Noli Me Tangere Reviewer

First Quarter
Chapter 1: Isang Pagtitipon
- End of October
- Party at Kapitan Tiago’s House (Kalye Anluwage)
- Description:
- Extravagant
- “Flash over Substance”
- Religious (Many Paintings of Different Saints)
- Important Event (People were notified on the day itself, yet they still went)
- Also, people who weren’t invited crowded the entrance

- Party showed a lot of the “cancers” Rizal was talking about

- Gender Inequality: Girls were shy, stood at the corner, covering
themselves with fans
- Filipino Laziness: Padre Damaso, Padre Sibyla, Lieutenant Guevarra and
a Spanish Civilian were talking about how the Filipinos are very lazy
- Damaso insulted the Governor-General, saying that church-issues
should be put ahead over anything
- This provoked the Lieutenant
- Damaso talked about his time in San Diego (Former Parish Priest there),
and was criticizing them for their disloyalty
- He threw out a body from the San Diego Cemetery, and exhumed it
(Rafael)
- As such, he was kicked out of San Diego

Purpose of the Party: Ibarra coming back from Spain

Chapter 2: Si Crisostimo Ibarra

- Ibarra finally comes to the party, and Kapitan Tiago introduces him to everyone
- People have high praise for him (educational background)
- Ibarra, not really knowing anybody, introduces himself as well to the women,
men, and other small group discussions
- When he sees Damaso, he is happy to see his parish priest after 7 years, as
Rafael and Damaso were “friends”
- But, Damaso says that him and Rafael have never been friends AT ALL.
This confuses Ibarra
- Revealed the Ibarra will be going to San Diego to visit his dad
Chapter 3: Ang Hapunan
- Sibyla and Damaso fight over the “head” seat of the dinner table
- In reality, Tiago should be there because he’s the owner of the house
- But, Sibyla gets the seat (Damaso is pissed)
- In Dinner, Damaso receives the “worst part of a chicken,” which angers him more

- On the other hand, people were asking Ibarra about his time in Spain, studying
and whatever topics about his life there
- But, Damaso mocks and embarrasses Ibarra by saying: “That’s it?! That’s
what you only learned in Spain?!”
- Ibarra, triggered, leaves the party quietly
- After Ibarra leaves, Damaso tells everyone how Ibarra is so mayabang
about studying in Europe, and his unwillingness to be mocked by priests.

Chapter 4: Erehe at Rebelde

- Ibarra, while walking to his Hotel, meets Lieutenant Guevarra
- There, he learns the terrible news about how his dad died
- Helped kids who were being thrown rocks by an illiterate Spanish
- This Spanish person stumbled, hit the rock, and died
- Rafael was arrested, nobody defended him, everyone betrayed him, was
sent to prison, and died

Chapter 5: Isang Bituin sa Gabing Madilim

- Ibarra finally makes it to his hotel room
- In the distance, he sees the party still ongoing in Kapitan Tiago’s house, and at
the same time, imagining his dad die in his cell
- “Why am I enjoying my life?”
- In the party, he sees:
- Beautiful lady (Maria Clara) and
- Priest (Padre Salvi) - Manyakis

Chapter 6: Kapitan Tiago (look at the drawing for reference)

Chapter 7: Suyuan sa Asotea

- Ibarra and Maria Clara finally met again after 7 years of almost no contact
- Shockingly, the “spark” was still there
- Both reminisce about the time Ibarra was about to leave the Philippines,
and bound for Europe.
 - Ibarra didn’t want to go to Europe because of Clara, but Rafael insisted
because he would want Ibarra to save the country
- Ibarra wanted to marry Maria Clara

Chapter 8: Mga Alaala

- Looking at the changes that occurred over the seven years he was in Europe
- Remembers how pavements weren’t fixed yet
- Sees newly made botanical garden
- Sees Father Damaso in another coach, going to a tobacco factory

Chapter 9: Mga Bagay-Bagay Tungkol sa Bayan

- Chapter 9: Three Conversations Happening All At The Same Time
- Padre Damaso and Kapitan Tiago
- Ibarra is a very influential person, as such it’s good to be friends
with him
- They are in a desperate situation, as the Philippines is one of the
last colonies remaining in the Spanish Empire
- Also know that they are abusive
- Damaso isn’t G with Ibarra and Clara’s engagement
- Tiago listens, and blows out the candle that is meant for safe
travels (of Ibarra)
- Sibyla and Unmanned Priest
- Sibyla informs the priest about the incident with Damaso and Ibarra
- Governor General and Servant
- Hears about what Padre Damaso said about him
- Annoyed at how the priests get so much power in the Philippines
- He wants to fight the priests, but he can’t because they have so
much power and influence

Chapter 10: Ang Bayan ng San Diego

- Talked about the overall history of San Diego
- Great Grand-Father ——> Saturnito ——>Rafael Ibarra ——> Ibarra
- GGF
- Haunts San Diego because people saw him hanged in the Balete
Tree (suicide?)
- Saturnito
- Lalim ng Boses, Malamlam ang mata, malupit, istrikto, nananakit,
masipag
 - Napaunlad niya ang bayan ng San Diego
- Rafael
- Well-Loved, Masipag, Matalino
- Reason why he was sad because other people had no
“utang-na-loob”
- Ibarra

- Throughout this time, San Diego was and became very prosperous due to the
presence of a Spanish priest

Chapter 11: Ang Mga Makapangyarihan

- Not Don Rafael, Kapitan Tiago, Mayor, or God have complete power of San
Diego
- Each of them have different cases to prove that they’re the most powerful:
- Rafael: Beloved by Citizens
- Tiago: Has Land in San Diego, Very Influential
- Mayor: Political Power
- God: Religious Influence

- It is a contest between two people for the balance of power in San Diego:
- Alperes
- Leader of the ​gwardya sibil
- Married Donya Consolacion
- Padre Salvi
- Payat, Sakitin
- Mahigpit sa pagtupad ng tungkulin

- Because of the struggle of power, both parties are trying to annoy each other
- Alperes knows that the priest goes out at night (for mass), so they impose
a curfew for the citizens to not attend it
- Salvi lets his goat run around the backyard of the Alperes
- Salvi also locks the church doors when he sees the Alperes inside so that
1) they can’t get out and 2) he can preach for hours
- Alperes + Consolacion: Not in Good Terms (Relationship-Wise)

Chapter 12: Todos Los Santos

- Talked about the cemetery in San Diego
- Very Dusty, unsanitized, with bones, skulls and bodies littered everywhere
- This gives a foul odor also
 - At the center, there is a big cross

- Moved to talk about a conversation between the two excavators of bodies in the
cemetery.
- Talked about how he had to excavate a body, in the middle of the night,
and it was raining
- He was going to move that body to a Chinese Cemetery
- This is ​Don Rafael’s​ body

Chapter 13: Mga Babala ng Bagyo

- Ibarra visits the cemetery, but he can’t find the body of his dad
- Asks Gravedigger about its whereabouts, and told the story of how it was
supposed to be moved to a Chinese cemetery, but it was so heavy he threw it in
the lake.
- Ibarra rages after hearing this
- Ibarra and Padre Salvi meet in the street, and seeing this, Ibarra asks what has
happened to his dad
- Padre Salvi didn’t know anything about the incident, as he recently got the
position
- Ibarra rages, lunges at Padre Salvi (breaking the law)
- Salvi reasons that Damaso was the one that did it, as he was the former
parish priest of San Diego
- Ibarra leaves and runs away

Chapter 15 and 16: Ang mga Sakristan at Si Sisa

- Chapter 15:
- Basilio and Crispin are finally introduced into the story
- They are ringing the bell, as that is what they are supposed to do
- Can’t go home everyday, only can go home on the weekends,
because it’s a long walk to go back home and the church is their
school
- Mom is anticipating their return, as she prepared a feast for them
- Can’t imagine her worry as she sacrificed everything for
them
- Crispin was accused of stealing P32, even though he hasn’t stolen
anything
- Head Sakristan​ goes up, fines Basilio P2 for not ringing the bell
properly, and extends their work time
 - Crispin reasons that the curfew will be implemented, making them
unable to go home
- The ​Head Sakristan​ gets mad, grabs Crispin, drags him to the
church, and never seen again
- Basilio escapes and runs to the house for help

- Chapter 16:
- Sisa is described as a loving and hardworking mother
- Abusive, Drunkard, and Gambler Father (Pedro) who uses all their money
to bet for cockfighting games
- Sisa prepared a Feast for the kids, but Pedro ate the majority of it
- Sees an apparition of Crispin (foreshadowing #1)
- Then, hears banging in door from Basilio

Chapter 17 and 18: Si Basilio and Mga Kaluluwang Naghihirap

- Chapter 17:
- Basilio runs toward and hugs his mom, who is very worried as he has a
wound in his face
- He tells the story of how 1) Crispin was accused of stealing, 2) how
he defied the curfew by escaping and 3) how the Civil Guard shot
at him, grazing him and nearly killing him
- Basilio dozes to sleep, and dreams of Crispin getting killed in the church
(foreshadowing #2)
- Basilio wakes up, very frantic, mom asks him what happened
- He insists to his mom that they would leave the church, and go to
Ibarra and work there for him
- And for Crispin to study with Tasio
- Chapter 18:
- Sisa goes to find Crispin in the church, but cook says he escaped, along
with Basilio
- Mocked Sisa by saying Crispin stole money, and the guards are at
her house
- Padre Salvi had three quick masses, which shocked everybody
- Everyone was wondering what was up with him

*Last Apparition: Presence of A Black Dog (symbolizes death)

Chapter 19: Ang Kapalaran ng Isang Guro

- Ibarra speaks will this teacher, who is a good friend of Rafael Ibarra
 - This teacher defied his parents and became a teacher, as the career choices
back then were priest or doctor

- Problem in School: Children were demotivated, and it compromises students and

the overall educational system

- Solutions:

Problem Solution Reaction

The students don’t Taught Spanish to them Priest said no need to
understand Spanish texts teach Spanish, Spanish
(purely memorized) Language is for Spanish
only (and vise versa)

Puro Dasal Ang Doktrina Taught other Subjects Salvi said No

(CLE is the only Subject)

Corporal Punishment Stopped Hitting Them Parents: No Self-Discipline

for the Kids

*Has to follow because he is helping his family earn money

Chapter 20: Ang Pulong sa Tribunal

- Agenda: Fiesta Preparations
- Two Parties: Kids (Don Filipo) and Adults
- Kids Party used Reverse Psychology to make the adults follow their
intention of a fiesta (fiesta was simple)
- But, the real purpose of the meeting was for the mayor to say that the priest
layed out the plan for the fiesta, which is to be extravagant
- Don Filipo got really mad, and resigned

Chapter 21: Kwento ng Isang Ina

- Sisa comes back to the house, sees guards in front porch
- Gets arrested because they think she’s hiding the kids, embarrassingly
walks toward the “police station,” and when the guards asked what
charges will we put on her, the Alperes said that her charges were
dropped, and this was a trick from Salvi
- This drove her to insanity, because she was judged by so many people, and she
lost her sense of life (taking care of her kids)
Chapter 22: Mga Liwanag at Dilim
- San Diego is preparing for the party / fiesta, everyone is still wondering what has
happened to Fr. Salvi, who has gotten thinner
- Sakitin, Tahimik, Walang Ganang Magmisa
- Because Crispin Died, and fear of getting caught
- Ibarra and Maria Clara, along with her friends talk about an outing the next day
- Clara doesn’t want Fr. Salvi invited, because he is a pervert
- But, Ibarra can’t do that as Fr. Salvi is an influential person. Instead, he’ll
invite Fr. Salvi for the outing which will start early in the morning, which he
knows he can’t show up
- Salvi is sad that he can’t go
- And, while Ibarra strolls away, Sisa’s husband pleads for help as her 2 sons and
wife have gone insane

Chapter 23 - 24: Ang Pangingisda and Sa Gubat

- Chapter 23:
- Outing went as planned, all of them woke up early to go to the boat
- They were fishing for food, and they accidently caught an alligator
- As they try to lasso it, one of the boatmen (Elias) gets caught and
the crocodile brings him down
- Ibarra quickly dives, and saves him, killing the crocodile
- Elias is very grateful to Ibarra
- Crocodile (Symbolism): Corruption
- Chapter 24:
- Outing is in Ibarra’s land
- Balete Tree​ area
- Father Salvi rushes his priestly duties to meet up with Maria Clara
- Stalks Clara and her friends while they were looking for the “nest of
invisibility”
- We’re looking around in the lake

- Meets up with the rest of the group, the Alperes, Don Filipo, Captain
Basilio
- In the conversation, they talk about Elias, who threw the Alperes
into the lake (kind of the soldiers fault)

- Sisa is seen again, who is insane, walking through the party, and
mumbling, and disappears again in the forest
 - The people then talked about the missing bellboys

- Ibarra receives a telegram that his school will be built

- Fr. Salvi comes in, and tears a game the kids were playing, accusing them
of idolatry
- Gwardya Sibil​ arrives, wants to find out where Elias is, because
they found out that he was the ​bangkero i​ n the boat ride
- But, Elias was already gone, went back home

Chapter 26 - 30: Ang Pista

- Talked about the fiesta itself, how it was very extravagant for looks only
- Purpose: For People Visiting San Diego to see how beautiful and
well-prepared the fiesta is

Kanser ng Pilipinas
- Apathy
- Power of the Priests
- No Development in the Country
- Social Classes
 2nd Quarter

Chapter 30: Sa Simbahan

- The Grand Mass took place in the church, and was led by Padre Damaso

There were many religious beliefs the Filipinos kept on following (like its too much
already)
- Aqua Bendita
- Nagtutulakan, nagsisiksikan, nakakatapakan, nagmumura ang mga tao sa
simbahan
- Nagpahid sa iba’t ibang bahagi ng katawan sa paniwalang hindi sila
magkasakit (kept on going back to the holy water)

- Pagbabayad para sa Sermon

- Paid Padre Damaso P250 for this sermon
- ‘Mas nakalilibang ang sermon kaysa sa komedya’ ​- Pilosopo Tasyo
- Wonders why Damaso needs to be paid to sermon
- Pagdagsa ng Maraming Tao (pati na rin ang mga bata)
- Pinapawisan at naghihikab ang mga bata
- 5 hour mass, kids are getting bored
- 3 hour homily, but adults are still getting hit for disobedience
- But they have to wait for the alkade
- Thought he was actor
- No one knows him
- Nagsermon si Padre Damaso sa Pulpito
- Pulpito: levelled structure in old churches here in the Philippines
- Used by the priests to talk during homilies, para marinig ng lahat ng mga
manonood to project his voice because before there was no microphone

Chapter 31: Ang Sermon

- (1) Padre Damaso criticizes Ibarra, Alperes, Gwardya Sibil, Don Rafael, P.
Martin, Indios
- Ibarra was watching all this, Damaso said to Ibarra (indirectly) that he’ll
still be an Indio no matter how educated you may be
- Called Don Rafael ​erehe
- Ibarra was triggered
- (2) Walang Respeto daw ang mga Pilipino
- Before, will bow down, will shake hands when they pass by him
- After, kids were sleeping in mass, and were slapped by parents
 - Irony: Damaso is disrespectful

Additional Stuff:
- Hermana Rufa got hit by a person sleeping, as she’s a conservative
- Alperes wanted to leave since he knows that he’ll be targeted, but some students
of Manila left
- ‘Banal na Espiritu’
- Somebody guiding the priest in dictating his ‘script’ for the homily
- But, he was so bored to the point that he was jumping the ‘script’, making
the priests homily magulo and nakakalito
- Damaso spoke in Spanish / Latin instead of Filipino para ipagyabang niya ang
kanyang kapangyarihan

Things that the people are doing in the Sermon

- Snoring
- Not Listening to the Sermon
- Falling down on people (Carlos fell on Hermana)
- Maputla at Nagsisisi ang alperes
- Kids are sleeping
- Ibarra is trying to ‘tiis’ all of this criticism

Elias told him at the end of this chapter to stay close to the priest, since that is his
closest bet to safety.

Chapter 32: Ang Derik

- It is a ground-breaking ceremony of the school, sort of for ‘good luck / fortune’
- Introduced the ​yellow man ​(who is sick)
- A great professional, built a great apparatus
- Learned it from his father, who ​LEARNED IT FROM SATURTINO
- This caused the grudge
- His ‘smile’ is very weird and suspicious​ (may balak)

- Mahalagang Pangyayari
- May mga pagkain, bandang tumutugtog, palosebo, pampalarong pambata
- Elias noticed that he can’t seem to place the ‘yellow man’
- Ibarra gave an opening speech — full of praise on Spanish, no mentions
of the Filipinos
 - Everyone went inside the basement (last Ibarra, who was hesitant, but the
alperes told him to go in)
- Suddenly, the rock fell, killing the yellow man
- ‘Miracle’ that Ibarra survived
- Said that ‘yellow man’ deserved to die, because he didn't go to church
- Everyone blamed engineer (Nyor Juan), but Ibarra defended him

Chapter 33: Malayang Kaisipan

- Ibarra went home to change, he was ‘shocked’
- Elias came to visit, and told Ibarra to ‘not say that you received a warning’
- So that enemies will underestimate his abilities
- ‘Act Normal’
- Ibarra, hearing this, was shocked
- He was serving his community
- Just came back from Europe
- *Elias being lectured by Ibarra shows he isn’t an ordinary person (he is an
intellectual in fact)

Kaaway
- Mababa: Family that was hurt by Saturtino
- History isn’t good
- Saturtino is cruel, Rafael is ‘erehe’
- Could have made plenty of enemies
- Mataas: Proyekto ng Paaralan
- Prayle, Kastila
- Don’t want Filioinos to be educated
- Found out about yellow man’s plans because he overheard him say something
about Rafael, and applied for a low-paying job

- But, Ibarra wanted that person to live, so that they can find the true mastermind
- Elias said ‘No,’ criticizing the justice system
- Said that God has to be the one that makes the judgement
- Deserves to die, tried to kill someone
- Ibarra was shocked, he didn’t think Elias was this smart
- Ibarra is like a savior to Elias, because Elias believes he will save the country
- But, Ibarra is doing this mainly for Clara, Elias is doing it for the country
Chapter 34: Ang Tanghalian
- Eating lunch at this ‘outdoor party’
- Mayor, Maria Clara, Kapitan Tiago, Alperes, Prayle, Gobernadorsilyo,
Eskribano are all there in this party
- In the middle of the party Kapitan Tiago had to leave because he had to prepare
for the arrival of the Captain-General’s visit at 4pm
- Received a note about it
- People (especially the priests, were insulted about it, because the
Captain-General usually goes to a house of the priest / church, not a
civilian’s house
- Reveals that the Captain-General is ​LIBERAL

- Conversations of the Ordinary People

- Doctor vs Priest
- Priest Side: (1) Go to heaven, (2) Power, (3) Be able to hear
confessions ​(secrets used to their benefit)
- Doctor’s Side: (1) Work Abroad, (2) Close Relationship to Girls

- Pagdating ni Padre Damaso

- Ibarra is pist
- Damaso again criticized Ibarra to the point that he exploded
- Trashed the architecture of the school
- He talked about how rich kids study in Europe, then get imprisoned
- Ibarra threatened to kill him, but Maria Clara was ​KJ

- Effects:
- Ibarra is ​EXCOMMUNICATED​ from the Church
- He became an ‘erehe’ ng simbahan

Chapter 35: Mga Komentaryo

- News spread all around town, shocked that Ibarra did it (they thought it was
impossible a priest could have done this)

Three Conversations:
1. Gobernadorsilyo, Don Filipo, Kapitan Martin and Kapitan Basilio
- Gobernadorsilyo: Ibarra should have stopped himself
- Don Filipo: Damaso is wrong and childlike
- Public Trust / Community should defend Ibarra
- Gobernadorsilyo: It’s useless, priests have the power
 - Don Filipo: Hinahayaan nila yung mga ginagawa ng mga prayle

2. Kapitana Tinay, Kapitana Maria, Kapitana Rufa

- Tinay: Blames Ibarra, what he did was ‘aggressive and childlike’
- Maria: Ibarra was right, because he was criticized
- Rufa: But you attacked him… (agrees with Tinay)
- Maria: You can’t destroy those memories and events

3. Manbubukid / Farmers
- Farmers talked about how school might not be built
- Rumors spread that Ibarra is a ‘filibustero’ already

Chapter 36: Ang Unang Suliranin

- Ibarra is excommunicated from the church
- Maria Clara is crying, she can’t believe and understand what is happening and
the situation she is facing
- He isn’t allowed to talk to Ibarra because of Padre Damaso
- The priests told Kapitan Tiago to stop the engagement of Ibarra and Maria Clara
- Something bad will happen to him if he didn’t do this
- He was threatened by the priests
- It wasn’t easy for Kapitan Tiago to do this but he had to comply with it because
Linares was coming to be the new ‘husband’ of Maria Clara
- Maria Clara didn’t want to marry Linares
- The Captain-General was finding for MC, but she hid in her bedroom

This is the first challenge to their relationship, because they can’t see each other

Chapter 37: Ang Kapitan Heneral

- Captain-General arrives in Kapitan Tiago’s house
- Reluctantly speaks with the priests first, then shoos them off because (1)
he wanted to see Padre Damaso and no one else and (2) they brought up
Ibarra’s excommunication
- Then, he speaks with Ibarra, talks about how impressed he is with the
construction of the school, and how his excommunication will be taken
care of
- Offered him a chance to study in Europe but he declines
- Then, speaks with the mayor, and tells him to support Ibarra’s patriotic
goals for the country
- Ibarra goes to MC, but friends tell him to meet her at the theater that night
Chapter 38: Ang Prusisyon
- A procession is made which the saints and virgins were presented to the people
in the streets.

Description of the Saint (according to Paano (hindi) binibigyang galang

the people) ang santo ng mga tao sa San Diego?

San Juan Bautista: - Nakasakay ang rebulto sa isang

- Hindi ito malapit sa puso ng mga tao lumang karosa
- Mukhang dalaga ang mga paa at hita - Binabalewala nito ng mga tao
- Nakasakay sa lumang karo

San Francisco: - ‘Sadyang’ pinaganda ang karo

- Mabilis na dumarating para masabi ng mga manonood
- ‘Sinadyang’ pinaganda ang karo na maganda ang prusisyon

Maria Magdalena: - Binigyang halaga ang santong

- Magandang imahen ito
- Mahaba ang buhok - May mga ‘superstition’ pa ang
- Burdadong panyong nakaipit sa mga mga tao sa kanya
daliri nito

Mahal na Birhen: - Marangya ang kasuotan ng

- Nakasuot-multo ang mahal na birhen Mahal na Birhen
- Koronang bulaklak
- Kumikislap ang mga mata

Chapter 39: Donya Consolacion

- Donya Consolacion is introduced into the story
- Couldn’t go out because alperes didn’t allow her to get out because of his
choice of clothing
- Wife of Alperes
- Getting more annoyed as she couldn't go out
- Orders Sisa, who is in the barracks, to sing and dance in front of her
- Alperes comes back, shocked at what he saw, tells Sisa to leave, and they have
a scuffle and fight

Chapter 40: Ang Karapatan at ang Lakas

- Last night of the fiesta, and the entire town of San Diego wanted to watch as a
source of entertainment
 - Seating Arrangement: Rich in Front, Poor at Back
- People brought their own chairs to stand up, to see the play because so
many people were watching the play
- Don Filipo wants to resign after the play, but got denied by the mayor, saying that
he should finish his term

- Priests wanted Ibarra to be escorted out of the play, because he is

excommunicated from the Church
- Filipo said no, since Ibarra was like a ‘sponsor’ to their play
- And because of this, priests left annoyingly

Pagdating ng Gwardya Sibil

- Wanted to stop the play, orders from alperes, since him and his wife couldn’t stop
- Used his power to stop
- But, Don Filipo went on because they have a ‘permit’ to keep going

- Since they wouldn’t stop, the Civil Guards attacked the Orchestra, to stop the
play
- If not stopped, alperes would punish them
- Civilians were so mad, they said they wanted to burn the ‘kwartel’
- Don Filipo tried to stop, but didn’t work so he asked help from Ibarra, who
then turned to Elias as he is the ‘voice’
Padre Salvi
- Went out of the house, not wearing uniform, runs to Kapitan Tiago’s house
- Imagined Clara as sick
- Not in book: Next Day, he was deemed the hero because people say he was
running around

Isyung Panlipunan
- Pang-abuso sa lakas o kapangyarihan
- Pagtugon ng Gobyerno sa Harap ng Sibilyan
- Lakas ng Sambayanan

Chapter 41: Dalawang Panauhin

- Elias came, and told Ibarra that ​(1) Maria Clara is sick*​ and (2) he is going to
Batangas
*shows fragility in Maria Clara’s character
Chapter 42: De Espadana’s
- They were first seen in Chapter 1, at the gathering in Kapitan Tiago’s house
- This couple is from Manila (very rich)

After the feast…

- Very poor, no money
- People realized that money they worked all year for was wasted in the fiesta, but
they will still have to do it the following year as it is a tradition

In this chapter...
- Tiago called on the ‘best doctor from Manila’ to help MC, even though she just
had a simple fever
- Linares finally came in this chapter

Don Alfonso Linares De Espadana

- Binatang Espanol ng simpatiko (sympathetic)
- Pinsan ng mag-asawang De Espadana
- Inaanak ng isang kamag-anak ni Damaso

How do they know his identity?

- Only has a letter of recommendation from that godson ----> and considering that
Don Tiburcio is a fake doctor, he might BE FAKE ←---- very ‘iffy’ character

Donya Victorina Delos Reyes De Espadana

- Filipino ←--- Rich af
- Men dated her, but rejected all because she wants to marry a Spaniard to gain
Spainish citizenship
- Thankfully, they still got married despite Victorina’s age (very old when got
married)
- It is a relationship with benefits
- Tiburcio: wanted money since he is a doctor
- Victorina: wanted to be a Spanish Citizen

Background of Don Tiburcio

- Nagtatrabaho sa barko (before), from Manila
- People convinced him to be a doctor in the province, and fake it
- People believed that he was a doctor because of his Spanish identity
Chapter 43: Mga Balak
- Damaso arrives and rushes to Maria Clara’s side
- Linares gives the letter of recommendation to Damaso, Damaso reads it (talks
about a request from the dad saying that Linares needs a job)
- Damaso said it will be handled accordingly
- Lucas asks help from Salvi, saying that Ibarra was very mean to him when he
asked for help from him
- But, Salvi shoos him away

Chapter 44: Pagsusuri ng Budhi

- MC’s health slowly improves
- Salvi attributes her success to religion, and not the medicine Tiburcio gave
- MC has a confession with Salvi, and suddenly weeps during the fifth
commandment (revealed later in Chapter 60 why)
- Padre Salvi for some reason comes out the room in sweat

Chapter 45: Ang Mga Inuusig

- Where: In a cave
- Who: Kapitan Pablo, 12-15 Kwadrilyero, and Elias
- Tulisan, Rebelde, Fugitives, and ‘WANTED’ by the law

- Elias had a good relationship with Kapitan Pablo

- Orphans, wanted to go live peacefully in the north
- Pablo said no, but Elias wanted to say this, so that the Spanish won’t take
revenge on the civilians (if they attack)

Pablo’s Story
- He has 3 kids
- Girl: raped by a priest
- Panganay: Wrongly accused of stealing from the Church, tortured to death
- Second Son: Arrested, orders came from that priest who raped the girl since he
was scared of revenge, and he was tortured until he committed suicide

Pablo’s Goals:
- Wanted to start a rebellion
- Willing to die
- But Elias wanted to try to convince Pablo, saying that he doesn’t want to
innocents to die because of this
 - Will ask Ibarra, but was questioned by Pablo, saying that they’re self-centered
(knows this because he was rich)

Elias will ask help from Ibarra about this

Chapter 46: Ang Sabungan

- Rizal used a ‘sabungan’ to convey to the readers that people prioritize this over
their family
- This was a Sunday event, right after the Sunday Mass
- People are Gambling

- Lasak (Rooster) owned by Big Time people

- K. Tiago and K. Basilio
- Tarsilo and Bruno were annoyed, they could not bet
- Lucas arrives, says he’ll give them P30 if the join the attack
- They said no at first because of little sister, but accepted it because
they saw Pedro’s money, and justified it even more by saying it is
revenge for his dad who was killed by the Gwardya Sibil

Is Ibarra the Mastermind?

- No, its Lucas
- Government is making stories

Chapter 47: Dalawang Senyora

- Consolacion and Victorina have a standoff, and Victorina says that she has to
face the ensign in a duel in order to defend her honor
- Tells Linares to do it, if he doesn’t she will reveal to K. Tiago who he really is

Chapter 48: Ang Hiwaga

- Ibarra: excommunication was lifted, excited to see MC
- This time though, she was beside Linares
- Jealousy started to rise on Ibarra, but he didn’t create a commotion, and he will
come back the next day
- After this, he goes to the school, and sees Elias working, and asks the engineer
about the list of workers, wherein ELIAS ISN’T THERE
- Elias approaches Ibarra to tell him to meet him in the lake for a chit-chat
Chapter 49: Ang Tinig ng Mga Inuusig
- Why Boat? So they would not be heard
- Alperes initially saw them and wanted to join, but couldn’t

Elias, being the voice of the persecuted, wanted to address the ‘mission’ to Ibarra

Reform #1: Bawas sa Paggamit ng Lakas ng Gwardya Sibil

- GS power was too much that people became rebellious and want to commit
suicide
- But, Ibarra said GS needs to be harsh to maintain peace
- ‘Isang Mahapding Gamot’
- Debunked by Elias --------> inaapakan ng GS ang karapatan ng mga tao ----->
how to be a good doctor? --------> alagaan ang patient, make the patient's body
strong and healthy then find the solution

- For Ibarra: GS is very successful

Reform #2: Pagbabago ng Mapang-Aping mga Prayle

- Nadidismaya si Elias kay Ibarra
a. Siding Priests,​ ​INATAKE SIYA NI DAMASO, THEN HE’S SIDING WITH
THEM
b. Doesn’t Want to listen to Elias
c. Invested so much on Ibarra, left Salumi for him, so felt all effort was lost
d. Might have to fight with Pablo
- Told Ibarra his story with the hopes of convincing him
Chapter 50: Ang Pamilya ni Elias

Chapter 51: Mga Pagbabago

 - Linares is getting more and more paranoid about Donya Victorina’s request
- He’s scared that if he gets hurt, ‘Who will back him up?’

Chapter 52: Mga Baraha ng Patay

- Cemetery is a good place to have a secret meeting
- Started with three shadowy figures
- Bruno, Tarsilo, ​Pedro (wanted to attack to avenge death)
- Expected more than 20 people for this raid, shocked that its so few people

- Two More Shadows Come, Elias and Lucas

- Lucas felt like being followed, as no one knows Elias
- Wanted to make him join, as he is a “threat to the church’
- Battlecry: “Mabuhay Don Crisostomo!”
- Framing Ibarra

- Elias and Lucas play cards at the cemetery

- Lucas leaves to ​THE CHURCH (shows who is the true mastermind)
- Report came to Elias was in the area, so GS was looking out (winner
wouldn’t receive punishment for 3 months)
- Elias outsmarted them, saying that Lucas’ features was Elias
- SHOWS THAT HE STILL PROTECTS IBARRA

Chapter 53: Salamin ng Umaga

- Where: Tasyo’s House
- He is feeling weak, alongside him was Don Filipo
- Before: Tasyo was fine with Filipo resigning but now he is otherwise

- He and Ibarra have bright ideas, but Ibarra has guts while Filipo does not
- With the opening of the Suez Canal, it brought about new liberal books

NASA KABATAAN ANG SOLUSYON

- Dapat madilig ang nasa kaisipan nila
- Filipinos are smart, but they lack the action

He gave praise to the Jesuits

 - In the end, Tasyo told Filipo to tell Ibarra he wants to speak with him before he
will die

Kabanata 54: Lihim at Parusa

- Nagmamadali si P. Salvi sa bahay ng Alperes (weird cos magkaaway sila)
- Told the Alperes that there will be a conspiracy ​(sabwatan)
- Someone confessed (Lucas), wants to use to it catch somebody
- P. Salvi: ‘Kailangang mahuli ninyo silang buhay at paaminin’ …. ‘Ilista lamang
ninyo ako ang nagbigay sa inyo
- So they say mastermind is Ibarra
- And he’ll (1) topple Ibarra and (2) may be promoted (Win-Win)
- Alperes will do this to get higher position

ALTHOUGH THEY ARE ENEMIES, THEY WILL COME TOGETHER WHEN

NEEDED

- Elias talked to Ibarra about the 8pm plan

- Told him to get the papers and escape
- But, Ibarra is stubborn
- He will have dinner with Maria Clara
- This shows the trust that Elias still has with Ibarra
(“alang-alang para sa bayan”)

Why is it A Bad Plan?

- LOSE-LOSE situation
- People (conspirators) will blame Ibarra, wasted money and time for revolution
- Told him to leave, burn down everything that may be used to accuse him

While looking at the files….

- Elias exploded
- Found in the files the name of Don Eibbaramendia, which is that same
person that blamed Elias grandfather
- Hanged himself in the ​Balete Tree
- Even worse, destiny and fate met them
- Naghihirap si Elias, mayaman si Ibarra

Epigraph: ‘Lahat ng ikinukubli malalantad, at lahat ng itinatago mabubunyag

Chapter 55: Ang Pagkakagulo
- Hapunan in Kapitan Tiago’s house
- Salvi, Tiago’s Family
- Salvi only knows about the 8pm call
- Saktong-sakto dumating si Ibarra
- Elias placed valuables in a sack —> tumakas —> went back home —> what
Elias said was true —> Ibarra was shocked

- Ibarra rushed home, was caught by GS, brought him to the kwartel
- Elias was hallucinating because of situation
- He thinks he should he killed him to end horror of his family
- Went to Ibarra’s house, burned document and ​ANCESTRAL HOME
(shows that his life was going down)

Chapter 56: Ang mga Sabi-Sabi at Kuro-Kuro

- Komentaryo again
- Don Filipo + Ibarra caught
- Bruno confessed that Ibarra is the person who started it, ‘Ibarra is guilty
that MC will get married to Linares (lies)’, ‘Revenge on Tiago’
- Lucas is found dead, supposedly suicide but evidence suggests otherwise
- Amersako found in his body, ​THE SAME ONE THE SAKRISTAN MAYOR
OWNED
- Sakristan Mayor killed by Elias without any trace
- He is the connection between Ibarra’s downfall and the Church

Kabanata 57: Magdusa ang mga Nadakip

- Original Title: ‘Vae Victus’
- Those conquered in battle should not expect leninency
Diagram
 ANYONE WITH AFFILIATIONS WITH IBARRA IS ARRESTED
- Example: Andong Sintu-Sino
- Was taking his dump while Bruno and Tarsilo were arrested
- Then he got arrested as well

Chapter 58: Ang Sinumpa

- Ibarra + ​Hinuli (maykaya)
- Pinaalis papuntang Maynila
- Big Deal (their case): Starting a Revolution
- Nyor Juan and Guro are very careful, as everyone associated to Ibarra
was caught
Lumabas na Hindi Nakagapos si Ibarra
- Ibarra requested to get tied, but it wasn’t granted
- Everyone threw rocks at him, which shows how quickly the perception of him can
change
- Since Ibarra can’t do anything, realized that this was his ‘last goodbye’ to
his community
- Just cried, ‘this is what i payed for’
- Tasyo dies (last friend), shows that everyone related to him died, which makes
him sadder.
- Also, he served ‘his purpose’

Kabanata 59: Pag-ibig sa Bayan at mga Kapakanang

 - Kapitan Tinong (person that invited him to his house in Chapter 2)
- Wife is mad that he associated himself with Ibarra
- Asked helpful from Don Primotivo for preventive measures
- Advice was to burn all documents, and give bribe to Captain-General by
giving him a ring

Kabanata 60: Ikakasal si Maria Clara

Context
- Maria Clara marries Linares
- Prisoners are in Manila

K. Tiago vs K. Tinong
Kapitan Tiago Kapitan Tinong

Lubos ang kasiyahan Umuwing Maputla at Nagkasakit (tortured

in Intramuros)

Hindi nabilanggo, naparusahan Nagsawalang-kibo pati sa Pamilya

P.S. Doesn’t know Linares is a faker

Latest on Ibarra
- Will be executed
- Huge Case, says that he made a fake school, true purpose is that is a base
where he will build a secret army

Donya Consolacion
- So happy at Linares
- Will speak with Clara about ‘negosyo’ ——> arranged marriage, with benefits
- Linares: fake boy + money
- MC: power

Kapitan Tiago to Isabel

- Get ready for marriage
- If married with Linares, ‘we can get in and out of Malacañanag Palace,’ everyone
will be jealous
- Linares is the secretary and he’ll be proud
Another Party But...
- No Ibarra
- No Filipinos
- MC was there, overheard people talking about her, calling her ‘palalo
(mayabang), and they thought MC was the user
- ‘Married someone with a big catch’
- Because ex-BF was getting executed

This shows the perception of Maria Clara changing

Chapter 5: Everyone wanted to be with her
Chapter 60: Being Bullied By Everyone
- nahiya siya because of this

Padre Salvi and Alperes

- Stopped revolt, both were promoted
- Salvi: permanent priest in manila
- Alperes: became leader of soldiers who would take out rebels in the
provinces
- Why Big Deal? ​SAN DIEGO IS A PROVINCE, MANILA IS THE CITY

Tenyente Guevarra
- Defended Ibarra, wished he’d be more careful with ​A LETTER
- Letter given to MC before he went to Spain
- When MC heard this, she realized it was ​HER FAULT
- THIS IS THE ONLY EVIDENCE ACCUSING IBARRA
- Ibarra —> MC
- Content of the Letter
- Threat and plan against the gov’t
- ‘Study in Europe and come back to the Philippines’
- Quoted his dad
- Taken against him, cos judge couldn’t find any other
evidence
- When he saw the letter, could have denied it, but didn't
- WHY? Felt betrayed by MC

Tenyente Guevarra told MC that ‘he made a better future…. (with Linares).’ MC
excused herself from the party until no one was there. She went out to the balcony, took
off all her jewelry (supposed to commit suicide), but she saw…
A BOAT with 2 PEOPLE
- In the Pasig River
- Ibarra and Elias, both went up to the balcony

Pagkikita (Muli) sa Asotea

- Ibarra had a change of emotion
- Raged off
- MC is shocked, Ibarra was supposed to be in prison
- Ibarra told him THAT ELIAS SAVED HIM
- Hidden Meaning: True Friends will never betray each other
- Went to say goodbye
- Fulfill the promise of MC’s mom, and forgave MC so she wouldn’t be guilty

Maria Clara to Ibarra

- Salvi revealed in confession (Chapter 44), that her REAL FATHER WAS
DAMASO
- Can’t tell Ibarra unless Ibarra asks forgiveness from Damaso
- MC knows this is to much for Ibarra
- Everyone from both sides will be affected
- She’s depressed, knows that her child isn’t Tiago’s, but Damaso’s

- Received Two Letters from Salvi in exchange for that letter of accusation of
Ibarra
- PERSON WHO GAVE OUT: DAMASO
- Salvi saw it from the old files of Damaso, new parish priest
- Pia Alba: child will be aborted (SHE IS UNWANTED)

Reaction of Ibarra: ​‘Maria, isa kang santa!’

- Finally he understood her self-sacrifice

LAST TIME THEY EVER SEE EACH OTHER :(

Chapter 61: Habulan sa Lawa

- Elias told him to leave the country
- Get the money he got from his home, and start a new life in Europe
- Ibarra wants Elias to join
- But, Elias said no, he’s nationalistic and for the community
- ‘Leave the country before you hate it’
 - No motivation if you hate it

Plano ni Ibarra
- Use money to start up an army
- All done on him will be what he will do
- Recalling Chapter 49, he said ‘bulag daw siya noon’
- Realization to revenge was realized in prison
- Philippines needs ‘marahas na gamot
- Ironically, Elias was saying this in Chapter 49
- Essentially they switched sides
- Elias: ‘May katiting pag-asa,’ not pro-violence

Escape Plan:
- GS was patrolling already
- Gave row, Elias jumped in the water
- Was shot, and everyone thought Ibarra died (no one knew Elias)
- They will meet under the ​Balete Tree​ at Noche Buena

Chapter 62: Ang Pagsisisi ni Padre Damaso

- Maria Clara is shell-shocked after Ibarra’s death (saw it in the news), and sad
that the marriage will push through as she is given marriage gifts
- Damaso visited her, and asked her why is she sad (for obvious reasons), and
called her anak for the first time (literal calling)
- MC is filled with emotion, as she wanted to stop the marriage
- Wanted Damaso to tell K. Tiago, cos Tiago listens to whatever Damso
says

‘Maaari akong magpakasal kaninuman noong buhay pa si Ibarra’

- She can escape marriage and find someone else, as she knows that Ibarra will
be thinking about her somewhere in the world
- Now, she let Damaso choose: Nunnery or Cemetery (aka suicide)
- Logically, Damaso would pick the nunnery, but he realized the secrets
inside, so he had a problem with her saying that

- Realized the reason why Damaso had ‘beef’ with the Ibarras at Chapter 2
- Not considered a Spaniard, not pure-blooded because he is a ‘vasco’
(basque), which meant that Ibarra's blood isn’t the right fit for Damaso
 ‘Alam kong isang ​MABUTING TAO ANG MAHAL MO​ dahil mahal ko rin siya na
TULAD NG KANYANG AMA’
- Knows that Crisostomo and Rafael are good people after all
- He just wanted to protect Maria Clara, but it ​BACKFIRED

P. Damaso —> Maria Clara

- ‘YOU ARE MY ONLY HAPPINESS’

‘Umiyak siya na parang musmos si Padre Damaso’

- Ipinapakita ni Rizal ang weakness of Damaso, shows break of his strong
character
- Weakness is ​MARIA CLARA, ​caused his downfall

- But, despite this, MC didn’t care anymore, telling Damaso either suicide or
nunnery, wherein Damaso was forced to choose the nunnery

Bakit sobrang kontra si Damaso na pumasok si MC sa monasteryo?

1. Secrets
2. Priests will make her a SEX SLAVE (‘Maganda Ka!!!’)
3. No one will hear her cries inside the nunnery

- Urging her to marry someone else kahit na hindi Linares, but wala talaga

Last Statement of MC: ‘Ninong! Ninong!’

- Hiding her knowledge

Chapter 63: Noche Buena

Where is Basilio?
- Mountains
- With a ‘pamilyang tagalog’
- Ingkong, isang dalaga, dalawang bata
- May anak na nasa bukid
- SUGAT SA PAA

Ingkong to Basilio: ‘Two Months Ago, we thought you died’

- Basilio wants to go back home to see his family (no knowledge that (1) Sisa is
crazy and (2) Crispin is dead)
- He advised him not to go yet because of his ‘sugat,’ but he insisted to go
Back in San Diego…
- Noche Buena is so sad, melancholic, because of the recent developments
Updates:
- Don Filipo is set free
- New Alperes and Kura
- Sisa: pinaalis ng doktor kasi sa takot na baka maaresto siya ng Gwardya Sibil
dahil may koneksyon si Sisa kay Ibarra
- Sakristan Mayor found dead, poisoned by Elias
- Caused chismis: ‘Salvi got pissed then left with his documents’
- Real Documents: Anything related to Ibarra’s case
- Tasyo died, burned in Chinese cemetery, burned his books

Basilio Realizations…
1. Crispin is missing
2. Sisa is baliw
3. Went to plaza to find her

Timeline
He found her —> Sisa ran away thinking that it is the gwardya sibil —> Basilio chased
after her —> Basilio got hit by a rock because they thought he was a ‘tulisan’ —> They
ran to the beach in the Balete —> Basilio called her, hoping that she will recognize him

- Then suddenly, because of how tired she was, Sisa just fainted and slept
- Basilio also fainted because of blood loss

Sisa woke up, realized that this was her son, then she ​LOST CONSCIOUSNESS and
DIED
- Literally: Tired
- Figuratively: PEACE OF MIND, as this was the reason she became crazy in the
first place

Suddenly…
- Elias came, ‘may pumarito ba kagabi?’
- Pertaining to Ibarra
- Then, since Ibarra didn’t come, gave instructions to Basilio

1. He will cremate them (no evidence + expensive to ‘magpalibing’ before)

 2. Gave Ibarra’s cash, and use it ​FOR EDUCATION ​(became a doctor in El
Filibusterismo)

Last Words: ‘Mamatay akong hindi ang pagsikat ng araw sa aking bayan’
- Figurative Meaning: ​WON’T SEE LIBERATION + DON’T FORGET OUR
SACRIFICE

Ending
- Hermana Rufa: ‘What is that ash over there?’
- Symbolizes how people don’t care till the end of the book
- The fact that outsiders aren’t mentioned in the epilogue shows that they are
forgotten, which means that…

THE MAIN THEME OF THE BOOK IS ​APATHY

Epilogue
1. Padre Salvi
- Waiting for a new position
- Nagsermon at may hinahawakang ‘important job’ in the monastery of MC
2. Kapitan Tiago
- Nanghina, naging malungkutin, mapagisip at walang tiwala
- Namuhay mag-isa
- Naadict sa ​opium (because of MC)​ and gambling
- Doesn’t go to Church and Antipolo
3. Donya Victorina
- Malabo ang bata, has curly wigs, and improved her language speaking
4. Don Tiburcio
- Hindi na tinatawag para manggamot
- Wala ng pustiso (tinatanggal ni Vitorina cos of their fights)
5. Linares
- Died of Lung sickness
- Became a ‘poor man’s defender’
6. Alperes
- Went to Spain and became a commander
- Left Consolacion
7. Other Characters
- Died in explosion
8. Maria Clara
- No one knows what happened to her
- ONLY RUMORS / SIGHTINGS
- GS saw ‘ghost’ in roof of nunnery, na nakadipa at nakatayo
- But they realized she was beautiful and isn’t a ghost, so they reported it
- The Next Day: the ‘police’ came, and found someone that matches the
description of the GS
- She said that she was sexually assaulted (nagsusumbong), but the
mother superior said she is baliw and leave her alone, so they left her
9. Consolacion
- Alcoholic, Addict in Opium
- Everyone is scared of her
10. Padre Damaso
- Inilipat sa nakalayong Lalawigan
- Natagpuang siyang patay sa pagtulog, bangungot (nightmares)