30/09/2019

Describing Motion
• v = d/t
• a = v/t
• Distance time graphs
• Speed time graphs

Describing motion
• The motion of an object, such as a car, is described using
quantities like time (t), distance (d), speed (s), and
acceleration (a).
Physical Quantity Symbol Units Unit Symbols

Distance Δd Metres m
Kilometres km

Time Δt Seconds s
Hours h

Velocity/Speed v Metres per second ms-1

Kilometres per hour kmh-1

• Δ means change in

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Speed = distance/time

Distance-time graphs
• These graphs show the time taken to travel a
certain distance.
• The slope (gradient) give information about speed
• Slope = Δd/ Δt
= distance travelled/time taken

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 30/09/2019

Calculate the speed that is shown

in each part of the graph
• Part A:

• Part B:
B C

• Part C:

When the lines are not straight:

• This shows the slope is changing and so the __________ is changing

Slope increasing = acceleration Slope decreasing = deceleration

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Calculate the speed and describe the

motion at each point of the graph

Acceleration
• When the speed of the objects changes – either
slowing down or speeding up
1. Find the change of speed
when a ball rolls down a
slope, accelerating uniformly
at 4.5 ms-2 for 2s.

2. Find the time taken for a

boat decelerating at 0.3 ms-2
to change its speed from 9
ms-1 to 3 ms-1.

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Speed time graphs

• In a distance-time graph – the gradient tells us the
speed
• In a speed-time graph – the gradient tells us the
acceleration
• Gradient = rise/run = speed/time = acceleration

Speed-time graphs
• Calculate the acceleration shown during each
position of the following speed-time graph:

A C

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Speed-time graphs
• A speed-time graph also gives information about
the distance an object has travelled.
• The area of the shape under the graph line is the
distance that has been travelled
• Common shapes:

Calculate the distance travelled

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Forces
• Newtons 1st and 2nd Laws
• Pressure
• Weight force

Forces
• Important definitions:
Force: are pushes or pulls. Can make an object
change its motion.
Unbalanced forces: when the combined sum of
forces acting on an objects is NOT zero.
Balanced forces: when the combined sum of forces
acting on an objects is zero.

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Forces
• Are the following unbalanced or balanced?
1.
80N
20N
2.
100N

3.
80N 20N

4. 20N
20N

Forces
• If the forces acting on an object is unbalanced –
this means the object will accelerate

Newton’s 1st Law which states:

An object will continue to travel at a constant speed
or remain stationary, unless the force acting on them
are unbalanced.

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Newton’s 2nd Law

• When the forces acting on an object are
unbalanced – the net force will make the object
accelerate
• There is an important relationship between net
force, acceleration, and mass
Force
Newtons (N)
F
Mass
Acceleration
kg
m a m/s2

Newton’s 2nd Law

Force and acceleration
When different net forces are applied to objects of
the same mass, a greater net force produces a
greater acceleration
When Joe pulled his 4kg bag along the floor with a
force of 12N, the acceleration was 3 ms-2. When
Peter pulled Joe’s bag, the net force on it was 24N.
Calculate Peter’s acceleration.

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Newton’s 2nd Law

Mass and acceleration
When the same force is used to accelerate two
different masses, the smaller mass has the greater
acceleration
Jack pulls a six-pack of soft-drink cans, which has a
mass of 2.5kg. If the acceleration is 1.6 3 ms-2, what
is the force?

The difference between Mass

and Weight

Mass Weight

Amount of matter Force of gravity acting on a mass

Fixed Changes if gravity changes

Measured in kg Measured in N

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Force of gravity
• Weight Force = mass x gravity
= mass x 10

• 10 is a measure of the pull of gravity which makes

objects accelerate (change speed) at about 10 ms-2
downwards

• We can write F = ma
• E.g. An astronaut has a mass of 80 kg. Calculate the
astronaut’s weight on earth.
• F = ma = 80 kg x 10 ms-2 = 800 N

Force of friction
• The force that opposes motion

• Friction can
• Heat up the surfaces
• Cause wear and tear
• Slow down moving object

11
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Free fall/terminal velocity

• Another type of friction force is air resistance

Pressure
• The force applied to a certain area
• The smaller the area the greater the pressure if the
same force is applied.

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Pressure formula

Units

F = Newtons (N)

A = area (m2 )

P = Pascals (P)

1 Newton per m2 = 1 Pascal

Using the Pressure formula

• Calculate the pressure exerted on a floor

by a large block of wood with a base area
of 2m2 that has a weight force of 80N.
• P = F/A = 80/2m2 = 40P

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Pressure questions
1. Explain the difference between pressure and
force
2. Explain why it would be more comfortable to lie
on a bed of nails which are close together than on
a bed with 3 nails.
3. A 40kg dog is standing still. The dog is exerting a
This one total force of 10 P (Nm2) equally over its 4 paws.
involves a
number of Calculate the average area of each of the dog’s
steps. paws.

Energy, Work, Power

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What is energy? Measured in kJ

- kilojoules
• Energy makes things happen
• Changes readily from one form to another
• Two types of energy:

Active energy: their Potential energy:

effects are easily seen stored, and only seen
when they are changed
to active energy

The Conservation of Energy

• Energy is not created nor destroyed – it is
transformed from one form to another

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Gravitational Potential energy

(GPE)
• The energy an object gets when they are lifted up
against gravity
• Anything not on the ground has gravitational
potential energy (GPE)
• The greater the mass the greater the GPE
• The greater the height the greater the GPE
• So GPE depends on mass and height
Yellow skier m = 70kg
Green skier m = 85kg
Which has the greater GPE? Why?

Calculating GPE ( Ep)

Gravitational

Yellow skier m = 70kg

Green skier m = 85kg
Which has the greater GPE? Why?

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What is the GPE of this rock?

What is kinetic energy?

The energy a
moving thing
has

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Kinetic energy (KE)

• Anything that moves has kinetic energy
• The greater the mass the greater the kinetic energy
• The faster the speed the greater the kinetic energy

• So KE depends on the mass and the speed of an

object

How do we calculate Kinetic

energy?

KE = EK
EK

or ms-1
EK

sciPAD p 60 and 61

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How do we find the velocity of an

object using the KE formula

sciPad p 62-63

Remember that by fraction = x by its inverse

( ½ = x 2)

Remember the principle of energy

conservation?
• Energy is neither created nor destroyed – instead it
is transformed from one form to another

Can we assume that all the gravitational potential

energy has been converted to kinetic energy?

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Work Done
• The term work means the amount of energy
transferred to a body.
• When a force is used to move an object work is
done against friction and this is transferred as
thermal energy.
• Work done = force x distance
•W=Fxd
• Units = joules

Power
• Rate at which work is done
• Power = Work done/time
• P = W/t
• Units = Watts (W)

• Don’t get confused with (W) units and W = work

done

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Formulae

21
90940
909400
1
SUPERVISOR’S USE ONLY

Level 1 Science, 2017

90940 Demonstrate understanding of aspects of
mechanics

9.30 a.m. Wednesday 15 November 2017

Credits: Four

Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence

Demonstrate understanding of aspects Demonstrate in-depth understanding of Demonstrate comprehensive
of mechanics. aspects of mechanics. understanding of aspects of mechanics.

Check that the National Student Number (NSN) on your admission slip is the same as the number at the
top of this page.

You should attempt ALL the questions in this booklet.

If you need more room for any answer, use the extra space provided at the back of this booklet and
clearly number the question.

Check that this booklet has pages 2 –12 in the correct order and that none of these pages is blank.

YOU MUST HAND THIS BOOKLET TO THE SUPERVISOR AT THE END OF THE EXAMINATION.

TOTAL

ASSESSOR’S USE ONLY

© New Zealand Qualifications Authority, 2017. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced by any means without the prior permission of the New Zealand Qualifications Authority.
 2

You may find the following formulae useful.

Δd Δv F
v= a= Fnet = ma P= ΔEp = mgΔh
Δt Δt A
1 2 W
Ek = mv W = Fd g = 10 N kg −1 P=
2 t

QUESTION ONE

Two horses, ridden by Dani and Sam, are racing against each other.

www.cambridgejockeyclub.co.nz

The speed-time graph of their two horses is shown below.

speed (m s–1)

14
Dani
12 Sam

10

0 time (s)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Science 90940, 2017

 3

(a) Use the information in the graph to compare the speed AND acceleration of Dani and Sam in ASSESSOR’S
USE ONLY

the first 60 seconds.

Science 90940, 2017

 4

Sam’s horse accelerates for the first 10 s of the race AND covers a distance of 40 m. Sam and his ASSESSOR’S
USE ONLY
horse have a total mass 308 kg.

(b) Use the acceleration to calculate the work that Sam and his horse have done in the first 40 m.

(c) Explain the effect on work AND power if a new, heavier jockey was on Sam’s horse, which
had the same speed and acceleration over the race.
Calculations are not required.

Science 90940, 2017

 5

(The speed-time graph from page 2 is repeated below.) ASSESSOR’S

USE ONLY

speed (m s–1)

14
Dani
12 Sam

10

0 time (s)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

(d) After 90 s, Sam and his horse had travelled 710 m.

How much further had they travelled compared to Dani and her horse at this stage in the race?
Use the information in the graph and any necessary calculations to answer.

Science 90940, 2017

 6

QUESTION TWO ASSESSOR’S

USE ONLY

A lightweight waka ama (outrigger canoe) has a mass of 9.90 kg.

(a) What is the difference between mass and weight?

Use the waka ama as an example, and include a calculation for weight.

A sketch of the waka ama hulls is shown below right.

6.55 m

0.40 m

0.15 m
4.00 m
http://www.tangaroa.school.nz/ www.selway-fisher.com/Opcan17.htm
small-gallery-article/waka-ama-
nationals/134766/324377/

(b) Calculate the pressure exerted by the waka ama (both hulls) on the water.
Your answer should include:
• an area calculation (assume both waka ama hulls are rectangular in shape, and the
measurements above show the area in contact with the water)
• a calculation of the pressure.

Science 90940, 2017

 7

(c) The waka ama sinks further into the water when a 67 kg paddler sits in it. ASSESSOR’S
USE ONLY

Explain why the waka ama sinks further into the water when the paddler sits in it.
Use calculations to support your answer.

Science 90940, 2017

 8

QUESTION THREE ASSESSOR’S

USE ONLY

www.turbosquid.com/3d-models/3d-model-port-container-crane-industrial/689347

(a) The crane shown above lifted a container 30 m in 15 s. The weight of the container is 60 000 N.

(i) Calculate the work done by the crane in lifting the container 30 m.

(ii) Calculate the power of the crane while lifting the container 30 m in 15 s.

(b) Explain what work is being done on the container when it is hanging in the air without
moving.

Science 90940, 2017

 9

(c) Referring to the force diagram below, explain the link between the vertical net force acting on ASSESSOR’S
USE ONLY
the container, and the type of motion produced, while the container is being lowered.
In your answer, you should:
• describe what is meant by net force
• explain the link between the direction of the vertical net force and motion.

Force diagram

Question Three continues

on the following page.

Science 90940, 2017

 10

(d) The crane was lifting another container and the cable broke. The 6500 kg container fell ASSESSOR’S
USE ONLY
15 m to the ground below. The container had 970 000 J of kinetic energy just before it hit the
ground.

Calculate the energy the container had before the cable broke.
AND
Explain why there is a difference in the energy of the container when it was hanging from the
crane compared to just before it hit the ground.

Science 90940, 2017

 11

Extra paper if required. ASSESSOR’S

USE ONLY
QUESTION Write the question number(s) if applicable.
NUMBER

Science 90940, 2017

 12

Extra paper if required. ASSESSOR’S

USE ONLY
QUESTION Write the question number(s) if applicable.
NUMBER
90940

Science 90940, 2017

90940
909400
1
SUPERVISOR’S USE ONLY

Level 1 Science, 2018

90940 Demonstrate understanding of aspects of
mechanics

9.30 a.m. Thursday 15 November 2018

Credits: Four

Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence

Demonstrate understanding of aspects Demonstrate in-depth understanding of Demonstrate comprehensive
of mechanics. aspects of mechanics. understanding of aspects of mechanics.

Check that the National Student Number (NSN) on your admission slip is the same as the number at the
top of this page.

You should attempt ALL the questions in this booklet.

If you need more room for any answer, use the extra space provided at the back of this booklet and
clearly number the question.

Check that this booklet has pages 2 –11 in the correct order and that none of these pages is blank.

YOU MUST HAND THIS BOOKLET TO THE SUPERVISOR AT THE END OF THE EXAMINATION.

TOTAL

ASSESSOR’S USE ONLY

© New Zealand Qualifications Authority, 2018. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced by any means without the prior permission of the New Zealand Qualifications Authority.
 2

You may find the following formulae useful. ASSESSOR’S

USE ONLY

Δd Δv F
v= a= Fnet = ma P= ΔEp = mgΔh
Δt Δt A
1 2 W
Ek = mv W = Fd g = 10 N kg −1 P=
2 t

QUESTION ONE

The speed-time graph shows the motion of two runners in a 100 m race.
speed (m s–1)

14

12
Runner A
Runner B
10

0 time (s)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

(a) From the graph, which runner has the greater acceleration in the first 3 seconds?
Explain your answer.
Calculations are not required.

(b) Using the graph, calculate Runner A’s acceleration during the first 3 seconds.

Science 90940, 2018

 3

(c) (i) Use the information in the graph to compare the speed AND acceleration of Runner A ASSESSOR’S
USE ONLY
and Runner B in the first 10 seconds.

(ii) Use the information in the graph and calculations to show which runner, Runner A or
Runner B, finished the 100 m first.

(d) Each of Runner A’s feet has a surface area of 200 cm2 (0.0200 m2), which sink into the track.
Together, the feet exert a pressure of 13 000 Pa.

Calculate the weight of Runner A.

Science 90940, 2018

 4

QUESTION TWO ASSESSOR’S

USE ONLY

Willow and her mountain bike have a combined mass of 82 kg. She accelerates at the start of a race
at 0.80 m s–2.
(a) Calculate the net force acting on the bike and rider when accelerating.

(b) (i) Draw and label arrows on the diagram below to show ALL the forces acting on Willow
and her bike when accelerating.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24096670

(ii) Explain the size of the forces involved when Willow and her bike are accelerating.

Science 90940, 2018

 5

(c) Willow had to choose between two ramps to ride her bike to the top of an incline. It takes less ASSESSOR’S
USE ONLY
time to use Ramp B.

Ramp A Ramp B

0.5 m

3m 2m

(i) Is the work needed to get to the top of Ramp A more, less, or the same as the work
needed to get to the top of Ramp B?
Explain your answer.

(ii) Explain how the two ramps differ in terms of the force and power needed to ride up
them.
Calculations are not required.

Science 90940, 2018

 6

QUESTION THREE ASSESSOR’S

USE ONLY

46.2 m

Marama is snow skiing and uses a ski tow to get to the top of the slope.
The ski tow pulls Marama up the slope to a height of 46.2 m. The combined mass of Marama and
her ski gear is 62 kg.

(a) Calculate the work done for Marama to reach the top of the slope.

(b) It takes 525 s for the tow to pull Marama to the top of the slope.

Calculate the power needed to get Marama to the top.

For this question, ignore friction.

Science 90940, 2018

 7

(c) Jake has a mass of 75 kg and is doing a jump. ASSESSOR’S

USE ONLY

75 kg, 3200 J

He has 3200 J of gravitational potential energy at the top of his flight.

(i) Calculate his downward (vertical) speed just before he lands, assuming energy is
conserved.

(ii) Explain why Jake’s actual speed when he lands is slower than that calculated in part (i).

Question Three continues

on the following page.

Science 90940, 2018

 8

(d) Jake changes to his wide skis. The skis measure 10 cm in width compared with normal skis of ASSESSOR’S
USE ONLY
5 cm. Both sets of skis are the same length.

Explain why Jake does not sink into the snow as much when he uses his wide skis.
Calculations are not required.

Science 90940, 2018

 9

Extra paper if required. ASSESSOR’S

USE ONLY
QUESTION Write the question number(s) if applicable.
NUMBER

Science 90940, 2018

 10

Extra paper if required. ASSESSOR’S

USE ONLY
QUESTION Write the question number(s) if applicable.
NUMBER

Science 90940, 2018

 11

Extra paper if required. ASSESSOR’S

USE ONLY
QUESTION Write the question number(s) if applicable.
NUMBER

Science 90940, 2018

90940