ASME B107.300-10 Torque Instruments

ASME B107.
300-2010
(Incorporation of ASME B107.14, B107.28, and B107.29)
Torque
Instruments
A N A M E R I C A N N AT I O N A L STA N DA R D
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright ASME International

Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

ASME B107.300-2010
(Incorporation of ASME B107.14, B107.28, and B107.29)
Torque
Instruments
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
A N A M E R I C A N N AT I O N A L S TA N D A R D

Date of Issuance: April 19, 2010
This Standard will be revised when the Society approves the issuance of a new edition. There will
be no addenda issued to this edition.
ASME issues written replies to inquiries concerning interpretations of technical aspects of this
Standard. Periodically certain actions of the ASME B107 Committee may be published as Cases.
Cases and interpretations are published on the ASME Web site under the Committee Pages at
http://cstools.asme.org as they are issued.
ASME is the registered trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
This code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for American National
Standards. The Standards Committee that approved the code or standard was balanced to assure that individuals from
competent and concerned interests have had an opportunity to participate. The proposed code or standard was made
available for public review and comment that provides an opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia,
regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large.
ASME does not “approve,” “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity.
ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any
items mentioned in this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone utilizing a standard against liability for
infringement of any applicable letters patent, nor assume any such liability. Users of a code or standard are expressly
advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is
entirely their own responsibility.
Participation by federal agency representative(s) or person(s) affiliated with industry is not to be interpreted as
government or industry endorsement of this code or standard.
ASME accepts responsibility for only those interpretations of this document issued in accordance with the established
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ASME procedures and policies, which precludes the issuance of interpretations by individuals.
No part of this document may be reproduced in any form,

in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990
Copyright © 2010 by
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
All rights reserved
Printed in U.S.A.

CONTENTS
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Committee Roster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Correspondence With the B107 Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
ASME B107.14 Hand Torque Tools (Mechanical) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
ASME B107.28 Electronic Torque Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
ASME B107.29 Electronic Tester, Hand Torque Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Nonmandatory Appendix
A Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
iii
FOREWORD
The American National Standards Committee B107 on Socket Wrenches and Drives was origi-
nally under the sponsorship of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). It was
subsequently reorganized as an ASME Standards Committee and its title was changed to Hand
Tools and Accessories. In 1996, the Committee’s scope was expanded to include safety
considerations.
The purpose of B107.300 is to define essential performance and safety requirements for the
following three types of torque instruments:
(a) manually operated torque instruments, commonly used for mechanical measurement of
torque for control of the tightness of threaded fasteners
(b) electronic torque testers used for checking manually operated hand-held torque wrenches
and screwdrivers
(c) manually operated electronic torque instruments with integral or interchangeable heads
It includes requirements for endurance, torque value ranges, and accuracy for these torque
instruments. It specifies test methods to evaluate performance related to the defined requirements
and safety, and indicates limitations of safe use.
This Standard may also be used as a guide by state authorities or other regulatory bodies in
the formulation of laws or regulations. It is also intended for voluntary use by establishments
that use or manufacture the instruments covered.
This Standard includes
(a) B107.14, Hand Torque Tools (Mechanical), approved by the American National Standards
Institute on December 16, 2004
(b) B107.28, Electronic Torque Instruments, approved by the American National Standards
Institute on March 14, 2005
(c) B107.29, Electronic Tester, Hand Torque Tools, approved by the American National Standards
Institute on March 16, 2005
Prior editions of these individual standards are obsolete and no longer available.
In addition to the consolidation of these individual torque standards into this Standard, principal
changes are the uniform inclusion of performance requirements and test methods that evaluate
both performance and safety as well as uniform format for sections on definitions, references,
performance requirements, tests, and safety requirements and limitations of use.
Members of the Hand Tools Institute Torque Instruments Standards Committee through their
knowledge and hard work have been major contributors to the development of the B107 standards.
Their active efforts in the promotion of these standards is acknowledged and appreciated.
The format of this Standard is in accordance with The ASME Codes & Standards Writing Guide
2000. Requests for interpretations of the technical requirements of this Standard should be
expressed in writing to the Secretary, B107 Committee, at the address below.
Suggestions for the improvement of this Standard are welcome. They should be addressed to
the Secretary, ASME B107 Standards Committee, Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990.
The requirements of this Standard become effective at the time of publication.
ASME B107.300-2010 was approved by the B107 Standards Committee on September 8, 2009 and
by the Board on Standards and Testing on October 12, 2009. It was approved as an American
National Standard on February 18, 2010.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
iv
ASME B107 COMMITTEE
Hand Tools and Accessories
(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Standard.)
STANDARDS COMMITTEE OFFICERS
W. T. Pagac, Chair
D. S. McKittrick, Vice Chair
J. H. Karian, Secretary
STANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNEL
N. C. Cantlon, Jore Corp.

J. D. Davidson, Sears Holdings Corp.
J. Apida, Alternate, Sears Holdings Corp.
P. A. Desmarais, Danaher Tool Group
D. M. Eggert, Snap-On, Inc.
J. S. Foote, Trade Association Management, Inc.
J. H. Karian, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
D. S. McKittrick, McKittrick
G. E. Olson, Gene Olson Engineering Consultant, Ltd.
W. T. Pagac, Forever Associates
W. C. Snyder, Wright Tool Co.
J. M. Ster, General Services Administration, Heartland Global Supply
J. F. Chaney, Alternate, General Services Administration, Heartland Global Supply
SUBCOMMITTEE 3 — TORQUE INSTRUMENTS
J. S. Foote, Chair, Trade Association Management, Inc.

J. F. Chaney, General Services Administration, Heartland Global Supply
J. R. Reynertson, Sturtevant Richmont Division, Ryerson Corp.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
v
CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE B107 COMMITTEE
General. ASME Standards are developed and maintained with the intent to represent the
consensus of concerned interests. As such, users of this Standard may interact with the Committee
by requesting interpretations, proposing revisions, and attending committee meetings.
Correspondence should be addressed to:
Secretary, B107 Standards Committee
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Three Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016-5990
http://go.asme.org/Inquiry
Proposing Revisions. Revisions are made periodically to the Standard to incorporate changes
that appear necessary or desirable, as demonstrated by the experience gained from the application
of the Standard. Approved revisions will be published periodically.
The Committee welcomes proposals for revisions to this Standard. Such proposals should be
as specific as possible, citing the paragraph number(s), the proposed wording, and a detailed
description of the reasons for the proposal, including any pertinent documentation.
Proposing a Case. Cases may be issued for the purpose of providing alternative rules when
justified, to permit early implementation of an approved revision when the need is urgent, or to
provide rules not covered by existing provisions. Cases are effective immediately upon ASME
approval and shall be posted on the ASME Committee Web page.
Requests for Cases shall provide a Statement of Need and Background Information. The request
should identify the standard, the paragraph, figure or table number(s), and be written as a
Question and Reply in the same format as existing Cases. Requests for Cases should also indicate
the applicable edition(s) of the standard to which the proposed Case applies.
Interpretations. Upon request, the B107 Committee will render an interpretation of any require-
ment of the Standard. Interpretations can only be rendered in response to a written request sent
to the Secretary of the B107 Standards Committee.
The request for interpretation should be clear and unambiguous. It is further recommended
that the inquirer submit his/her request in the following format:
Subject: Cite the applicable paragraph number(s) and the topic of the inquiry.
Edition: Cite the applicable edition of the Standard for which the interpretation is
being requested.
Question: Phrase the question as a request for an interpretation of a specific requirement
suitable for general understanding and use, not as a request for an approval
of a proprietary design or situation. The inquirer may also include any plans
or drawings that are necessary to explain the question; however, they should
not contain proprietary names or information.
Requests that are not in this format will be rewritten in this format by the Committee prior
to being answered, which may inadvertently change the intent of the original request.
ASME procedures provide for reconsideration of any interpretation when or if additional
information that might affect an interpretation is available. Further, persons aggrieved by an
interpretation may appeal to the cognizant ASME Committee or Subcommittee. ASME does not
“approve,” “certify,” “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity.
Attending Committee Meetings. The B107 Committee regularly holds meetings, which are open
to the public. Persons wishing to attend any meeting should contact the Secretary of the B107 Stan-
dards Committee.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- vi
ASME B107.300-2010 (B107.14)
ASME B107.14
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5 Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
6 Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
7 Safety Requirements and Limitations of Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Figures
1 Type I, Class A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Type I, Class B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 Type I, Class C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4 Type I, Class D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5 Type I, Class E, Style 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6 Type I, Class E, Style 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
7 Type II, Class A, Style 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
8 Type II, Class A, Style 3 (Shown Without Interchangeable Head) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
9 Type II, Class B, Style 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
10 Type II, Class B, Style 3 (Shown Without Interchangeable Head) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
11 Type II, Classes A and B, Style 3 (Shown With Interchangeable Head) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
12 Flexible Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
13 Type III, Class A, Style 1, Design A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
14 Type III, Class A, Style 1, Design B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
15 Type III, Class A, Style 2, Design A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
16 Type III, Class A, Style 2, Design B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
17 Type III, Class B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
18 Gravity-Independent Test Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
19 Graduated Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
20 Gravity-Dependent Test Positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
21 Accuracy Test Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Tables
1 Torque Instrument Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2 Torque Instrument Increments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3 Torque Instrument Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4 Torque Instrument Operating Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
1
ASME B107.300-2010 (B107.14)
HAND TORQUE TOOLS (MECHANICAL)
1 SCOPE Design B: clockwise torquing

This Standard provides performance and safety Design C: counterclockwise torquing
requirements for manually operated torque instruments, Style 3: interchangeable head connection
commonly used for mechanical measurement of torque Design A: clockwise (right-hand) and counter-
for control of the tightness of threaded fasteners. It is clockwise (left-hand) torquing
not intended to describe products infrequently utilized Design B: clockwise torquing
or those designed for special purposes. Design C: counterclockwise torquing
This Standard may be used as a guide by state authori- Style 4: flexible ratchet head
ties or other regulatory bodies in the formulation of laws Design A: clockwise (right-hand) and counter-
or regulations. It is also intended for voluntary use by clockwise (left-hand) torquing
establishments that use or manufacture the instruments Design B: clockwise torquing
covered. Design C: counterclockwise torquing
Class B: nongraduated
2 CLASSIFICATION Style 1: nonratcheting
Design A: clockwise (right-hand) and counter-
2.1 Type I: Indicating
clockwise (left-hand) torquing
Class A: deflecting beam Design B: clockwise torquing
Style 1: plain scale
Design C: counterclockwise torquing
Style 2: scale with signal mechanism
Style 2: standard ratcheting head
Style 3: scale with memory indicator
Class B: deflecting beam with interchangeable head
connection clockwise (left-hand) torquing
Style 1: plain scale Design B: clockwise torquing
Style 2: scale with signal mechanism Design C: counterclockwise torquing
Style 3: scale with memory indicator Style 3: interchangeable head connection
Class C: rigid housing Design A: clockwise (right-hand) and counter-
Style 1: plain scale clockwise (left-hand) torquing
Style 2: scale with signal mechanism Design B: clockwise torquing
Style 3: scale with memory indicator Design C: counterclockwise torquing
Class D: rigid housing with interchangeable head con- Style 4: flexible ratchet head
nection Design A: clockwise (right-hand) and counter-
Style 1: plain scale clockwise (left-hand) torquing
Style 2: scale with signal mechanism Design B: clockwise torquing
Style 3: scale with memory indicator Design C: counterclockwise torquing
Class E: screwdriver grip
Style 1: enclosed dial
Style 2: exposed dial 2.3 Type III: Limiting
2.2 Type II: Setting Class A: screwdriver grip

Style 1: graduated
Class A: graduated
Design A: external square drive
Style 1: nonratcheting
Design B: internal hex drive
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
clockwise (left-hand) torquing Style 2: nongraduated

Design B: clockwise torquing Design A: external square drive
Design C: counterclockwise torquing Design B: internal hex dive
Style 2: ratcheting Class B: “T” handle grip
Design A: clockwise (right-hand) and counter- Style 1: nonratcheting
clockwise (left-hand) torquing Style 2: ratcheting
2
ASME B107.300-2010 (B107.14)
3 REFERENCES Fig. 1 Type I, Class A

The following documents form a part of this Standard Scale
to the extent specified herein. The latest edition shall Pointer
be used.
ASME B107.4, Driving and Spindle Ends for Portable
Hand, Impact, Air, and Electric Tools (Percussion Tools
Excluded)
ASME B107.10, Handles and Attachments for Hand
Socket Wrenches Drive Handle
ASME B107.29, Electronic Tester, Hand Torque Tools
Publisher: The American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME), Three Park Avenue, New York,
NY 10016-5990; Order Department: 22 Law Drive, Box
Fig. 2 Type I, Class B
2300, Fairfield, NJ 07007-2300 (www.asme.org)
40
30
Guide to Hand Tools — Selection, Safety Tips, Proper

20
FOOT POUNDS
10
0
10
20
Use and Care 30

40
Publisher: Hand Tools Institute (HTI), 25 North

Broadway, Tarrytown, NY 10591 (www.hti.org)
4 DEFINITIONS 5 REQUIREMENTS
accuracy: the permissible deviation, tolerance, or error Figures 1 through 20 are descriptive and not restric-
band. A higher value means a lower certainty of tive. They are not intended to preclude the manufacture
correctness. or purchase of other forms of torque instruments con-
forming to this Standard.
full scale: see rated capacity. Torque Instruments shall pass all applicable tests in
graduation: a mark on the instrument indicating a torque section 6.
value.
5.1 Design
hand torque instrument: tool combining hand wrenching
and torque measurement functions, formerly referred to 5.1.1 Type I, Classes A, B, C, and D — Indicating
as “hand torque wrench.” (a) Operation. Instruments shall indicate torque
applied through a deflecting member. They shall operate
increment: the value of the difference between adjacent in both clockwise and counterclockwise directions.
graduations.
(1) Type I, Classes A and B — Deflecting Beam. Flexing
indicated value: for Type I, the value the instrument dis- of a cantilever beam connecting the square drive and
plays when torque is applied; for Types II and III, the the hand grip shall provide the basis of operation. Type I,
value to which the instrument is set or preset. Class A deflecting beam torque instruments may be sim-
measured value: the actual torque determined by a torque ilar to that shown in Fig. 1. Type I, Class B deflecting
tester. beam torque instruments may be similar to that shown
in Fig. 2.
operating load: the operating load shall be calculated by (2) Type I, Classes C and D — Rigid Housing. The
dividing the rated capacity by the distance between the
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
deflecting member and dial mechanism shall be

axis of the torque moment and the center of the grip or enclosed within the rigid housing. The pointer and dial
designated load point. face shall be protected by a transparent cover which
rated capacity: for graduated instruments, the maximum shall be so located and constructed as to be reasonably
graduated torque value, also known as full scale; for free from accidental damage resulting from being struck
nongraduated instruments, the maximum manufac- or abraded. Type I, Class C rigid housing torque instru-
turer-specified torque. ments may be similar to that shown in Fig. 3. Type I,
Class D rigid housing torque instruments may be similar
scale: the representation of the range of the instrument, to that shown in Fig. 4.
divided into increments marked by numbered and
(3) Type I, Classes B and D — Interchangeable Head
unnumbered graduations.
Connection. The torque instrument shall be equipped
setting: the amount of torque the instrument is expected with a connection, suitable for accepting a variety of
to apply. mating wrenching heads. The connection and standard
3
ASME B107.300-2010 (B107.14)
Fig. 3 Type I, Class C Fig. 5 Type I, Class E, Style 1

Dial
Drive Housing Hand grip
Fig. 4 Type I, Class D
10
80 20
70 30
60 40
50
wrenching heads shall be designed so that the require-

ments of para. 5.8 are met throughout the specified accu-
racy range. The wrenching heads shall comply with the
requirements of para. 5.5. Indicating torque instruments
with an interchangeable head may be similar to Fig. 2
(Class B) or Fig. 4 (Class D).
(b) Indicator. A dial or scale shall be located to permit torque transmitted through the instrument shall be pro-
convenient and accurate reading. The graduation marks vided. The auxiliary pointer shall function at any gradu-
shall be colored and shaped to be distinct and easily ated torque value within the accuracy requirements of
read. The width of the graduation mark shall not be this Standard. Means shall be provided for resetting the
greater than one-half the adjacent space width. The auxiliary pointer. Normal handling of the instrument
width of the pointer tip or indicator line shall not be shall not cause the auxiliary pointer to be displaced.
greater than the widest graduation mark, nor shall the (h) Type I, Classes A, B, C, and D Torque
pointer completely cover any graduation mark on the Instruments. These shall be calibrated in the direction(s)
outer scale. The pointer shall be located close to the of intended use.
scale face so as to meet the parallax error requirements
5.1.2 Type I, Class E — Indicating, Screwdriver Grip.
of para 6.2.
The grip and the drive shall lie on the same axis of
(c) Hand Position. If, in order to achieve the required
rotation to allow the instrument to be used like a screw-
accuracy, it is necessary to apply the load at a specific
driver. Instruments shall be limited to a capacity of
point on the hand grip, the hand grip shall be pivoted
100 lbf-in. (11.3 N·m) and those with capacities over
at that point.
40 lbf-in. (4.5 N·m) shall be equipped with a 1⁄4 -in.
(d) Auxiliary Functions. Additional features may be
(6.3 mm) female square drive on the top of the handle,
incorporated on the torque instrument to improve accu-
or with other auxiliary driving means.
racy or usefulness. The inclusion of such features shall
(a) Type I, Class E, Style 1 — Enclosed Dial. The pointer
not be cause for rejection of the torque instrument pro-
and face shall be protected by a suitable transparent
viding it conforms to the performance requirements of
cover. The instrument may be similar to that shown in
this Standard.
Fig. 5.
(e) Type I, Classes A, B, C, and D, Style 1 — Plain
(b) Type I, Class E, Style 2 — Exposed Dial. The pointer
Scale. No auxiliary operational features are required.
and face shall be left unprotected. The instrument may
(f) Type I, Classes A, B, C, and D, Style 2 — Scale With
be similar to that shown in Fig. 6.
Signal Mechanism. A signal mechanism capable of being
Type I, Class E torque instruments shall be calibrated
adjusted without the use of tools to any graduated value
in the direction(s) of intended use.
of the instrument shall be provided. The signal shall
operate automatically within the accuracy requirements 5.1.3 Type II — Setting
of this Standard. (a) Operation. Instruments shall sense torque transmit-
(g) Type I, Classes A, B, C, and D, Style 3 — Scale With ted by comparing the torque applied with a
Memory Indicator. An auxiliary pointer or other device self-contained standard. The transmission of the pre-
capable of retaining an indication of the maximum selected value shall be indicated by a physical impulse,
4
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ASME B107.300-2010 (B107.14)
Fig. 6 Type I, Class E, Style 2 Fig. 9 Type II, Class B, Style 2
4
2 2 Hand grip
4
6 6
8 8
2 10
10 1 1
14 1
2 4
Drive Barrel
2 4
10 1 1
14 1
2 10
8
Fig. 10 Type II, Class B, Style 3
8
6 6
4 4
(Shown Without Interchangeable Head)
2 2
Fig. 7 Type II, Class A, Style 2
Graduated scale Hand grip Fig. 11 Type II, Classes A and B, Style 3
(Shown With Interchangeable Head)
Drive Barrel
Lock
Fig. 8 Type II, Class A, Style 3

(Shown Without Interchangeable Head)
(e) Type II, Class B — Nongraduated. The torque instru-

ment shall not be graduated or equipped with a means
for graduated adjustment. A separate tool or implement
with or without audible signal, which shall cause a tem- shall be required to engage the adjustment provision of
porary reduction in the torque applied. Operation shall the instrument in order to select the controlling torque
be such as to minimize abrupt overtravel. Reset shall be value. Means shall be provided to protect the torque
automatic upon release of load application. setting from accidental changes. Nongraduated setting
(b) Hand Position. If, in order to achieve the required type torque instruments may be similar to those shown
accuracy, it is necessary to apply the load at a specific in Figs. 9 and 10.
location on the handgrip other than the center, the hand- (f) Type II, Classes A and B, Style 1 — Nonratcheting. A
grip shall be so designed or marked. square drive tang without auxiliary operational features
(c) Auxiliary Functions. Additional features may be shall be provided. The drive shall comply with the
incorporated in the torque instrument to improve accu- requirements of para. 5.5.1.
racy or usefulness. The inclusion of such features shall (g) Type II, Classes A and B, Style 2 — Ratcheting. The
not be cause for rejection of the torque instrument, pro- square drive tang provided shall be equipped with a
viding it otherwise conforms to the requirements of this ratcheting mechanism. The ratchet shall comply with
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Standard. the requirements of para. 5.5.2.

(d) Type II, Class A — Graduated. A graduated scale (h) Type II, Classes A and B, Style 3 — Interchangeable
with increments appropriately numbered shall be Head Connection. The torque instrument shall be
located on the instrument and positioned as to permit equipped with a connection, suitable for accepting a
convenient reading. Selection of the desired torque value variety of mating wrenching heads. The connection and
shall be made by manual means, using a handgrip, and standard wrenching heads shall be designed so that
shall not require a separate tool or implement. Provision the requirements of para. 5.8 are met throughout the
shall be made to indicate accurately the selected torque specified accuracy range. The wrenching heads shall
value on the graduated scale. A suitable portion of the comply with the requirements of para. 5.5.4. Setting
torque instrument grip shall be designed to facilitate torque instruments with an interchangeable head may
turning of the adjustable portion of the grip. Means shall be similar to that shown in Fig. 11.
be provided to protect the torque setting from accidental (i) Type II, Classes A and B, Style 4 — Flexible Ratchet
changes and shall not require a separate tool or imple- Head. A flexible joint shall be provided to allow the
ment. Graduated setting type torque instruments may body to flex about an axis that is in a plane perpendicular
be similar to those shown in Figs. 7 and 8. to the axis of the drive tang and perpendicular to the
5
ASME B107.300-2010 (B107.14)
Fig. 12 Flexible Head Fig. 14 Type III, Class A, Style 1, Design B
Fig. 15 Type III, Class A, Style 2, Design A

Fig. 13 Type III, Class A, Style 1, Design A
2
6
14
22
18
Fig. 16 Type III, Class A, Style 2, Design B

axis of the body (see Fig. 12). Flex angle shall be limited
to an amount that will contain the induced torque accu-
racy error including the instrument tolerance error to
within the accuracy specified in para. 5.8. A mechanism
shall be provided to maintain the ratchet head under its
own weight in one or more positions including one that
with a means for graduated adjustment. A separate tool
places the drive axis perpendicular to the longitudinal
or implement shall be required to engage the adjustment
axis of the instrument. The ratchet shall comply with
provision of the instrument in order to select the torque
the requirements of para. 5.5.2.
value. Means shall be provided to protect the torque
(j) Type II Torque Instruments. These shall be calibrated
setting from accidental changes. The instrument may be
in the direction(s) of intended use.
similar to that shown in Figs. 15 and 16.
5.1.4 Type III — Limiting (c) Type III, Class A, Styles 1 and 2, Design A — External
(a) Operation. Limiting torque instruments shall oper- Square Drive. A 1⁄4-in. (6.3 mm) square drive tang with-
ate by releasing the drive tang at the preselected torque out auxiliary operational features shall be provided. The
value followed by automatic reset. The release and reset drive shall comply with the requirements of para. 5.5.1.
sequence shall occur a minimum of two times in one (d) Type III, Class A, Styles 1 and 2, Design B — Internal
full revolution of the drive. The reset action should not Hex Drive. A 1⁄4-in. (6.3 mm) hexagon socket drive inte-
cause a reverse torque (backlash), which might tend to gral with the torque instrument shall be provided. The
loosen the fastener being tightened. drive shall comply with the requirements of para. 5.5.3.
(b) Type III, Class A — Screwdriver Grip. The instru- (e) Type III, Class B — “T” Handle Grip. The instrument
ment shall be in a screwdriver configuration. The full shall be in a “T” handle configuration and may be similar
scale setting of Type III, Class A instruments shall not to that shown in Fig. 17. The instrument shall not be
exceed 40 lbf-in. (4.5 N·m).1 graduated nor equipped with a means for graduated
(1) Type III, Class A, Style 1 — Graduated. A gradua- adjustment. A separate tool or implement shall be
ted scale with increments appropriately numbered shall required to engage the adjustment provision of the
be located on the instrument and positioned so as to instrument in order to select the controlling torque value.
permit convenient reading. Selection of the torque value Means shall be provided to protect the torque setting
shall be made by manual means not requiring a separate from accidental changes. The full scale setting shall not
tool or implement. Provision shall be made to indicate exceed 150 lbf-in. (16.9 N·m). The drive shall comply
accurately the selected torque value on the graduated with the requirements of para. 5.5.1.
scale. The adjustment means shall be adequately pro- (1) Type III, Class B, Style 1 — Nonratcheting. A
tected against accidental change by an appropriate square drive tang without auxiliary operational features
device or lock not requiring a separate tool or imple- shall be provided.
ment. The instrument may be similar to that shown in (2) Type III, Class B, Style 2 — Ratcheting. A square
Figs. 13 and 14. drive tang with an integral ratcheting mechanism shall
(2) Type III, Class A, Style 2 — Nongraduated. The be provided. The ratchet shall be nonreversible and pro-
torque instrument shall not be graduated or equipped vide driving engagement in the clockwise direction. The
ratchet shall index a minimum of eight times in one full
1
This limitation is for safety reasons. revolution of the drive.
6
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ASME B107.300-2010 (B107.14)
Fig. 17 Type III, Class B Table 1 Torque Instrument Capacity

Drive Size Maximum Torque
in. mm lbf-in. lbf-ft N·m

1
⁄4 6.3 250 ... 30
3
⁄8 10.0 1,200 100 135
1
⁄2 12.5 3,000 250 340
3
⁄4 20.0 8,400 700 1 000
1 25.0 ... 2,000 2 700
11⁄2 40.0 ... 6,000 9 000
associated with hand tools, and they shall not peel,

crack, or blister in such use or storage. Minor blemishes
shall be permitted provided they do not detract substan-
tially from the appearance or operation of the torque
instrument. Cadmium plating shall not be used as a
coating.
Type III instruments shall be calibrated in a clockwise 5.5 Drives
direction.
5.5.1 Plain Square Drives. Drive tangs shall con-
5.2 Materials form to the requirements of ASME B107.4. The square
The materials used in the manufacture of torque drive shall be oriented so two of the opposite flats are
instruments shall be such as to ensure compliance with parallel within 5 deg of the longitudinal axis of the
the requirements of this Standard. torque instrument. The drive ball or similar retaining
mechanism shall be located as shown in Fig. 1.
5.3 Marking
5.5.2 Ratchet Drives. The operational characteris-
Torque instruments shall be marked in a legible and tics of ratchet drives incorporated in all ratchet drive
permanent manner with the following information: torque instruments shall conform to the requirements
(a) the manufacturer’s name or a trademark of such of ASME B107.10M.
known character that the source of manufacture and
country of origin shall be readily determined 5.5.3 Internal Hex Drives. Internal hex drives used
(b) model number in Type III, Class A, Styles 1 and 2, Design B instruments
(c) units of torque shall accommodate screwdriver bits meeting the
requirements of ASME B107.4. Insertion and removal of
NOTE: While torque may commonly be expressed as in.-oz, in.-lb, bits shall be accomplished without the use of tools, and
or ft-lb, etc., it is proper to indicate that these measures use force,
not mass. The preferred expressions are ozf-in., lbf-in., and lbf-ft.
means shall be provided to hold the bits securely in
place.
(d) arrow or arrows with the word “TORQUES” or
“TORQUE” indicating the direction of torque for instru- 5.5.4 Interchangeable Heads. Heads other than
ments that are calibrated in one direction. plain square drives or ratchet drives shall meet the
Optional markings such as serial number, conversion appropriate dimensional and testing requirements of the
table, secondary torque scale, date code, or month and ASME specification covering the head type.
and year of manufacture (e.g., 12/02 for December 2002), 5.6 Capacity
etc., may also be included.
The rated capacity of the torque instrument shall not
5.4 Finish exceed the limit specified in Table 1.
5.4.1 Surfaces. All exterior surfaces shall be thor- 5.7 Increments
oughly cleaned, free from cracks, and essentially free
The range between the lowest and highest graduated
from burrs, pits, nodules, and other detrimental
values shall be divided into equal increments. The value
conditions.
of each increment shall be equal to or less than that
5.4.2 Coating. Coatings shall be tightly adherent, specified by Table 2. For Type I instruments, graduations
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
uniform in appearance, and free from conditions that shall be identified by appropriate numbers at intervals
would prevent full compliance with the requirements not greater than each tenth increment. The lowest gradu-
of this Standard. They shall protect the base metal from ated value shall be no greater than 20% of the highest
corrosion under use and storage conditions normally graduated value on Types I and II torque instruments.
7
ASME B107.300-2010 (B107.14)
Table 2 Torque Instrument Increments

Maximum Increment Value as
Instrument Type Percent of Rated Capacity
I 5
II 2
III 6
Table 3 Torque Instrument Accuracy

20% to 100% of Rated Capacity Below 20% of Rated Capacity
Type Class/Style/Design (times Indicated Value) (times Rated Capacity)
I All ±4% ±0.8%

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
II Classes A and B, Styles 1,2, and 3, ±4% CW, ±6% CCW ±0.8% CW, ±1.2% CCW
Design A
II Classes A and B, Style 4, Design A ±4% unflexed, +4%−10% flexed CW; ±0.8% unflexed, +0.8%−2% flexed CW;
±6% unflexed, +6%−12% flexed CCW ±1.2% unflexed, +1.2%−2.4% flexed CCW
II Classes A and B, Style 4, ±4% unflexed, +4%−10% flexed ±0.8% unflexed, +0.8%−2% flexed
Designs B and C
II All others ±4% ±0.8%
III All ±6% CW only ±1.2% CW only
Fig. 18 Gravity-Independent Test Position Table 4 Torque Instrument Operating Load

Torque tester Drive Size Maximum Load
in. mm lbf N
Support 1
⁄4 6.3 50 220
3
⁄8 10 125 555
1
⁄2 12.5 175 780
This requirement shall not apply to nongraduated 3
⁄4 20 250 1 110
instruments. 1 and larger 25 and larger 300 1 335
5.8 Accuracy
The difference between the indicated value and mea-
sured value of a torque instrument shall not exceed val- Instruments with an interchangeable head connection
ues shown in Table 3 when tested in the horizontal (with shall be tested with a properly rated head so that the
the drive in the vertical) orientation (see Fig. 18). head will not fail during testing.
Testing shall be performed at a temperature not fluctu-
5.9 Operating Load ating by more than 2°F (1°C). This temperature shall be
Loads applied to the center of the handgrip or desig- in the range of 64°F (17°C) to 82°F (27°C) (maximum
nated load point shall not exceed those shown in Table 4 relative humidity 90%) and shall be documented.
when an amount of torque equal to the rated capacity
has been transmitted through it. Appropriate extension
handles shall be used as provided by the manufacturer. 6.1 Visual Examination
This requirement shall not apply to Type I, Class E nor Conformance with requirements not verified by test
Type III instruments. shall be established by visual examination. Coating com-
position and characteristics shall be determined either
by appropriate tests or reference to manufacturer’s spec-
6 TESTS
ifications, drawings, or procurement documents. For
Many tests required herein are inherently hazardous graduated torque instruments, if the graduated scale is
and adequate safeguards for personnel and property such that major graduations are on the barrel and minor
shall be employed in conducting such tests. These tests graduations are on the handgrip and one full rotation
are designed to evaluate the tools and materials and do of the handgrip advances one graduation on the barrel,
not condone the use of the tools in an environment, or then the zero graduation on the handgrip must align
in a manner, inconsistent with safe use of the tools. with the corresponding graduation on the barrel within
8
ASME B107.300-2010 (B107.14)
Fig. 19 Graduated Range any test sequence is begun. After the unrecorded opera-
tions and before any test operation is begun, Type I
instruments shall be adjusted to indicate zero torque
applied in the plane of operation before instrument is
IN LBS
200
put onto tester. Types II and III instruments shall be
180
140
160 adjusted to lowest graduation prior to setting the first
120
100
60
80 Graduation test point. Type I, Style 2 instruments shall have the
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
40
signal device adjusted between each test operation.
4 2 0 18 16 Increments If, during a torque setting adjustment with a Type II
or Type III graduated instrument, the target test value
is exceeded on the scale, the instrument shall be first
adjusted back to below the target value, and then back
to the target test value. All torque instruments shall
also be operated three times at each test point before
recording readings at that point.
(e) Test Operation. Torque shall be applied at the
appropriate place within the designated hand position
plus/minus one increment throughout its entire gradua-
until the instrument indicates and/or signals the target
ted range (see Fig. 19).
torque value. The value shown by the tester shall be
6.2 Parallax Error Type I read and recorded. Immediately following the taking of
the tester reading, torque shall be removed from the
The torque instrument scale shall be located so that instrument. On Type II instruments, three readings shall
it is in a horizontal plane. The pointer shall be adjusted be taken at each of the three target torque settings begin-
to indicate zero when viewed from directly above the ning with the lowest. On Type III instruments, six read-
scale. The viewing plane shall be rotated 45 deg clock- ings shall be taken at each of the three target settings
wise about an axis through the pointer and the apparent beginning with the lowest. Each reading taken at each
change in the relationship between the pointer and scale test point shall be within the allowed tolerance of the
observed. The change shall not exceed 4% of the maxi- instrument.
mum graduated value. (1) Type I, Classes A, B, C, and D. The pointer or
6.3 Accuracy needle of the torque instrument shall be adjusted to
indicate zero torque applied in the plane of operation
(a) Test Equipment. Accuracy testing shall be per- before being mounted in the tester for any test sequence.
formed on equipment capable of indicating torque Classes A, B, C, and D, Style 2 torque instruments shall
applied with an accuracy of 25% or less of the accuracy have the signal device appropriately adjusted between
requirement of the instrument under test. Interpolated each test operation.
readings of measuring equipment shall be made no more (2) Type II. The torque shall be applied at a rate
precisely than one-half of the smallest increment. Accu- sufficiently slow and steady so that after the release, the
racy of the test equipment shall be independently veri- instrument will not over-travel causing the test equip-
fied by a route traceable to the National Institute of ment to indicate torque in excess of the release setting.
Standards and Technology (NIST).
(3) Type III. The torque shall be applied at a rate
(b) Test Points. All torque instruments except nongrad- sufficiently slow and steady so that the torque at the
uated types shall be subjected to an accuracy test at point of release can be accurately read.
the graduated value nearest to 20%, 60%, and 100% of
maximum graduated value. Nongraduated instruments 6.4 Gravity Error
shall be tested at the value at which they are set, or if
supplied not set, at the full scale setting of the instrument
6.4.1 Type I. The torque instrument shall be located
so it is in a horizontal plane and the drive in a vertical
maximum rated torque value and at a value equal to
plane. The pointer shall be adjusted to indicate zero
20% of the rated capacity. Refer to flowchart in Fig. 21.
when viewed from directly above the scale. The torque
(c) Load Position. All accuracy test loads shall be
instrument shall then be rotated and supported at each
applied at the midpoint of the handgrip or designated
end so the scale is in a vertical plane and the pointer
load point in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the
axis is horizontal. In this position, and when viewed at
instrument drive tang. Flexible head instruments shall
90 deg to the scale, the pointer shall not be off the zero
be tested in the unflexed position.
position more than ±2% of the maximum graduated
(d) Test Sequence. Accuracy test readings shall be taken
value.
in progression from lower torque values to higher. All
instruments shall be operated three times at 100% of 6.4.2 Types II and III. The gravity-induced error test
maximum graduated value in the direction of test before shall be conducted immediately after the accuracy test
9
ASME B107.300-2010 (B107.14)
Fig. 20 Gravity-Dependent Test Positions
Load
Up
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Load
Load
(a) Gravity and force in
the same direction
Up
(b) Gravity and force in

opposing directions
Load
at the lowest test point specified in para. 6.3(b). The para. 6.3, and shall be rejected if the tests are not satisfac-
instrument shall meet the accuracy requirements speci- torily completed.
fied below with the instrument oriented in each position If the instrument passes the above tests, it shall then be
shown in Fig. 20. loaded to 50% of rated capacity and completely relieved
Instruments shall operate within the accuracy limits 20,000 times in each calibrated direction of operation.
in para. 5.8 in any orientation with respect to gravity Accurate performance shall not be required at the con-
except that the allowable increase in accuracy percentage clusion of this test, but deformation or physical failure
due to orientation influenced by gravity shall be limited shall be cause for rejection.
to 2% of set torque when the rated capacity of the instru-
ment is under 251 lbf-in. (32.6 N·m) or over 250 lbf-ft 6.6 Flexible Head Error Test
(339 N·m). This test shall be conducted on Type II, Class A, Style 4
Flexible head instruments shall be tested in the instruments after the gravity error test. The instrument
unflexed position. shall be tested in accordance with para. 6.3, but with
the body of the instrument at the maximum flexed
6.5 Calibration Life and Overload angles. The accuracy of the instrument shall be within
The calibration life tests shall be performed after the the limits in Table 3.
accuracy test has been satisfactorily completed.
The torque instrument shall be loaded to rated capac-
7 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS AND LIMITATIONS OF
ity and completely relieved 5,000 times in each cali-
USE
brated direction of operation at the rate of 60 cycles per
minute or less. Types I and II instruments shall then be (a) Instructors and employers shall stress proper use
loaded once to 125% of rated capacity in each calibrated and safety in the use of torque instruments, information
direction of operation. Type II, Style 4 instruments shall about which can be found in the HTI publication, Guide
be loaded in the maximum flexed position. to Hand Tools—Selection, Safety Tips, Proper Use and Care.
The instrument shall be examined for physical failure (b) Torque instruments shall be supplied with instruc-
and shall be rejected if evidence of physical failure is tions indicating their accuracy limits, direction of opera-
found. The instrument shall then be subjected to the tion, application, use, care, and guidance on the proper
requirements of para. 5.8 and the test procedure of use of adapters and extensions. The instructions shall
10
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Fig. 21 Accuracy Test Flowchart

Repeat Accuracy
Start Test in opposite
direction.
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

Tester preparation Apply 100% Type I Load instrument Load instrument Load instrument
[Note (1)]. Apply graduated value or Zero indicator six times at 20% of six times at 60% of six times at 100%
rated capacity loads in MIC to instrument or Pointer MIC. Record MIC. Record of MIC. Record No
direction of test three times [Note (2)] last three readings. last three readings. last three readings.
three times.
CW and CCW
Zero tester both tested?
Type II Load instrument Load instrument Load instrument

Class A six times at 20% of six times at 60% of six times at 100% Yes
Set instrument MIC. Record MIC. Record of MIC setting.
to 20% of MIC last three readings. last three readings. Record last
three readings.
Yes
Type II Load instrument Load instrument
Class B six times at 20% of six times at 100% Is instrument
Set instrument MIC. Record of MIC. Record Design A?
11
to 20% of MIC last three readings. last three readings.
Not for Resale

No
ASME B107.300-2010 (B107.14)
Type III Load instrument Load instrument Load instrument

Class A Style I six times at LGV. six times at 60% of six times at 100%
Set instrument Record last MIC setting. Record of MIC setting.
to LGV [Note (3)] three readings. last three readings. Record last
three readings.
Type III Load instrument Load instrument Compare recorded

Class A Style 2 six times at 20% of six times at 100% test results toTable 3
or Class B MIC. Record of MIC. Record for instrument type
Set instrument last three readings. last three readings. and make compliance
to 20% of MIC decision
[Note (3)]
Accuracy Test
LGV = lowest graduated value complete
MIC = maximum instrument capacity
NOTES:
(1) From B107.29, para. 6.1.2.
(2) If instrument is Type I, Style 2, set signal mechanism to test point value prior to testing each point.
(3) Type III wrenches are tested in clockwise direction only.
ASME B107.300-2010 (B107.14)
indicate the extent to which design features of the instru- (e) The failure to follow manufacturer instructions
ment, such as flexible or interchangeable heads, affect [see para. 7(b)] for the use of these instruments is far
the accuracy of the instrument. more serious than with most hand tools. For most hand
(c) Torque instruments perform correctly only when tools, improper use will harm only the user, but
properly used, cared for, and calibrated. improper use of a torque instrument could lead to sys-
(d) A fastener improperly torqued with a torque temic failure.
instrument may be very dangerous even if the torque
wrench is in proper working order, or appears to be in
proper working order but is out of calibration.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
12
ASME B107.300-2010 (B107.28)
ASME B107.28
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5 Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6 Test Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7 Safety Requirements and Limitations of Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Figure
1 Drive Ball Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Tables
1 Torque Instrument Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2 Torque Instrument Operating Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
13
ASME B107.300-2010 (B107.28)
ELECTRONIC TORQUE INSTRUMENTS
1 SCOPE in accordance with this Standard. Conformance with

requirements not verified by test shall be established by
This Standard provides performance and safety
visual examination. Coatings composition and charac-
requirements for manually operated electronic torque
teristics shall be determined either by appropriate tests
instruments with integral or interchangeable heads. It
or reference to manufacturer’s specifications, drawings,
includes requirements for endurance, torque value
or procurement documents.
ranges, and accuracy for these torque instruments. It is
not intended to describe products infrequently utilized 5.1 Design
or those designed for special purposes.
The torque instrument shall be capable of electroni-
cally indicating the torque applied through the use of a
2 CLASSIFICATION transducer and digital display. The torque value readout
2.1 Type I: Electronic Torque Instruments shall be visible at a viewing angle up to 45 deg from
One percent accuracy. normal. It shall have an integral power supply capable of
meeting the requirements specified in para. 5.11. When
2.2 Type II: Electronic Torque Instruments tested in accordance with para. 6.1, the maximum allow-
Four percent accuracy. able digital conversion time shall not exceed 100 msec
(minimum of 10 times per second).
3 REFERENCES 5.2 Finish
The following documents are referenced in this Exterior surfaces of the torque instrument shall be
Standard. The latest edition shall be used. smoothly finished. Sharp edges and corners capable of
causing injury shall be removed and parts subject to
ASME B107.4, Driving and Spindle Ends for Portable
corrosion shall be appropriately protected. Minor blem-
Hand, Impact, Air, and Electric Tools (Percussion Tools
ishes shall be permitted provided they do not detract
Excluded)
substantially from the appearance or operation of the
ASME B107.10, Handles and Attachments for Hand
torque instrument. Protection from environmental dam-
Socket Wrenches — Inch and Metric Series
age shall be provided by suitable coating or transparent
Publisher: The American Society of Mechanical cover.
Engineers (ASME), Three Park Avenue, New York,
NY 10016-5990; Order Department: 22 Law Drive, Box 5.3 Coatings
2300, Fairfield, NJ 07007-2300 (www.asme.org) Coatings shall be tightly adherent, uniform in appear-
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Guide to Hand Tools — Selection, Safety Tips, Proper ance, and free from conditions that would prevent full
Use and Care compliance with the requirements of this Standard. They
Publisher: Hand Tools Institute (HTI), 25 North shall protect the base metal from corrosion under use
Broadway, Tarrytown, NY 10591 (www.hti.org) and storage conditions normally associated with hand
tools, and they shall not peel, crack, or blister in such use
4 DEFINITIONS or storage. Minor blemishes shall be permitted provided
they do not detract substantially from the appearance
accuracy: the permissible deviation, tolerance, or error
or operation of the torque instrument. Cadmium plating
band. A higher value means a lower certainty of
shall not be used as a coating.
correctness.
rated capacity: the maximum intended torque the user 5.4 Drives
shall measure or apply. Drives shall conform to the requirements of ASME
B107.4.
5 REQUIREMENTS 5.4.1 Plain Square Drive. The square drive shall be
The illustration shown herein is descriptive and not oriented so two of the opposite flats are parallel within
restrictive, and is not intended to preclude the manufac- 5 deg of the longitudinal axis of the instrument. The
ture of an electronic torque instrument that is otherwise drive ball shall be located as shown in Fig. 1.
14
ASME B107.300-2010 (B107.28)
Fig. 1 Drive Ball Location not deviate more than 1% of the applied torque in a
clockwise and 1.5% of the applied torque in a counter-
clockwise hand direction for Type I and 4% in a clock-
wise and 6% in a counterclockwise hand direction for
Ball location Type II.
5.9 Calibration and Cycle Life

Table 1 Torque Instrument Capacity
The torque instrument shall pass the test in para. 6.2.
Drive Size Maximum Load
5.10 Overload
in. mm lbf-in. lbf-ft N·m
The instrument shall have a warning device to indicate
1
⁄4 6.3 250 ... 30 when the applied torque has exceeded its rated capacity
3
⁄8 10.0 1,200 100 135
1 and shall pass the test in para. 6.3.
⁄2 12.5 3,000 250 340
3
⁄4 20.0 ... 700 1 000
5.11 Battery Life
The torque instrument shall pass the test specified in
para. 6.4 and shall have an indicator to warn of a low
Table 2 Torque Instrument Operating Load battery condition. On a torque instrument having the
Drive Size Maximum Load capability of storing torque readings, the indicator shall
store values internally or give sufficient notice to allow
in. mm lb N
for downloading of the stored values to a data logger
1
⁄4 6.3 50 220 or similar device.
3
⁄8 10.0 125 555
1
⁄2 12.5 150 670 5.12 Marking
3
⁄4 20.0 250 1 110
The torque instrument shall be marked in a legible
manner with the following information:
(a) the manufacturer’s name or a trademark of such
5.4.2 Ratchet Drive. The operational characteristics known character that enables positive identification of
of the ratchet when incorporated shall conform to the the manufacturer
requirements of ASME B107.10. (b) model number and serial number
(c) rated capacity with units of measure
5.5 Operating Range
(d) load position (on instruments for which accuracy
The rated capacity of the torque instrument shall not is dependent upon load position)
exceed the limit specified in Table 1. The lowest indicated
value shall be no greater than 20% of the rated capacity. 5.13 Operating Modes
At least one of the following shall be provided:
5.6 Resolution
(a) Track Mode. The torque instrument shall allow
The range between the lowest and highest values shall direct measurement of the torque applied and shall dis-
be divided into equal increments. The size of each incre- play the value.
ment shall be equal to or less than 0.1% of the rated (b) Peak Mode. The torque instrument shall allow
capacity value for Type I and 0.4% for Type II. direct measurement of the torque applied and shall dis-
play the highest value since last reset for a minimum of
5.7 Operating Loads
5 sec.
The load required to achieve the rated capacity of the
instrument shall not exceed those shown in Table 2. The
load must be applied to the center of the designated 6 TEST PROCEDURES
handgrip or marked load position and perpendicular to Many tests required herein are inherently hazardous
the instrument axis (centerline). Extension handles shall and adequate safeguards for personnel and property
be used when provided by the manufacturer. shall be employed in conducting such tests. These tests
are designed to evaluate the tools and materials and do
5.8 Accuracy not condone the use of the tools in an environment, or
The torque instrument shall operate within the accu- in a manner inconsistent with safe use of the tools.
racy limits specified herein throughout its calibrated Testing shall be performed at a temperature not fluctu-
range. The calibrated range shall be from 20% or less to ating by more than 2°F (1°C). This temperature shall be
100% of the rated capacity value. Within the calibrated in the range of 64°F (17°C) to 82°F (27°C) (maximum
range, the value indicated by the torque instrument shall relative humidity 90%) and shall be documented.
15 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ASME B107.300-2010 (B107.28)
6.1 Accuracy Tests 6.3 Overload Test

The instrument shall be loaded three times to maxi- The torque instrument shall be loaded once to 125%
mum capacity and the instrument reset to zero before of its rated capacity in each a clockwise and a counter-
accuracy tests are conducted. Accuracy tests on the clockwise direction using a known torque reference. The
torque instrument shall be conducted at 20%, 60%, and torque instrument shall show no signs of permanent
100% of rated capacity. Three readings shall be taken deformation or physical failure. Accurate performance
at each test point starting with the lowest value and shall not be required at the conclusion of this test.
progressing to the rated capacity. Each reading taken at
each test point shall be within the allowed tolerance of
6.4 Battery Life Test
the instrument being measured. When the sequence has
been completed with the readings at the highest target When the torque instrument is continually cycled at
value, the test load shall be relieved and the torque its maximum power consumption, battery life shall be
instrument removed from the tester. All test loads shall 10 hr minimum. The instrument shall not be cycled in
be applied at the midpoint of the handgrip or at the excess of four cycles per minute.
marked load position.
The test shall be performed on equipment capable of
indicating torque applied within an accuracy of ±0.25% 7 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS AND LIMITATIONS OF
for Type I and ±1% for Type II at any point within the USE
calibrated range of the torque instrument. Interpolated
readings of the measuring equipment shall be made no (a) Instructors and employers shall stress proper use
more precisely than one-half of the smallest increment. and safety in the use of electronic torque instruments,
Accuracy of test equipment shall be independently veri- information about which can be found in the HTI publi-
fied by a route traceable to the National Institute of cation, Guide to Hand Tools—Selection, Safety Tips, Proper
Standards and Technology (NIST). Use and Care.
(b) Each electronic torque instrument shall be sup-
6.2 Calibration and Cycle Life Test
plied with instructions covering its accuracy, applica-
The torque instrument shall meet, without recalibration, calibration, installation, setup, and safe use.
tion (adjustment of electronic circuitry) or adjustments
(c) Torque instruments perform correctly only when
to the instrument, the accuracy requirements after being
properly used, cared for, and calibrated.
stressed from no load to rated capacity, 5,000 times in
a clockwise direction and then in a counterclockwise (d) A fastener improperly torqued with a torque
direction at a rate not to exceed 20 operations per instrument may be very dangerous even if the torque
minute. Subsequently, the instrument shall be stressed wrench is in proper working order, or appears to be in
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
from no load to 50% of rated capacity, 20,000 times in proper working order but is out of calibration.
a clockwise direction and then 20,000 times in a counter- (e) The failure to follow manufacturer instructions
clockwise direction at a rate not to exceed 20 times per [see para. 7(b)] for the use of these instruments is far
minute. The instrument, after recalibration and minor more serious than with most hand tools. For most hand
adjustment if necessary, shall meet the accuracy require- tools, improper use will harm only the user, but
ments. Instrument display shall be active. Batteries may improper use of a torque instrument could lead to sys-
be replaced as required. temic failure.
16
ASME B107.300-2010 (B107.29)
ASME B107.29
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5 Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6 Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
7 Safety Requirements and Limitations of Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
17
ASME B107.300-2010 (B107.29)
ELECTRONIC TESTER, HAND TORQUE TOOLS
1 SCOPE peak: the maximum torque value reached during the

process of applying the load to the wrench.
This Standard provides performance and safety
requirements for electronic torque testers used for check- rated capacity: the maximum intended torque the user
ing manually operated hand-held torque wrenches and shall measure or apply.
torque screwdrivers. resolution: the smallest distinguishable change in dis-
played value.
2 CLASSIFICATION track: continuous readout of torque applied at any
moment.
2.1 Type I: Torque Tester With Torque-Generating
Unit usable range of the transducer: the range to which the
Class A: accuracy ±0.25% of indicated value accuracy requirements of para. 5.2 are applied.
Class B: accuracy ±0.50% of indicated value
Class C: accuracy ±1% of indicated value 5 REQUIREMENTS
2.2 Type II: Torque Tester With Hand Actuation The tester shall pass all tests in section 6. Conformance
Class A: accuracy ±0.25% of indicated value with requirements not verified by test shall be estab-
Class B: accuracy ±0.50% of indicated value lished by visual examination. The composition and char-
Class C: accuracy ±1% of indicated value acteristics of coatings and finishes shall be determined
either by appropriate tests or by reference to the manu-
facturer ’s specifications, drawing, or procurement
3 REFERENCES documents.
The following documents are referenced in this
5.1 Design
Standard. The latest edition shall be used.
The tester shall be designed for checking clockwise
ASME B107.4, Driving and Spindle Ends for Portable and counterclockwise hand torque tools conforming to
Hand, Impact, Air, and Electric Tools (Percussion Tools ASME B107.14 and ASME B107.28.
Excluded) The tester shall consist of the following components:
ASME B107.14, Hand Torque Tools (Mechanical)
(a) Electronic Torque Indicator. The tester shall have an
ASME B107.28, Electronic Torque Instruments
electronic digital indicator. The digital indicator must be
Publisher: The American Society of Mechanical easily viewed and accessed by the operator. Indications
Engineers (ASME), Three Park Avenue, New York, shall be provided on the panel of the digital indicator
NY 10016-5990; Order Department: 22 Law Drive, P.O. to indicate, at a minimum, the following conditions:
Box 2300, Fairfield, NJ 07007-2300 (www.asme.org) (1) power on
Guide to Hand Tools — Selection, Safety Tips, Proper (2) torque units of measure
Use and Care (3) operating modes
Publisher: Hand Tools Institute (HTI), 25 North (a) first peak
Broadway, Tarrytown, NY 10591 (www.hti.org) (b) peak
(c) track
4 DEFINITIONS (4) clockwise or counterclockwise operation
(b) Controls. All controls shall be readily accessible
accuracy: the difference between a known applied torque and clearly identified.
and the torque displayed on the electronic indicator mea- (c) Overload Indication. A visual, audible, or both,
sured in percentage of the displayed torque. overload indication shall be provided.
first peak: the maximum torque value just prior to the (d) Calibration Adjustment. A means shall be provided
torque drop-off, which on Type II torque wrenches to calibrate the equipment or change any calibration
occurs as the wrench begins its momentary reduction factor or other correction data stored in the memory of
in torque. the equipment.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 18
ASME B107.300-2010 (B107.29)
(e) Torque Transducers. Multiple torque transducers in the range of 64°F (17°C) to 82°F (27°C) (maximum
may be used to cover the range of the torque tester. relative humidity 90%) and shall be documented.
Transducers shall be interchangeable. The usable range
of the transducer shall be clearly indicated on the trans- 6.1 Accuracy Tests
ducer’s label. The drives on the transducer, adapter, or 6.1.1 Measuring Equipment. Accuracy testing shall
both, shall conform to ASME B107.4. be performed by the use of a deadweight standard. The
(f) Torque-Generating Unit. The Type I tester shall have accuracy of the deadweight standard (weights and cali-
a torque-generating unit. The torque-generating unit’s bration arms combined) shall be at least four times better
sensitivity must be commensurate with the resolution than the accuracy of the tested electronic torque tester.
of the indicator. During testing, the application of the
load on the handle shall be applied in accordance with 6.1.2 Test Sequence. Accuracy test readings shall
the test procedure specified in ASME B107.28 and be taken in progression from lower torque values to
ASME B107.14. higher ones.
(a) The torque tester shall be loaded to rated capacity
5.2 Accuracy and Resolution three times in the direction of test.
Accuracy of the measured torque and resolution shall (b) The load shall be removed and the tester shall be
not exceed the values shown below. zeroed.
Resolution
(c) Accuracy test readings shall be taken from low
Class (Percent of Rated Capacity) Accuracy to high.
(d) Repeat from step (a) using next direction of test
A 0.01 ±0.25
as applicable.
B 0.02 ±0.50
C 0.05 ±1.00
6.2 Overload Test
The accuracy test shall be conducted at a minimum
The torque tester shall be loaded once to 125% of full
of three values, including both ends of the usable range.
capacity in each direction. The torque tester shall be
5.3 Materials capable of withstanding an amount of torque equal to
125% of maximum capacity in each direction without
The materials used in the manufacture of torque test- physical failure.
ers shall be such as to ensure compliance with the
requirements of this Standard. 6.3 Endurance Test
5.4 Operating Conditions The torque tester shall perform satisfactorily for 5,000
The tester shall meet the requirements of the Standard cycles in each direction of operation at maximum capac-
within a temperature of 64°F (17°C) to 82°F (27°C) with ity without physical failure while maintaining the
relative humidity up to 90% (noncondensing). required level of accuracy. Subsequently, the torque tes-
ter shall perform for 50,000 cycles in each direction of
5.5 Overload operation at 50% of capacity without physical failure.
Subsequent to the 50,000 cycles in each direction, the
The tester shall be capable of transmitting an amount
torque tester and generating unit shall be capable of
of torque equal to 125% of the rated capacity in both
being calibrated within the specified accuracy.
directions without physical failure.
5.6 Calibration
7 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS AND LIMITATIONS OF
The tester shall be capable of being calibrated to the USE
specified accuracy by a method traceable to the National
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). (a) Instructors and employers shall stress proper use
and safety in the use of this special-purpose tool and
shall emphasize the necessity to wear and ensure the
6 TESTS use of appropriate eye protection. The publication,
Many tests required herein are inherently hazardous, Guide to Hand Tools — Selection, Safety Tips, Proper Use
and adequate safeguards for personnel and property and Care, provides guidelines for safe use of these tools.
shall be employed in conducting such tests. These tests (b) The torque tester shall be conveniently and easily
are designed to evaluate the tools and materials and do operated and not constitute a hazard to the operator
not condone the use of the tools in an environment or under normal operating conditions.
in a manner inconsistent with safe use of the tools. (c) The tester shall be supplied with instructions cov-
Testing shall be performed at a temperature not fluctu- ering its accuracy, application, calibration, installation,
ating by more than 2°F (1°C). This temperature shall be setup, and safe use.
19
20
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ASME B107.300-2010
NONMANDATORY APPENDIX A
TABLES
Table A-1 Examples of Accuracy Percent Calculation for ASME B107.14

Torque Wrench Measured Value Calculation of Difference Between Calculation of
Indicated Value on Tester Measured and Indicated Value Error Indication Calculation of Percent
100 ft. lb 103 103 − 100 p 3 3

⁄100 p +0.03 0.03 ⴛ 100 p 3%
100 ft. lb 102 102 − 100 p 2 2
⁄100 p +0.02 0.02 ⴛ 100 p 2%
100 ft. lb 98 98 − 100 p −2 −2⁄100 p −0.02 −0.02 ⴛ 100 p −2%
60 ft. lb 62 62 − 60 p 2 2
⁄60 p +0.0333 0.0333 ⴛ 100 p 3.33%
60 ft. lb 61 61 − 60 p 1 1
⁄60 p +0.0167 0.0167 ⴛ 100 p 1.67%
60 ft. lb 57 57 − 60 p −3 −3⁄60 p −0.05 −0.05 ⴛ 100 p −5%
20 ft. lb 19.5 19.5 − 20 p −0.5 −0.5⁄20 p −0.025 −0.025 ⴛ 100 p −2.5%

20 ft. lb 21 21 − 20 p 1 1
⁄20 p +0.05 0.05 ⴛ 100 p 5.0%
20 ft. lb 23 23 − 20 p 3 3
⁄20 p +0.15 0.15 ⴛ 100 p 15.0%
Table A-2 Examples of Test Point Calculation for

ASME B107.14 [Reference 6.3(b)]
Torque Wrench Scale Graduations
Maximum graduation: 200 in. lb

Minimum graduation: 20 in. lb
Increments: 2 in. lb
Test Point Calculations
20% test toint: 0.2 ⴛ 200 in. lb p 40 in. lb (or nearest to 40 in. lb)
60% test point: 0.6 ⴛ 200 in. lb p 120 in. lb (or nearest to 120 in. lb)
100% test point: 1 ⴛ 200 in. lb p 200 in. lb (or nearest to 200 in. lb)
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
21
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
22
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ASME B107.300-2010
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
N10910

ASME B107.300-10 Torque Instruments

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ASME B107.300-10 Torque Instruments

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ASME B107.

Copyright ASME International

Copyright ASME International

Copyright ASME International

ASME is the registered trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

No part of this document may be reproduced in any form,

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Copyright ASME International

STANDARDS COMMITTEE OFFICERS

STANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNEL

N. C. Cantlon, Jore Corp.

SUBCOMMITTEE 3 — TORQUE INSTRUMENTS

J. S. Foote, Chair, Trade Association Management, Inc.

HAND TORQUE TOOLS (MECHANICAL)

1 SCOPE Design B: clockwise torquing

2.2 Type II: Setting Class A: screwdriver grip

clockwise (left-hand) torquing Style 2: nongraduated

3 REFERENCES Fig. 1 Type I, Class A

Guide to Hand Tools — Selection, Safety Tips, Proper

Use and Care 30

Publisher: Hand Tools Institute (HTI), 25 North

deflecting member and dial mechanism shall be

Fig. 3 Type I, Class C Fig. 5 Type I, Class E, Style 1

Drive Housing Hand grip

Fig. 4 Type I, Class D

wrenching heads shall be designed so that the require-

Copyright ASME International

Fig. 6 Type I, Class E, Style 2 Fig. 9 Type II, Class B, Style 2

Fig. 7 Type II, Class A, Style 2

Fig. 8 Type II, Class A, Style 3

(e) Type II, Class B — Nongraduated. The torque instru-

Standard. the requirements of para. 5.5.2.

Fig. 12 Flexible Head Fig. 14 Type III, Class A, Style 1, Design B

Fig. 15 Type III, Class A, Style 2, Design A

Fig. 16 Type III, Class A, Style 2, Design B

Copyright ASME International

Fig. 17 Type III, Class B Table 1 Torque Instrument Capacity

in. mm lbf-in. lbf-ft N·m

associated with hand tools, and they shall not peel,

Table 2 Torque Instrument Increments

Table 3 Torque Instrument Accuracy

I All ±4% ±0.8%

Fig. 18 Gravity-Independent Test Position Table 4 Torque Instrument Operating Load

Fig. 20 Gravity-Dependent Test Positions

(b) Gravity and force in

Copyright ASME International

Provided by IHS under license with ASME

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

Type II Load instrument Load instrument Load instrument

Not for Resale

Type III Load instrument Load instrument Load instrument

Type III Load instrument Load instrument Compare recorded

ELECTRONIC TORQUE INSTRUMENTS

1 SCOPE in accordance with this Standard. Conformance with

5.9 Calibration and Cycle Life

Copyright ASME International

6.1 Accuracy Tests 6.3 Overload Test

ELECTRONIC TESTER, HAND TORQUE TOOLS

1 SCOPE peak: the maximum torque value reached during the

Copyright ASME International

Table A-1 Examples of Accuracy Percent Calculation for ASME B107.14

100 ft. lb 103 103 − 100 p 3 3

20 ft. lb 19.5 19.5 − 20 p −0.5 −0.5⁄20 p −0.025 −0.025 ⴛ 100 p −2.5%

Table A-2 Examples of Test Point Calculation for