Foreign Relations of Pakistan

Dr. Ali Kashif

2012.01.19
rajaalikashif@gmail.com
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 Contents

 Overview
 Introduction
 Essence of Foreign Affairs
 History of Foreign Affairs
 Foreign relations with other countries

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 Overview

 Pakistan is the second largest Muslim country (after Indonesia),

 Being only Muslim country that have nuclear power, plays a part in its
international role.
 Pakistan has a fierce independent foreign policy, especially when it
comes to issues such as development of nuclear weapons, foreign
military purchases and other issues that are vital to its national
interests.

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 Overview

 Pakistan is a strategically located country at the mouth of the most

frequented trade and oil route of Persian Gulf and opening to the
Indian Ocean,
 surrounded by some of the front line and most talked about countries
like China in the north, India in the east, Iran and Afghanistan in west
and north-west.
 and has close proximity to the resource and oil rich central Asian
countries

 The sea and land component add to the importance of Pakistan not
only in the region, but in international relations and trade as well.
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 Introduction
 The world's eighth-largest standing military force.
 Pakistan 's foreign policy is guided by its history, geographical
location and the aspiration of its people.
 Pakistan's role in the war against terror has brought it in the forefronts
of world politics.
 This leaves China to be the only trusted ally of Pakistan in the region
since its independence.

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 Introduction: Essence of foreign policy

 Develop friendly relations with all countries particularly the Muslim

world, major powers and immediate neighbours;
 Safeguard vital security and geo-strategic interests of Pakistan ;
 Resolve the core issue of Jammu and Kashmir in accordance with the
resolutions of the UN Security Council and wishes of the Kashmiri
people;
 Promote the image of Pakistan as a strong, dynamic, progressive,
moderate and democratic Islamic country;
 Augment economic and commercial interests abroad; and
 Protect the interests of Pakistan 's expatriate community abroad.

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 Member of International
Organizations
 Pakistan is an active member of the United Nations.
 It was a member of the CENTO and SEATO military alliances.
 Its alliance with the United States was especially close after the
Soviets invaded the neighboring country of Afghanistan.
 Pakistan is the leading member of the Coffee Club to oppose
Indian membership in the United Nations Security Council.
 Pakistan is an important member of the Organization of Islamic
Cooperation (OIC), a major non-NATO ally of the war against
terrorism, and has a highly disciplined military.

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 History: 1st phase

 UN enforced cease-fire of 1949 to the 1965 war over Kashmir.

 Pakistan allied itself with the West by joining the Baghdad Pact and
its successor, CENTO, and SEATO.
 The primary motivation underlying our membership of these
alliances had been the need to redress our defense vulnerability and
achieve a reasonable military equilibrium with India.

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 History: 2nd Phase

 1965 to the 1971 crisis in East Pakistan.

 The 1965 war, on Jammu and Kashmir issue, had led to a drastic
reduction in economic and military assistance to Pakistan.
 The increase in defense expenditure together with the decline in
foreign assistance compounded economic difficulties and aggravated
political problems led by a sense of alienations in East Pakistan.

 India played on this crisis and eventually imposed war on Pakistan.

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 History: 3rd Phase

 1971 to 1989 Pakistan

 Engaged in rebuilding itself
 facing the challenge of the Soviet military intervention in
neighboring Afghanistan, which lasted for over a decade since
1979, and has spawned a conflict that continues to ravage
Afghanistan.

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 History: 4th Phase
 1990 to the nuclear tests of May 1998.
 Two important events from the security perspective took place in
1990.
 USA clamped economic and military sanctions on Pakistan under
the prissier Amendment (which widened the conventional gap
between India and Pakistan).
 That same year the intensification of the freedom movement in
occupied Kashmir.

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 History: 5th Phase
 The current phase, have witnessed important developments in
Pakistan’s foreign policy.
 Ally with US on war on terror in Afghanistan.
 Development of relationships with India in terms of trade and
intentions to solve Kashmir Issue.

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 Pakistan relations with China (1/4)

 People's Republic of China–Pakistan relations began in 1950

 Since 1962 two countries have regularly exchanged high-level
visits resulting in a variety of agreements.
 The PRC has provided economic, military and technical
assistance to Pakistan and each considers the other a close
strategic ally.

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 Pakistan relations with China (2/4)

 Bilateral relations: An initial Chinese policy of neutrality to a

partnership that links a smaller but militarily powerful Pakistan,
 Diplomatic relations were established in 1950,
 military assistance began in 1966,
 a strategic alliance was formed in 1972 and
 economic co-operation began in 1979.
 China has become Pakistan’s largest supplier of arms and its third-
largest trading partner.
 Recently, both nations have decided to cooperate in improving
Pakistan's civilian nuclear program.

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 Pakistan relations with China (3/4)

 Favorable relations with China is a pillar of Pakistan's foreign

policy.
 China supported Pakistan's opposition to the Soviet Union's
intervention in Afghanistan and is perceived by Pakistan as a
regional counterweight to NATO and the United States.
 China supports Pakistan's stance on Kashmir while Pakistan
supports China on the issues of Xinjiang, Tibet, and Taiwan.

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 Pakistan relations with China (4/4)

 Chinese cooperation with Pakistan has reached economic high

points, with substantial Chinese investment in Pakistani
infrastructural expansion including the Pakistani deep water port
at Gwadar.
 Both countries have an ongoing free trade agreement.
 Pakistan has served as China's main bridge between Muslim
countries.
 Pakistan also played an important role in bridging the
communication gap between China and the West by facilitating
the 1972 Nixon visit to China.

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 Pakistan relations with South Korea
 Since the 1980s, the relations between two Asian states have been
improved and periodically enhanced.
 Pakistan has an embassy in Seoul, South Korea, and South Korea
has an embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan.
 South Korea is also member of Friends of Pakistan.
 Bilateral trade between the two countries is around US$1.1 billion.
 Both sides have expressed interest to further promote the trade and
investment relationship between the two countries.
 In Nov 2003 Pakistani president Pervez Musharraf paid a 3-days
official visit to Seoul, South Korea.
 Pakistan maintains a strong base in South-Korea, with more trade
agreements with South-Korea and friendly treaty signed by both
countries.
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 Relationship with India (1/3)

 Pakistan foreign policy is mainly guided by relationships with India.

 India happen to be our next door enemy.
 Most of our budget spend in defense due to India, to keep an
equilibrium in the region.

 Pakistan's relations with India are source of concern and conflict in

the region, specially since the two countries have gone nuclear
recently.

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 Relationship with India (2/3)
 After the dissolution of the British Raj in 1947, two new sovereign
nations were.
 India emerged as a secular nation with a Hindu majority population and
a large Muslim minority while
 Pakistan was established as an Islamic republic with a
overwhelming Muslim majority population.
 Kashmir dispute and the numerous military conflicts fought between the
two nations
 Soon after their independence, India and Pakistan established diplomatic
relations but the violent partition and numerous territorial disputes would
overshadow their relationship.

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 Relationship with India (3/3)

 Two countries have fought three major wars, one undeclared

war and have been involved in numerous armed skirmishes and
military standoffs.
 Pakistan and India have gone to war as early as 1948, twice in
1965, 1971, the Kargil in 2002.

 Consequently, even though the two South Asian nations share

historic, cultural, geographic, and economic links, their
relationship has been plagued by hostility and suspicion.

 Recently the two countries are progressing forward, though at a

snail speed. Korea Southern Power Co. Ltd.
 Relationships with United States (1/2)

 A Roller Coaster type relationship.

 Pakistan – United States relations refers to the bilateral
relationship between the Pakistan and the United States.
 The United States first established diplomatic relations with
Pakistan on 20 October 1947.
 The relationship since then was based primarily on U.S.
economic and military assistance to Pakistan.
 Pakistan is a Major non-NATO ally of the United States.
 The United States is the second-largest supplier of military
equipment to Pakistan after China and largest economic aid
contributor as well. Korea Southern Power Co. Ltd.
 Relationships with United States(2/2)
.
 Pakistan and US relationships have been going through different
phases.
 Before USSR war.
 During USSR war.
 After USSR war.
 9/11 and start of war in Afghanistan and Iraq
 During war in Afghanistan
 Current state of relationships.

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 Afghanistan-Pakistan Relations (1/3)

 Afghanistan–Pakistan relations began in August 1947.

 Like India, relationship with Afghanistan, have always been
troublesome.
 During the days of communist Soviet Union, the Afghan
governments had very bitter attitude towards Pakistan.
 Pakistani visitors were harassed and tracked inside Afghanistan.
 Despite being a Muslim country, Afghanistan was the only
country which did not recognize Pakistan after its independence.
 Pakistan shares a long and poorly marked border with
Afghanistan.
 The problem is close relations between the fiercely-independent
Pashtun peoples who live on both
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 Afghanistan-Pakistan Relations (2/3)
 During Soviet invasion on Afghanistan in 1980, Pakistan
supported the Mujahedeen (Taliban), backed by CIA and the US
government, against the Soviet army.
 Pakistani army and intelligence connection established inside
Afghanistan.
 Supporting the Afghan resistance movement and assisting Afghan
refugees.

 After the defeat of the Soviets, US backed off, leaving the affairs
of Afghanistan in a lurch. (Charlie Wilson War)
 This gave rise to the Taliban backed government in Afghanistan.
 Pakistan army connection remain established with Taliban.
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 Afghanistan-Pakistan Relations (3/3)

 Since the institution of the new government in Afghanistan, the

relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan have been bitterly
strained.
 The president and prime minister of Pakistan have recently
accused Afghanistan for creating law and order situation in
Pakistan border areas, specially the Waziristan.
 Current Government of Afghanistan have no hold in
Afghanistan, US are trying to have dialogue with Taliban.
 Due to lack of systems, it is not possible to bring stability in
Afghanistan without help of Pakistan or India.

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 Pakistan- North Korea Relations
 Pakistan is one of few countries to have diplomatic and economic
relationships with North Korea.
 The start of relations was in1970s during the prime ministerial-ship
of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, when he made a state visit to North Korea to
strengthen the relations with socialist states.
 Pakistan has an Embassy in Pyongyang while North Korea
maintains an Embassy in Islamabad, a vast Consulate-
General in Karachi, and consulates in other cities of Pakistan.
 Pakistan has been accused by US officials of having secretly
supplying North Korea with nuclear technology for military
purposes.

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 Relations with Israel
 Diplomatic ties have not been established and like many other
Muslim countries, Pakistan does not recognize Israel.
 Due to Israel's key strategic support for India, its relations with
Pakistan have further deteriorated.
 And due to Israel and Palestine Issue.
 Despite the hostilities against each other, both countries are
reported to have directorates to deal with each other at an
intelligence level.
 The history of Pakistan-Israel intelligence cooperation dated back
to early 1980s, when ISI established a secret directorate to deal
with Israel's Mossad during USSR attack on Afghanistan.

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 Relations with USSR
 Pakistan sought to improve relations with the Soviet Union
between 1966 and 1971. However, following weakened the
bilateral relationships
 Soviet criticism of Pakistan's position in the 1971 war with India
 Pakistan was strong ally of America.
 In 2007, the relations between Pakistan and the Russian
Federation were reactivated after the official visit of Russian Prime
Minister Mikhail Fradkov.
 The major focus of the visit was to improve bilateral relations and to
enhance economic cooperation between the two countries.
 Two Memorandum were signed, the Russian Federation will
cooperate with Pakistan Railways
 Under another MOU, the Koreatwo countries
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cultural, educational and scientific changes.

 Relationship with Muslim Countries
(1/3)
 Maintaining close relations with the Islamic countries has always
been a major pillar of Pakistan’s foreign policy.
 Pakistan supported Palestine.
 Pakistan supported Bosnia.
 Pakistan have good relationship with almost all Muslim countries.
 Muslim countries seek for Pakistan help as being a strong Muslim
country and only Muslim Nuclear Power.
 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto had a vision of having combine army and currency
for Muslim countries.


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 Relationship with Muslim Countries
(2/3)
 Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC): Pakistan actively
participated in the activities of the Organization of Islamic
Conference (OIC).
 Pakistan was a founding member of OIC in 1969.
 OIC resolved the conflict between Pakistan and Bangladesh in 1974.
 Pakistan enjoys an excellent privilege status in the Organization of
Islamic Cooperation.
 The OIC continued to extend valuable support to Pakistan on the
issues of vital importance including Kashmir and the fight against
international terrorism.

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 Relationship with Muslim Countries
(3/3)
 In 1964, Pakistan signed the Regional Cooperation for
Development (RCD) Pact with Turkey and Iran.
 RCD became de-functional after the Iranian Revolution,
 Pakistani-Turkish initiative led to the founding of the Economic
Cooperation Organization (ECO) in 1985.
 To this day, Pakistan has a close relationship with Turkey.

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 Relationship with Iran
 Iran was the first nation to recognize Pakistan.
 Pakistan has close geopolitical and cultural linkages with Iran.
 Few issues sometimes strains the relationship
 Pakistan is more closer to Saudi Arabia and KSA have religious
conflicts with Iran as Iran is country with Shia majority.
 Pakistan and Iran supported opposing factions in the Afghan conflict.
 Pakistan pursues an active diplomatic relationship with Iran.
 Pakistan also supports Iran's use of Nuclear Technology for peaceful
purposes.
 In 2006, Pakistan, Iran, and India agreed to start work on IPI gas-
line.

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 Relationship with Bangladesh

 After 1971, Pakistan had tense relationship with Bangladesh,

but since 1974 Pakistan enjoys warm relations with Bangladesh.
 A February 1974 accord on mutual diplomatic recognition, followed
more than 2 years later by establishment of formal diplomatic
relations.
 The organization by the UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) of an airlift that moved almost 250,000 Bengalis from
Pakistan to Bangladesh, and non-Bengalis from Bangladesh to
Pakistan.
 Still to be resolved are the division of assets from the pre-1971
period and the status of more than 250,000 non-Bangali
remaining in Bangladesh but seeking resettlement in Pakistan.
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THANKS

Ali Kashif.

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