Academic Year 2019-2020

Semester II
Comprehension Test
MS3221 Energy Conversion Systems
Muhammad Raihan Dyaska 13117220 (class 4102)

1) What is the purpose of conducting Energy Auditing, and how is it carried out.

Ans. The goal of energy auditing is to find opportunities to enhance the efficiency of the energy use of a
facility, whether it is a facility of residence, a commercial building, industrial plants, etc. The basic
procedure for an energy audit is as follows:

 Collect data of the facility’s major energy use.

 Perform survey of the facility.
 Choose a set of energy conservation measure could potentially be applied, with the
approximations of installation cost and net annual saving consequentially.
 Presenting the results to the facility’s management and/or operators.

2) Explain how coal used for fuel is classified according to its rank by ASTM D388 method.

Ans. Coals in the ASTM D388 method are ranked by their fixed carbon and calorific value calculated to
the mineral-matter-free basis. The higher and lower rank coals are classified differently; in which the
higher-ranks are classed according to fixed carbon on the dry basis, and the lower-ranks are classed
according to calorific value on the moist basis. Also, agglomerating character is used to differentiate
between adjacent groups, in which they are determined by observing the leftover residue after volatile
determination.

3) Explain concisely the circulation process of steam in a typical subcritical steam generator
(boiler). Please include schematic of such a system for clarity of explanation.

Ans. Since the boiler (steam generator) has a direct bearing on electricity production, which then affects
the efficiency of a cycle, it is a major component of a plant. They are classified into either drum-type or
once-through type boilers.

 Drum-type boilers are further classified into either natural or controlled circulation.
 Figure 1 Natural Circulation Boiler – In this type of boiler, the difference in density between the water in the
downcomers and steam in the waterwall tubes are the cause for circulation that happens quite naturally.

Figure 2 Controlled Circulation Boiler – In this type, a pump is utilized for circulation of the water through the steam/water
circuit.

 Once-through boilers include no circulation within, as the water converts into steam in one pass
through the boiler
Figure 3 Once-through boilers

4) A CFPP with its installed capacity of 400 MWe (megawatt electric) is operated at 80% of the
capacity. At that operating condition the SSC and SFC are 4 kg/kWh and 0.37 kg/kWh,
respectively. Calculate the steam mass flow rate and the coal mass flow rate required for the
operating condition.
𝑚̇ 𝑚̇
Ans. With the formulas: 𝑆𝐹𝐶 = 𝑊̇ 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 & 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 𝑊̇ 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐

Where, 𝑊̇𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 0.8 ∗ 400 𝑀𝑊 = 320 𝑀𝑊 = 320000 𝑘𝐽/𝑠

𝑘𝑔
𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 4 𝑘𝑊ℎ = 0.0011 𝑘𝑔/𝑘𝐽

𝑆𝐹𝐶 = 0.37 kg/kWh = 0.000103 kg/kJ

Therefore, 𝑚̇𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 = 𝑆𝐹𝐶 ∗ 𝑊̇𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑢𝑡

= (0.000103 kg/kJ) * (320000 kJ/s)

= 32.96 kg/s

And 𝑚̇𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 𝑆𝑆𝐶 ∗ 𝑊̇𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑢𝑡

= (0.0011 kg/kJ) * (320000 kJ/s)

= 352 kg/s
 5) What is the conceptual difference of a Curtis and a Rateau impulse steam turbine?

Ans. The conceptual difference between Curtis and Rateau impulse steam turbine is the compounding.
In Curtis, the compounding is done for the velocity of the steam; whereas in Rateau, it is done for the
velocity of the steam.

6) Bandung is located at 6.9175° S, 107.6191° E and its standard meridian of longitude for Western
Indonesia Time is +105o. Calculate the sun’s position (altitude and azimuthal angles) at 1 pm local
standard time on April 21st. And, estimate the global horizontal irradiation at that time and location.

Ans. To find the global horizontal irradiation,

We begin by,

N = 112

So, x = 360(112-1)/365 o = 109.45 o

Also, (D/Do) 2 = 1.00011+0.034221cos (109.45) +0.00128sin (109.45) +0.000719cos (2*109.45)

+0.000077sin (2*109.45)
(D/Do) 2 = 0.9892975921
With Io = 1377 W/m2
I = Io (D/Do) 2 = 1377 * 0.9892975921 = 1362.262734 W/m2
And, 23.45osin[360(284+112)/365o] = 11.928

B = 360(112-81)/365 = 30.575o
So, ET = 9.87sin(2*30.575) – 7.53cos(30.575) -1.5sin(30.575) = 1.399008264 minutes
= 0.0233168 hours
Solar Time :
LST + ET + 4 (LST – LLOC) = 13 + 0.0233168 + 4 (107.6191 – 105)/60 = 13.1979 hours
With LST = 107.6191o = 71.874 mins
Also, H = 71.874/4 = 17.9685o
So, sin  cos l cos  cos H + sin l sin cos 6.9175 cos 11.928 cos 17.9685 + sin 6.9175 sin 11.928
With l = 6.9175o = 0.9488
71.5872o

And, sin cos  sin H / cos cos 11.928 sin 17.9685 / cos 0.9488 = 0.95559
 72.86o
Finally, since z = cos-1sinsec z = 1.0539629
Hence,
With  = 0.18 , C = 0.097
IbN = Ie-sec(thetaz) = 1362.262734 e-0.18(1.0539629) = 1126.85861 W/m2
It,horizontal = IbN (cos z +C) = 1126.85861 ( cos 1.0539629 + 0.097)
It,horizontal = 1235.973247 W/m2