Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

To give emphasis on VAWC violation would always exist in a various manner and in

any type of persons. This problem which our country is facing in today’s generation- The

growing case of domestic violence against women and their children.1

This country upholds the dignity of every citizen and the equal protection of law (1987

Philippine Constitution, Art III, Sec 1) as defined in R.A 9262 known as an act defining violence

against woman and their children, providing protective measures for victims, prescribing

penalties therefore and for other purposes (VAWC)2

The Philippine Government is just to show how right of every citizen especially women

and their children be valued. Our laws always to protect women and children but for people who

have a lesbian partner are they not afforded protection under VAWC just because it is not

recognized in the law as to which the Constitution would always advocate equal protection of

law.

1
Ecoben, Wenceslao., “R.A. 9262- Anti- Violence Against Women and Children”
2
Bernas, Joaquin G., SJ. (2009). The 1987 Philippine Constitution. Manila, Philippines: Rex Bookstore, Inc.

1
 R.A 9262- or Anti Violation against Women and their Children (VAWC) was enacted to

law due to the effort of various groups advocating the elimination of violence against women

and their children to break their silence. The law recognized abuses committed against women

by their intimate partners as a violation of human rights. This marked the recognition of

domestic violence as a public offense. This is perpetrated not only against a private complainant

but against entire society.

VAWC refers to any act or a series of acts committed by any person against a woman

who is his wife, former wife or against a woman with whom the person has or had sexual or

dating relationship or with whom he has a common child or against her child whether legitimate

of illegitimate with in or without the family abode which result in or is likely to result in

physical, sexual, psychological harm or suffering or economic abuse including threats of such

acts, battery, assault, coercion, harassment or arbitrary deprivation of liberty. It includes but it is

not limited to the following acts: Physical violence includes bodily or physical harm. Sexual

violence refers to an act which is sexual in nature committed against a woman or her child.

Psychological happens when there are acts or omissions which cause perceptual or emotional

grief of the victim. Economic abuse refers to acts when there is removal of financial support,

denial of financial resources, abolishing household property and controlling the victim’s

personal money or possession or solely controlling the marital money or properties. It also

recognizes the battered woman syndrome as a legal defense. This must be punished according to

the rules provided under the Revised Penal Code depends on the gravity of the offense.3

Women may not be aware if there are certain defenses one can do in order to protect

themselves in a situation of abuse or violence initiated by their lesbian partner. Violence in

3
Lobusta, Mikael S., et al “R.A. 9262: Anti- Violence Against Women and Children Law: An Assessment., 22 May 2014.

2
lesbian partner recently has been identified as an important social problem. Researchers have

must often studied physical violence

Lesbian who abuse another women may do for some several reasons. Normally they

abuse partners to gain and maintain control. Lesbian batterers are motivated to avoid feelings of

loss and abandonment. Thus many violent incidents occur during threatened separations. This

may cause when lesbian batterers grew up in a violent household and where physically, sexually

or verbally abused by fathers or stepfathers.4

Statement of the Problem

This research seeks to examine R.A 9262: Anti Violence against Women and their

Children Law. Most particularly this research study aims to answer the following questions.

1. When could be the positive and negative effects of having a lesbian couple occur?

2. Can we limit VAWC as to male and female solely as provided by law nevertheless how

are those people who experienced abuse and suffering initiated by lesbian couple?

3. How can the abuse of women and children initiated by lesbian couple be lessened?

4
Rose, Suzana Ph.D., “ National Violence Against Women Prevention Research Center”

3
Objective of the Study

This research aims to amend the law implementation and effects of R.A 9262: Anti-

VAWC.

1. Positive and negative effects of having a lesbian couple as a partner.

2. We limit VAWC as to male and female solely as provided by law

nevertheless there are people who experienced abuse and suffering initiated by

lesbian couple.

3. Abuse of women and children initiated by lesbian couple can be lessened.

Significance of Study

There has been a long observation as to the existence of the abuse and suffering from a

lesbian couple that the lawmaker would not see these circumstances. The need to amend

legislation to conform with what is happening to modern day society.

For abused partners wanting security and protection. This study could assist them to

terminate relationship and reinstate what has been lost.

For counsels through the review of these cases will guide them on how to correlate

existing circumstances to conform with what is happening to modern day society.

For the legal field this study could shed light to future researchers to briefly examine

what is happening to modern day society especially those people whose craving for rights and

justice.

4
Scope and Delimitation

The assessment on R.A 9262 is a research study to amend the implementation effect of it

in the respondent. It had been observed and analyzed the respondents’ awareness of law and

certain factors that could affect it.

In this research study, the researcher limit to amend the law on lesbian subject solely.

This study was limited up to the extent of the researcher’s knowledge about the topic in

conformity to what is happening in this modern society.

Definition of terms

1. Violence against women and their children (VAWC) – it refers to any act or a series of

acts committed by any person against a woman who is his wife, former wife, or against a

woman with whom the person has or had a sexual or dating relationship, or with whom

he has a common child, or against her child whether legitimate or illegitimate, within or

without the family abode, which result in or is likely to result in physical, sexual,

psychological harm or suffering, or economic abuse including threats of such acts,

battery, assault, coercion, harassment or arbitrary deprivation of liberty.

2. Battery - it refers to an act of inflicting physical harm upon the woman or her child

resulting to the physical and psychological or emotional distress.

5
 3. Battered Woman Syndrome – it refers to a scientifically defined pattern of psychological

and behavioral symptoms found in women living in battering relationships as a result of

cumulative abuse.

4. Children - it refers to those below eighteen (18) years of age or older but are incapable of

taking care of themselves. It includes the biological children of the victim and other

children under her care.

Conceptual framework

Violation against women and their children (VAWC), the concept of violence does not limit

solely to physical violence but also sexual violence, psychological and economic abuse including threats.

The law penalizes any act committed by any person against a woman who is his wife, former wife, or

against a woman with whom the person has or had a sexual or dating relationship, or with whom he has a

common child, or against her child whether legitimate or illegitimate, within or without the family abode.

Any violence can be present in all spheres of a woman's life due to the unjust aggressor

which happened to be her partner. As stated in the law only man can be the unjust aggressor

against his wife or partner but there are numerous cases found out that lesbian who happened to

be the partner inflicts pain and injury. People who has a lesbian partner are they not afforded

protection under VAWC just because it is not recognized in the law? This existing gap has

divulged to the existence of this kind of research to amend the law considering that lesbian could

also be an unjust aggressor. Lesbian partner could inflict physical, sexual, psychological and

6
economic abuse since they are acting and claiming that they are male and of superior to women.

Since many lesbian batterers grew up in violent households and were physically, sexually, or

verbally abused and/or witnessed their mothers being abused by fathers or stepfathers. Thus

prescribing penalties must be imposed according to R.A 9262 to protect the family and its

members from violence and threats initiated by lesbian partner.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Summary of the
gathered information as
Legal Basis
to amend the application
INTERPRETATION
Data Collected of R.A 9262 if it would be
beneficial to those who
have a lesbian partner.

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

7
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This Chapter presents the related literature and studies after the thorough and in -

depth search done by the researcher. It also includes ideas, finished thesis, generalization or

conclusion that are relevant and similar to the present study.

Related Literature

Lesbian Existence

The prevailing identification of Filipino lesbians is associated with the local use

of the term“tomboy”. This however has been contested as wanting in providing a

positive image for Filipino lesbians (Lesbian Advocates Philippines 119). As local

literature suggests that the Philippine term “tomboy” produces a stereotype that

connotes financial and emotional instability(Ibid), the review opts to take on the

8
terms, lesbians and bisexual women throughout the review.With the continuing and

unfolding discussion on the Filipino LGBTQI identities, the review takes the general

term, LGBTQI in its discussion.

The review adopts Adrienne Rich’s terms, “lesbian existence” and “lesbian

continuum” (Rich134) in lieu of lesbianism with the same reason that the last has a

clinical and limiting ring to it.Lesbian continuum includes a range – through each

woman’s life and throughout history–of woman-identified experience. It is not simply

the fact that a woman has had or consciously desired [genital] sexual experience with

another woman; it is through many forms of primary intensity between and among

women, including sharing of a rich inner life, the bonding against male tyranny, the

giving and receiving of practical and political support, among others.

Lesbian existence comprises both the breaking of a taboo and the rejection of a

compulsory way of life. It is also a direct or indirect attack on male right of access to

women. But it is more than these, although we may first begin to perceive it as a form

of nay-saying to patriarchy or an act of resistance (Ibid).The review takes the vantage

point of the foregoing as the context of lesbians’ and bisexual women’s realities.

Though most profiled in the review do not reflect or outright manifest the above

characterization, the review shall illustrate how the above mentioned is implicated

along the discussion especially in the issues and experiences of lesbians and bisexual

women in the work place 5

5
Jordan, Chang., “Lesbian and Bisexual Women in the Workplace: A Review of Related

9
Lesbian Love and Relationship

Three questions that should be priorities for future research on lesbian love and

relationships. The first question concerns the very definition of “lesbian relationship,”

given how many women may be engaged in same-sex relationships without

identifying as lesbian. The second question concerns the potential influence of

childhood neglect and abuse on adult women's same-sex relationships, a topic that has

important implications for both psychological well-being and relationship

functioning. The third question concerns the potential downsides of legal marriage for

women's same-sex relationships, a topic that is particularly important in light of the

new found legal recognition of same-sex marriage in all 50 states. Although there are

many understudied questions in the domain of women's same-sex relationships,

research on these three questions has particularly strong potential to advance our

understanding of lesbian love and relationships in important ways. 6

Dissolving Same-sex

Literature.https://www.academia.edu/594578/Lesbian_and_Bisexual_Women_in_the_Workplace_A_Review_of_Related_Liter
ature.
6
Diamond, Liza M., “Three Critical Questions for future research on lesbian relationship”,21 October 2016.

10
 While prior research has compared same-sex to heterosexual relationships, very little

attention has been paid to the unique experiences of women dissolving same-sex relationships,

especially in the context of shifting legal and social policies. The current study examined the

experience of 20 women who dissolved their same-sex relationship between 2002 and 2014.

Participants were drawn from a longitudinal sample of same-sex and heterosexual couples and

were interviewed using a semi-structured protocol. Interviews focused on three primary research

questions: reasons for dissolution, emotional reactions, and role of legal status. While reasons

for dissolution largely mirrored literature on women in heterosexual relationships, emotional

reactions and the role of legal status were both influenced by sexual minority-specific factors

related to minority stress and the recent societal changes pertaining to legal relationship

recognition. Results are interpreted in a framework of minority stress and the ongoing legacy of

institutional discrimination experienced by women in same-sex relationships.7

Church Teaching

Since Building a Bridge, a book on ministering to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender

Catholics, was published, I have been asked—at Catholic parishes, retreat centers, colleges and

universities and conferences—a few questions that recur over and over. The most common are:

“What can we say to gay people who believe that God hates them?” “How can we help young

people who feel tempted to suicide because of their sexual orientation?” And “What can we say

to gay or lesbian Catholics who feel that their own church has rejected them?”

7
Balsam, Kimberly F., “Breaking up is hard to do: Women’s experience of dissolving their same sex relationship”, 7 September
2016

11
 Another common question is about the church’s official teaching on homosexuality,

homosexual activity and same-sex marriage. Usually these questions are asked not by Catholics

who are unaware of the church’s teaching (for most Catholics know the teachings); rather they

are asked by Catholics who want to understand the basis for the church’s teachings on those

topics.

Building a Bridge intentionally steered clear of issues of sexual morality, since I hoped

to foster dialogue by focusing on areas of possible commonality; and the church hierarchy and

the majority of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender Catholics remain far apart on these issues.

It also makes little sense to begin a conversation with topics on which the two sides are the

farthest apart. Overall, the book was about dialogue and prayer, rather than moral theology. (As

a Catholic priest, I have also never challenged those teachings, nor will I.) But for a meaningful

encounter to occur between the church hierarchy and any community, it’s helpful if both groups

understand one another as much as possible. As I mentioned in the book, good bridges take

people in both directions.

So it’s important to ask: What is the church’s official teaching on these issues? As an

aside, since the Catechism of the Catholic Church, a compendium of church teaching on various

topics, does not address bisexual or transgender persons but rather “homosexual persons,” I’ll

refer here to gay and lesbian people to be more precise. Church teaching at the most basic level

is contained in the Gospels and, even more basically, in the revelation of the Father’s love in

Jesus Christ. So the most fundamental of all church teachings about gay and lesbian people is

12
this: God loves them. They are beloved children of God, created by God and in need of God’s

loving care and mercy—as all of us are.8

Biblical Basis on Homosexuality

At the heart of the claim that the Bible is clear "that homosexuality is forbidden by God"

is poor biblical scholarship and a cultural bias read into the Bible. The Bible says nothing about

"homosexuality" as an innate dimension of personality. Sexual orientation was not understood in

biblical times. There are references in the Bible to same-gender sexual behavior, and all of them

are undeniably negative. But what is condemned in these passages is the violence, idolatry and

exploitation related to the behavior, not the same-gender nature of the behavior. There are

references in the Bible to different-gender sexual behavior that are just as condemning for the

same reasons. But no one claims that the condemnation is because the behavior was between a

man and a woman.

There was no word in Hebrew, Aramaic or Greek for "homosexual" or "homosexuality."

These words were invented near the end of the 19th century when psychoanalysts began to

discover and understand sexuality as an essential part of the human personality in all of its

diversity. Consequently, it cannot be claimed that the Bible says anything at all about it. The

writers of the Bible had neither the understanding of it nor the language for it.

8
Martin, James S.J., “What is the official church teaching on homosexuality?”, 30 April 2018

13
 There is only one reference to sexual behavior between women, and that is in Romans

1:26. The context of this reference has to do with Gentiles rejecting the true God to pursue false

gods; i.e., idolatry. And, the sexual behavior described is orgiastic, not that of a loving, mutual,

caring, committed relationship. What is condemned is the worship of false gods.

Sexuality is a wonderful gift from God. It is more than genital behavior. It's the way we

embody and express ourselves in the world. But we cannot love another person intimately

without embodying that love, without using our bodies to love. And that does involve genital

behavior. Sexual love is for the purpose of giving and receiving pleasure with our most intimate

partner. It is a means of deepening and strengthening the intimate union that exists. This can

only be healthy and good if our behavior is consistent with who we are and with whom we love,

and when we are true to our own sexuality and orientation.

How do I view God's position on "homosexuality?" I believe lesbian, gay and bisexual

people to be a part of God's wondrous creation, created to be just who they are, and completely

loved and treasured by God. I believe God does not intend for any one to be alone but to live in

companionship. And I believe God expects healthy loving relationships to include sexual love.

The Bible doesn't say this, of course. But neither does it deny it. I believe this to be true not only

because of the Bible's emphasis on the goodness of God's creation and the supreme value of

love, but because of the greater understanding of human nature that we have available to us

today. I do not believe that God intends us to live in the small world of ancient biblical culture,

14
but rather in God's larger evolving world informed by science, reason and experience.9

Definition of Lesbian gender

A woman or young woman who forms her primary loving and sexual relationships with

other women; a woman or young woman who has a continuing affectional, emotional, romantic,

and/or erotic attraction to someone of the same sex. Some lesbians prefer to call themselves

“lesbian” and they use the term “gay” to refer to gay men; others use the term “gay” to refer to

both gay males and lesbian females.10

Lesbian feminism presented one way for women to free themselves from both male

domination and heterosexism. Its analysis of society was based on two central claims. The first

was an assertion that heterosexuality encompassed much more than a form of sexual desire, that

it also functioned as an institution that supported male supremacy and female subordination.

Romantic love, familial structures, traditional gender roles, making it compulsory and leaving

its putative normalcy unquestioned. At the same time that heterosexuality helped perpetuate the

subordination of women, it reinforced the benefits that women could gain from participation in

partnerships with men, which gave them added status and economic privileges. The threat of

losing those advantages kept women from challenging the status quo and acting in ways that

might jeopardize their status. As one of the first lesbian feminist groups, the Radicalesbians,

argued in a 1970 essay, “The Woman-Identified Woman,” women were called lesbians

(pejoratively), regardless of their preferred partners, when they dared to act as if they were equal

to men. Fear of being labeled a lesbian acted as a powerful deterrent against women’s push for
9
Creech, Jimmy., “What the bibile says about homosexuality?”(2019)
10
Kort, Joe., “Lesbian terms and definition”,
http://www.joekort.com/articles.htm/Gay_Affirmative_Psychotherapy/articles21.htm

15
equality as well as constraining the development of solidarity among women.11

Issues for Lesbian and Gay Parented Families

The issues that arise in lesbian- and gay-parented families are a function of two things:

One is the rich variety of family constellations they comprise, and the other is the fact that they

are living in a society which does not yet value rich variety. The tension created by this situation

generates unique needs for the approximately 5 million gay and lesbian parents in this country1

whenever they present themselves to the legal system, the educational system, the mental health

profession, religious organizations, the medical profession, or the insurance industry - to name

just a few.

To begin with, it is important to know that family constellations among lesbian- and gay-

parented families are largely quite different from the heterosexually-parented nuclear family.

Our conventional notion of a parenting family contains many presumptions: that there will be

two parents, that they will be one of each gender, that they will be romantic partners of one

another, they will live under one roof, that they will both be biologically related to the children

they raise, and that they will be recognized legally as a family. This Mom-and-Dad nuclear

family is not merely the baseline model in our culture against which all other models are

deviant, but it is also assumed by most to be an optimal structure for child development,

compared to which all other constellations are viewed as having deficiencies which must be

overcome.

11
https://www.britannica.com/topic/lesbian-feminism/Contemporary-issues

16
 This is a model, however, which applies to no lesbian and gay parented families. Gay

and lesbian parents are heading families with one, two, three, or even four parents. Sometimes

there are no men among the parents, sometimes there are no women. Sometimes there are men

and women but they are not romantic partners of each other. Some families intentionally

comprise more than one household. Sometimes both biological parents are included in the

family and sometimes not. Often there is a biological parent who is not a family member at all.

Usually there is at least one parent who has no biological relation to the child. And perhaps most

important, there is almost always a parent-child relationship that the law does not recognize or

protect.12

Contemporary Lesbian Relationship

While this line of comparison with heterosexual couples has been useful in elucidating

what is, and is not, unique about lesbian relationships, a major problem is that this mindset of

inquiry is very much rooted in a heterosexist norm, where heterosexual couples essentially

function as the control group and lesbian couples are the “other.” More recently, as in many of

the articles in this special issue, research on lesbian relationships has evolved from a between-

group comparison model to a within-group model. For example, we can now ask the question:

within lesbian relationships, what are the factors that differentiate happy, well-functioning

relationships from those that are struggling? In this issue, Lavner uses the vulnerability-stress-

adaptation model to provide a comprehensive review of the various individual, couple, and

external factors that have been found to be associated with lesbian relationship satisfaction.

Melanie Brewster and Rachel Farr hone in on how specific aspects of relationship functioning
12
Martin, April PhD., “Issues for Lesbian and Gay Parented Families”, https://parenthood.library.wisc.edu/Martin/Martin.html

17
(household labor division and adoptive parenting, respectively) contribute to relationship

satisfaction and stability. This type of within-group exploration is allowing the field to form a

much deeper understanding of the range of experiences found among lesbian relationships.13

Related Study

In the study conducted by Frost (2011), it resulted that lesbian, gay and bisexual who are

in a romantic relationship experience stigma prejudice and discrimination leads to same sex

relationship devaluation. Similarly, in the current study, the environment affects the relationship

of same-sex couples, where on the side of lesbian relationship the acceptance was also based in

their family and peers while the gay couple do adjustment in their society in order for them to

get accepted.14

In another study conducted by Whitehead (2013) he focused on the acceptance of lesbian

and gay individuals as a couple and also the factors that affect LG couples which is similar to

the current study. The researcher found out that as lesbian couples started their relationship, they

encountered hurdles and they were not easily accepted by the people around them . Through

this, the researchers identified the factors that affect the relationship.15

13
Holley, Sarah R., “Perspective on Contemporary Lesbian Relationships”, 21 October 2016
14
Frost, D. M. (2011). Stigma and intimacy in same sex relationships: A narrative approach. Journal of Family Psychology, 25
(1),1.
15
Whitehead, A. L. (2013). Religious organizations and homosexuality: The Acceptance of Gays and Lesbians in American
Congregations.Review of Religious Research, 552(2), 297-317.

18
 The study of Whitam (2013) resulted into six tentative cultural invariability and one of

the findings that emerged from the analysis is that social standards do not interfere about the

emergence of homosexual orientation, in contrast with the forenamed study, it focused not only

in the individual homosexual but with the same-sex relationship which stated that the perception

of the same-sex couples depends on their connection with the gay or lesbian person.16

Hence, skinner (2009) pointed out that the perception about the positive relationship

traits in gay and lesbian couple were exposed. Consequently, in the current study, perception of

the same-sex relationship depends on their connection with the subject where perception of

people close to lesbian relationship experience normal treatment while in gay tends to be

subjective.

In addition, Foe (2014) conducted a study where gays and lesbians have high tolerance

here in the Philippines due to the support of the government. However, the Cathoilic Church is

against with the same-sex activities. While, in the aforementioned study, it was also interpreted

that the environment also affects the relationship of same-sex couples a show they were treated

in the kind of intimate relationship they have. 17

On the other findings that were shown from the study of Rostosky, Riggle, Dudley, and

Wright (2017), one of the domains that described the same-sex couple long term relationship is

from the personal and relationship values and ideas, which is the same to the current study

16
Whitam, F. L. (2013). Cultural invariable properties of male homosexuality: Tentative conclusions from cross-cultural
research . Archives of sexual behaviour, 12(3), 207-226.
17
Gecolea, J. M., Rainbow Love, A unique kind of love: A case study on lesbian and gay couples
.https://www.academia.edu/37142129/RAINBOW_LOVE_A_UNIQUE_KIND_OF_LOVE_A_CASE_STUDY_ON_LESBIAN_AND_GA
Y_COUPLES_IN_THE_CITY_OF_CABUYAO_LAGUNA. Visited 9 November 2019.

19
stating that a healthy relationship will be achieved knowing that the partner possess traits which

give them reason to stay in a relationship and feel the satisfaction. 18

Synthesis

The phenomenological understanding of the researcher has been made to the

interpretation of gathered data with respect to the couple who has a lesbian partner. The lived

experienced that were derived from the shared responses of the participants present that almost

all the experiences started with hardships and later become accepted. They all stated their

different experiences while they undergo to this kind of relationship. Acceptance from their

respective families and peer influence is very essential in constituting same-sex relationship. In

disagreement of these peers, it would result and largely affect the relationship bond of the same-

sex couple. Moreover, it is not only these peers that affect the same-sex relationship but also the

connection bond between the couple. Healthy relationship will always be achieved knowing that

the partner possesses traits which give them reason to stay in a relationship and feel the

satisfaction.

18
Rostosky, S. S., Riggle, E. D., Dudley, M. G., & Wright, M. L. C. (2006). Commitment in same-sex relationships: A qualitative
analysis of couples’ conversations. Journal Homosexuality, 51(3), 199-223.

20
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the methodology of research study, data analysis techniques,

study design, including collection of data, validation of instruments and analytical treatment of

the data.

Research Method

According to Denzin and Lincoln (2005) a research methodology or strategy is

determined by the nature of the research question and the subject being investigated. As a result

the research format used in an investigation should be seen as a tool to answer the research

question.

A qualitative research approach for this study was chosen because qualitative methods

are especially useful since the field of study involves analyzing, studying and scrutinizing a law

in relation to its constitutional and other legal implications especially in discovering the

meaning that people give to events that they experience.

The qualitative method of research design embraces the descriptive method, a general

procedure employed in the studies that have for its chief purpose the description of the

phenomena in contract to ascertain what causes them or to access their value and significance. It

21
involves the collection of data in order to test the hypothesis or answer the questions regarding

the current status of the subject or the study.

The descriptive research method is used in gathering the needed information for this

study. This method enables the researchers to interpret the theoretical meaning of the findings

and hypothesis development for further studies.

Justification for using Qualitative Research

The researcher uses a holistic approach where all parts of the problem are explored. It

looks at the larger picture and begins with a search for understanding of the whole. The research

looks at relationships within a system or culture which, in the present study, entails the

exploration of lesbian couple relationship constituting violence against the partner. The research

approach is personal. In this study the personal experiences of the researcher and by means of

collecting data which is relevant in this study. The focus is on understanding the problem under

investigation instead of making predictions about it. It also focuses on understanding in a given

social setting, not necessarily on making predictions about that setting. It also requires the

researcher to become the research instrument. It incorporates room for description of the

researcher's own biases and ideological preferences.

Data Gathering Procedure

For the purposes of this research the researcher applied two methods of data collection

techniques: Primary and Secondary sources. This was done in order to collect adequate and

22
relevant data to address the research objectives of this study. Nonetheless, the researcher used

qualitative research method. They were derived from the provision of 1987 Philippine

Constitution, Art III, Sec 1 as defined in R.A 9262 known as an act defining violence against

woman and their children, providing protective measures for victims, prescribing penalties

therefore and for other purposes (VAWC) and other related laws and jurisprudence.

In addition, to arrive at a factual finding for the research, the author utilized researches,

articles, books and the use of internet in discussing matters related to topic with caution about

the credibility of the cited sources. The researcher cautiously piled up relevant data according to

the degree of relativity and importance to the study. The researcher also conducted study of

documents and in-formations from the internet he has collected since it was deemed necessary

for a research.

Validation of Instrument

Validation of the instruments was also made by the researcher to ensure the quality of the

results, making the final output a reflection of the true findings of the study. Validation is the

confirmation with an examination and provision of objective evidence.

Analytical Treatment of the Data

23
 The data and necessary information collected were carefully sorted and analyze to arrive

at conclusive and appropriate findings. The data were analyzed according to its degree of

importance and relevance to the research topic. Materials gathered were carefully scrutinized by

answering the statement of the problem. Careful analysis has been rendered using all the

relevant materials to directly arrive to a concrete conclusion and a satisfaction of answers.

24