TUGASAN 2

DAM

 A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of water or underground streams.
 Hydropower is often used in conjunction with dams to generate electricity.
 Can also be used to collect water or for storage of water which can be evenly
distributed between locations.
 There are 7 types of dam by structures ;-
I. Arch dams
II. Gravity dams
III. Arch-gravity dams
IV. Barrages
V. Embankment dams
VI. Rock-fill dams
VII. Fixed-crest dams
 Weir

 A weir is a barrier across the width of a river that alters the flow
characteristics of water and usually results in a change in the height of the
river level.
 Weirs allow hydrologists and engineers a simple method of measuring the
volumetric flow rate in small to medium-sized streams/rivers or in industrial
discharge locations.
 As weirs are a physical barrier they can impede the longitudinal movement of
fish and other animals up and down a river.
 The energy created by the change in height of the water can then be used to
power waterwheels and power sawmills, grinding wheels and other
equipment
 Weirs are commonly used to control the flow rates of rivers during periods of
high discharge such as flood.
 There are 4 types of weirs;-
I. Broad-crested
II. Compound
III. V-notch
IV. Polynomial
 Flume

 A flume is a human-made channel for water in the form of an open declined gravity
chute whose walls are raised above the surrounding terrain, in contrast to a trench
or ditch.
 Flumes are not to be confused with aqueducts, which are built to transport water,
rather than transporting materials using flowing water as a flume does.
 Flumes route water from a diversion dam or weir to a desired material collection
location.
 There are 5 types of flumes ;-
I. Millrace
II. Log flume
III. Flow measurement flume
IV. Navigable canal flume
V. Recreational flumes
 Spillway

 A spillway is a structure used to provide the controlled release of flows from a dam
or levee into a downstream area, typically the riverbed of the dammed river itself.
 Spillways ensure that the water does not overflow and damage or destroy the dam.
 Floodgates and fuse plugs may be designed into spillways to regulate water flow and
reservoir level.
 Water normally flows over a spillway only during flood periods.
 There are 5 types of spillways;-
I. Open channel spillway
II. Chute spillway
III. Stepped spillway
IV. Bell-mouth spillway
V. Siphon spillway
 Breakwater

 Breakwaters are structures constructed near the coasts as part of coastal management or to
protect an anchorage from the effects of both weather and longshore drift.
 Breakwaters reduce the intensity of wave action in inshore waters and thereby provide safe
harbourage.
 To protect a gently sloping beach to reduce coastal erosion.
 They are placed 100–300 feet (30–90 m) offshore in relatively shallow water.
 There are 4 types of breakwaters;-
I. Rubble
II. Caisson
III. Wave absorbing caisson
IV. Wave attenuator