SCHOOL OF MARINE & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA TERENGGANU

A COMPARISION OF SCIENTIFIC
DIVING AND SNORKELING
TECNIQUES FOR SAMPLING IN
BIDONG ISLAND.
AHMAD BAHIYUDDIN BIN AZMI (UK33361)
(BACHELOR OF MARINE SCIENCE) 2015/2016
MMB3000 KERJA LAPANGAN
 INTRODUCTION
✓ Quadrat TYPE OF
DIVING method DATA RECORD
TECHNIQUE ✓ Line ✓ Coral Survey
TO OBTAIN intercept ✓ Fish Survey
DATA transect ✓ Substrate
method ✓ Invertebrate
✓ Point
intercept
SNORKELING
method
 SCUBA DIVING
SCUBA stand for Self Contained Underwater Breathing
Apparatus.

In 1940 marine biologist relief solely in technologies

such as trawls and plankton net for research.
The popularity of diving surveys

✓ Non-destructive
✓ Simple
✓ Quick to execute
✓ Permit measurements of fish density
(English et al. 1994)
 SNORKELING

✓ Snorkeling is the underwater observation and study

of fish in flowing waters.
(J. Neal, 2001)
✓ Snorkel surveys used to monitor fish populations in
streams and to estimate both relative and total
abundance.
(Slaney and Martin 1987)
 Importance of snorkels
survey
✓ Provide quantitative information on the abundance.
(Schill and Griffith 1984)
✓ Distribution. (Hankin and Reeves 1988)
✓ Size structure.(Griffith 1981)
✓ Habitat use. (Fausch and White 1981)
 OBJECTIVE

✓ To compare the differences between diving

and snorkeling techniques.
METHODOLOGY
SAMPLING SITE
 EQUIPMENT
DIVING SNORKELING

✓ Air Cylinder ✓ Life Jacket

✓ Buoyancy Control Devices ✓ Mask
(BCD) ✓ Slate Board and Pencil
✓ Regulator ✓ Snorkel
✓ Weight Belts
✓ Mask
✓ Slate Board and Pencil
✓ Fin
METHOD SAMPLING
(DIVING )
Before head to sampling site, all the divers are briefly explained
and planned the precaution steps and things to do when diving.

They prepared the BCD, regulator and other equipment before.

Enter the water for dive by walking in from the beach.

Enough time were given for students to collect all data and record
on slate board.
 METHOD SAMPLING
SNORKELING
∗ Before head to sampling site, all the student
are briefly explained and planned the
precaution steps and things to do when
snorkeling.

∗ Each student prepared with mask, snorkel and

slate board.

Enough time were given for students to collect

all data and record on slate board.
Factors snorkeling survey
is selected.
✓ Deep, clear water with low current.
✓ Snorkeling is especially useful for sampling rare or
protected stock.
(Mueller et al. 2001)
✓ Less time and cost are required for snorkeling than
for diving methods.
✓ Observe Fish behavior with minimal disruption.
✓ Can be combined with other methods such as sonar
and tools such as (GIS) to generate
three-dimensional maps of habitat use by fish
species.
(Mueller et al.2001)
 Factors diving survey
is selected.
✓ Video and picture can be taken during
diving.
✓ The observers can be untrained scientists,
only experienced divers for video transect
method.
✓ Divers can observed the organism from near
distance.
 SAFETY AND
PRECAUTION Swimming with friend.
Many accident occur
when people are
alone.

Don’t touch SAFETY AND Make sure you

marine life. PRECAUTION equipment is
SNOKELLING good.

Know what current present

,the size of waves , wind
spend and any other
potential hazard.
SAFETY AND PRECAUTION
If you are the new
diver, make sure you
have buddy that more
experience than you.

Aware your air Control your

contained level SAFETY AND
PRECAUTION breathing rates , do
and no jokes not breath too fast.
underwater. ( DIVING )

Avoid touching marine life

without your scuba gloves
because they are maybe
dangerous or poison.
 EFFECT ON HEALTH
Snorkeling Diving

✓ Dehydration
✓ Hyperventilation
✓ Sun burn is also
common with long ✓ decompression sickness
hours ✓ Nitrogen narcosis
✓ Greatest danger is ✓ oxygen toxicity
that snorkelers are
hard to spot in the
water by boat
 Errors that might occur
Fish behavior During sampling.
change in respond
for diver
(Chapman et al.
1974) Snorkeling

Failure of diver to
notice individual
Diving (Anon 1978)
Difficult in
counting fish
Data collection under complex
diver experience may inconsistent habitat
(Bohnsack 1995)
 RESULT
Diving Snorkeling
Equipment Air cylinder , Mask , BCD , Mask ,Snorkel , Buoyancy
Regulator , Fins ,Slate Board Assistant , Slate board

Level of quality Quantitative Quantitative

Achievable Medium low
precision
Area covered Along Transect Along Transect
Training Diving License , Identification Swimming if possible . Able to
required of target species and coral determine type of fishes ,
health indicator substrate and invertebrate
 SNORKELING
It requires only brief
Like water confident
DIVING
Diving license under
NAUI
 DISCUSSION
SNORKELING
✓ It only need small amount of equipment such as
snorkel , mask and fin
✓ The disadvantages is the depth limitation
✓ The observed must have the education and input
about the marine life .
✓ Visibility or water clarity can severely affect the
accuracy of surveys
✓ Accuracy of snorkel surveys can be estimated by
replicating the surveys or using other methods to
calibrate the surveys
(Northcote and Wilkie 1963)
 DISCUSSION
DIVING

✓ Limitation during the field trip where there is lack

of divers.
✓ Scuba divers can provide valuable photographs and
video recordings from the benthic aquatic ecosystems.
✓ Data more effectively and precisely the divers can
observed the organism from near distance.
 CONCLUSION

∗ As conclusion each method has its own advantage

and disadvantage which must be taken into account
before used.
 REFERENCES.
∗ •Jennifer S. O’Neal . Snorkel survey . Retrieved from
http://www.stateofthesalmon.org/fieldprotocols/downloads/SFP
H_p10.pdf

∗ • Pardo A (2014 Jun 19). A scuba diving direct sediment

sampling methodology on benthic transects in glacial lakes:
procedure description, safety measures, and tests results.
Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24943883

∗ •University of Hawaiʻi: Research Methods : 2012. Retrieved

from http://coralhealth.spatial.hawaii.edu/research.html