appeared in barrel organs (15th century), musical clocks (1598), and etc……….15th-Century ruins discovered
during construction of Apple's new madrid flagship the light rail transit. The light was also discovered the
curvature of light through atmospheric refraction at 15th Century.

16th Century
• All light rays refract and converge on one point at retina
• Speed of light is measured here.
• Light moves through luminiferous ether.
• White light composed of all colors, color is light.
• The first telescope was invented by Hans Lippershey.
• [LATERNA MAGICA], the earliest form of projection device was invented by Kircher.
• Grimaldi, in Italy, discovered optical diffraction and observed its periodic nature. {1ST DEFRACTION}
• Huygens (hoi'gens) was a Dutch scientist, who thought that light consisted of waves, not particles, as did
[NEWTON]. Both theories had strong arguments in their favor.
• Newton was first to formulate the corpuscular theory of light. Newton said that luminous bodies radiate energy
in particles or corpuscles, and that these particles are ejected in straight lines.
• Color is an electromagnetic wave phenomenon. It is a sensation produced when light stimulates the retina of
the eye, and the brain interprets this sensation as 'color'.

• In 1678 [HUYGENS] discovered the polarization of light by double refraction in calcite. Polarized light is a
special type of light. It occurs in nature and can also be manmade. Ordinary light consists of a mixture of waves
vibrating in all directions perpendicular to its line of propagation (or travel). Polarized light consists of the
electric or magnetic waves all confined to one plane. Polarized light can be obtained by reflection (depend on
the angle of incidence) and it can also be obtained by double refraction in certain crystals, such as calcite. 
• Over the centuries, many efforts have been made to compare color to sound and to link the two media into a
single systematic language. The French Jesuit, Louis Bertrand Castel claimed that he was inspired by Kircher,
and was the first to create an actual [COLOR ORGAN]. Castel called his device 'Clavessin Oculaire'. The
device consisted of a remodeled harpsichord with a keyboard. Padre gave his first recital in Paris on December
21, 1734.
1. Marin Mersenne - (1640) first measured the speed of sound in air.
2. Robert Boyle - (1660) discovered that sound waves must travel in a medium.
3. Sir Isaac Newton - (late 1660's) formulated a relationship between the speed of sound in a medium and the
density and compressibility in a medium.

Domestic activities were greatly restricted after sunset, when the only sources of light were the fire in the hearth
and candles or rushlights. The light from rushlights and tallow candles was poor and they gave off an
unpleasant smell. Beeswax candles gave a better light and were less smelly, but they were also much more
expensive and tended to be reserved for special occasions.

17th Century
'A woman reading by Candle-light' by Frans van Mieris the elder, c.1665; black chalk on vellum.
18th Century
• In the latter part of the century, the "floating oil wick lamp" was introduced in France, quickly replaced by a
device known as a glass chimney. The glass chimney is essentially an oil lamp enclosed in glass, which makes
the flame more stable and less likely to flicker. The light created by the glass chimney was much brighter than
regular candlelight. Additionally, the color of the glass could be changed to create different moods in lighting.
Limelight
• Prior to the use of electricity, the majority of theatres depended upon gaslight for illumination. However gas
was expensive, difficult to control and therefore required constant attention. The first "spotlight" was known as
limelight and was introduced by British engineer Thomas Drummond. The intensity of the spotlight is created
by heating calcium carbonate combined with an oxygen and hydrogen flame. This effect provided a much more
natural-looking type of light and was also able to be focused to create a specific "spot" or pool of light onstage.
It was also helpful in creating stage illusions for the sun and the moon.
Telephone
• The telephone was invented in 1876 by Scotsman Alexander Graham Bell. He originally dubbed it the
"electrical speech machine," but thankfully this was changed. Bell opened the very first telephone exchange in
New Haven in 1878. Over the years, the telephone has been adapted, and today almost everyone carries a cell
phone with them. In addition, without the telephone, we wouldn't have the Internet, as it relies on phone lines to
exchange information.

Phonograph
• Thomas Edison invented the phonograph in 1877 while he was working on a telephone transmission device. It
was a precursor to the record player, but played cylinders, rather than vinyl records. The phonograph could both
record and play back sound. Although this doesn't seem too impressive today, it was astounding to people in the
19th century. Without the invention of the phonograph, we wouldn't have any recorded music, so we would
never have known CDs and MP3s.

19th Century
Candles remained an important form of domestic lighting throughout the nineteenth century. Improvements
included the mechanization of the production process, which made them more affordable, and the introduction
of clean, odorless paraffin candles.
Girl Writing by Lamplight', William Henry Hunt, c. 1850; oil on canvas.
1900
Thomas Lambert obtained a patent on the use of celluloid as a recording medium. Celluloid was one of the very
first forms of plastic. It was rigid, but far from unbreakable as Columbia and the Indestructible Record
Company claimed. This surface allowed for more frequencies to be recorded.

21st Century
In light and sound, we have our two most prominent senses - two of our most vital tools for communicating
with the outside world. They are so fundamental to us that the very concepts invade our everyday language. For
example, 'listen', 'look', 'see' all have many more meanings in common use than just their scientific ones, which
isn't the case with some of the other terms we'll meet. For example, the word 'transparent' is fairly clear in
meaning. 
Modern Inventions of 2000
• The mystery of Ginger.
• Environmentally friendly transformer fluid from vegetable oils invented by T.V. Oommen.
• FluidSense infusion pump invented (automatic and standardized intravenous applicator).
• 
Modern Inventions of 2001
• The first draft of the human genome is completed.
• AbioCor artificial heart invented by Abiomed - the Abiocor represents groundbreaking medical
miniaturization technology. Nuvaring birth control invented by Organon.
• Artificial liver invented by Dr. Kenneth Matsumura and Alin Foundation.
• Fuel cell bike invented by Aprilia.
• Self-cleaning windows invented by PPG Industries.
• On October 23, 2001 Apple Computers publicly announced their portable music digital player the iPod,
created under project codename Dulcimer.
• Time Magazine Modern Inventions of the Year 2001

The first Television in the broadcast media came out and the inventors were Philo Farnsworth and Vladmir
Zworykin. It changed the way we receive information and entertainment by providing a visual format to the
sound.The initial televisions were black and white it became available in colour.As the years passed television
developed to what it is now.
20th Century
These were first released in Japan.Originaly they were large bulky things and designed as walkytalkies.But
since then they have been constantly being upgraded to the devices we use now. The first mobile phone was
invented in 1973 by Motorola .It was too expensive for many people to purchase. It was not until the mid
1990’s that people started using mobile phones.
FIBRE OPTICS is said to be the backbone of communication initially. It largely allowed the Internet revolution
to happen. Internet was designed and it revolutionized the sharing of information among people globaly.It also
lead to the free transfer of data across networks through emails . Internet is said to reside in almost every
house .It has greatly influenced the youth to such an extent that they can stay without food but not without
internet connection
One of the major invention was that of the PERSONAL COMPUTER which brought a great revolution in the
world.In personal computers came into exsistence with a screen ,keyboard and memory disk by IBM. Gradually
this field showed great enhancement to technology giving birth to the new concept of handy devices.
Modern Inventions of 2004
• Ka-on or Flower Sound are plants that play music invented by the Japanese based Let's Corporation. Flowers
bouquets will act as loudspeakers when placed in a special vase that has electronics hidden in the base.
• Intel Express Chipsets - Grantsdale and Alderwood are the code names of Intel's newest chips that will
provide superior and inexpensive built-in sound and video capacities for the PC including the ability to do high
definition video editing without additional computer cards.