Chapter 1: Anatomical

Terminology and Body

Movements

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Anatomical Position and Body Regions

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Planes of Reference

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Directional Terms
• Anterior (ventral): front
• Posterior (dorsal): back
• Superior (cephalad): closer to top of head
• Inferior (caudal): closer to feet
• Proximal: closer to trunk
• Distal: farther from trunk

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Directional Terms (cont’d)
• Medial: closer to midline
• Lateral: farther away from midline
– Ipsilateral: on same side of body
– Contralateral: on opposite side of body
– Unilateral: only on one side
– Bilateral: on both sides

• Superficial: closer to surface of body

• Deep: farther away from surface

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Directional Terms (cont’d)

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Movements
• Flexion
– Bending (elbow, shoulder, wrist, neck, spine, knee, hip, ankle)
– Usually a forward movement (except knee & toes)
– Decreases angle between bones or body parts
– Dorsiflexion: moving foot so that toes point toward nose
– Plantarflexion: moving foot so that toes point toward ground
– Lateral flexion: side bending

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Movements (cont’d)
• Extension
– Straightening (elbow, shoulder, wrist, neck, spine, knee, hip)
– Usually a backward movement
– Increases angle between bones or body parts
– Hyperextension: extension past anatomical position

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Movements (cont’d)
• Rotation
– Movement around an axis (head, arm, thigh, trunk, forearm)
– Supination: movement of hand & forearm laterally (palm up)
– Pronation: movement of forearm & hand medially (palm down)

• Abduction
– Movement away from midline (arm, hip)

• Adduction
– Movement toward midline (arm, hip)

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Movements (cont’d)
• Circumduction
– Combination of 4 movements:
• Abduction
• Adduction
• Extension
• Flexion
– Performed continuously so distal end of part traces a circle
– Can only occur at joints that permit 4 movements listed
– Occurs in shoulder, hip, knuckles

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Movements (cont’d)
• Horizontal Abduction
– Movement of arm along plane of horizon & away from body

• Horizontal Adduction
– Movement of arm in a horizontal plane across midline of body

• Inversion of Foot
– Soles of foot move toward midline of body

• Eversion of Foot
– Soles of foot move away from midline of body

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Movements (cont’d)
• Elevation
– Upward (superior) movement (scapula & mandible)

• Depression
– Downward (inferior) movement (scapula & mandible)

• Protraction
– Anterior (forward) movement (scapula & mandible)

• Retraction
– Posterior (backward) movement (scapula & mandible)

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Movements (cont’d)
• Upward Rotation
– Scapula moves so that glenoid fossa turns upward

• Downward Rotation
– Scapula moves so that glenoid fossa turns downward

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