Physics

Eleventh Edition

Cutnell & Johnson

Chapter 3
Kinematics in Two Dimensions
3.1 Displacement, Velocity, and
Acceleration (1 of 5)

Two-dimensional (2D) motion means motion that takes

place in two different directions (or coordinates) at the
same time.

the concepts of displacement, velocity, and acceleration

are used to describe an object moving in two-dimension
3.1 Displacement, Velocity, and
Acceleration (1 of 5)

r0  initial position

r  final position

r  r  r0  displacement

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3.1 Displacement, Velocity, and
Acceleration (2 of 5)
Average velocity is the
displacement divided by
the elapsed time.

r  r0 r
v 
t  t0 t

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3.1 Displacement, Velocity, and
Acceleration (5 of 5)
Definition of Average Acceleration

v  v 0 v
a 
t  t0 t

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3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two
Dimensions (1 of 11)
Equations of Kinematics
v  v0  at
x  12  v0  v  t

v 2  v02  2ax
x  v0t  12 at 2

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Equations of Kinematics for Constant
Acceleration in Two Dimensions

Analyzing two-dimensional motion is done by breaking it

into two motions: along the horizontal and vertical axes (
x and y)

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3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions

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3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two
Dimensions (2 of 11)

vx  v0 x  axt x  12  v0 x  vx  t

x  v0 xt  axt
1
2
2
v  v  2a x x
2
x
2
0x

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3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two
Dimensions (3 of 11)
v y  v0 y  a yt
y  v0 yt  12 a yt 2

y  12  v0 y  v y  t

v y2  v02y  2a y y

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3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two
Dimensions (4 of 11)

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3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two
Dimensions (5 of 11)
Example 1 A Moving Spacecraft
In the x direction, the spacecraft has an initial velocity component of
of +22 m/s and an acceleration of 24 m s . In the y direction, the
2

analogous quantities are +14 m/s and an acceleration of 12 m s 2 . At a

time 7.0 s, find (a) x and vx, (b) y and vy, and (c) the final velocity of the
spacecraft.

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3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two
Dimensions (6 of 11)
Reasoning Strategy
1. Make a drawing.
2. Decide which directions are to be called positive (+) and negative (−).
3. Write down the values that are given for any of the five kinematic
variables associated with each direction.
4. Verify that the information contains values for at least three of the
kinematic variables. Do this for x and y. Select the appropriate
equation.
5. When the motion is divided into segments, remember that the final
velocity of one segment is the initial velocity for the next.
6. Keep in mind that there may be two possible answers to a kinematics
problem.
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3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two
Dimensions (7 of 11)
Example 1 A Moving Spacecraft
In the x direction, the spacecraft has an initial velocity component of
+22 m/s and an acceleration of 24 m s 2 . In the y direction, the
analogous quantities are +14 m/s and an acceleration of 12 m s 2 .
Find (a) x and vx, (b) y and vy, and (c) the final velocity of the spacecraft at
time 7.0 s.
x ax vx v0x t
+ 24 meter per
?  24 m
second s2.
squared ? +22 m/s 7.0 s

y ay vy v0y t
? +second
12.0 meter 2per
12.0 m s .
squared ? +14 m/s 7.0 s

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3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two
Dimensions (8 of 11)
x ax vx v0x t
24 m s
+ 24 meter per second
2
? squared
? +22 m/s 7.0 s

x  v0 xt  12 axt 2
  22m s  7.0 s    24m s   7.0 s   740 m
1 2 2
2

vx  v0 x  axt
  22m s    24m s 2   7.0 s   190m s

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3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two
Dimensions (9 of 11)
y ay vy v0y t
12.0 m s 2
+ 12.0 meter per second
? squared
? +14 m/s 7.0 s

y  v0 yt  12 a yt 2
 14m s  7.0 s   12m s   7.0 s   390 m
1 2 2
2

vy  v0 y  a yt
 14m s   12m s 2   7.0 s   98m s

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3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two
Dimensions (10 of 11)

v 190m s    98m s   210m s

2 2

  tan 1 
98 
  27
 190 
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3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two
Dimensions (11 of 11)

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3.3 Projectile Motion (1 of 17)
Under the influence of gravity alone, an object near the
surface of the Earth will accelerate downwards at 9.80m s 2 .

a y  9.80m s 2 ax  0

vx  v0 x  constant

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3.3 Projectile Motion (2 of 17)
Example 3: A Falling Care Package
The airplane is moving horizontally with a constant velocity of
+115 m/s at an altitude of 1050m. Determine the time required for
the care package to hit the ground.

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3.3 Projectile Motion (3 of 17)

y ay vy v0y t
−1050 m per9.80
negative 9.80 meter
secondm s2
squared blank 0 m/s ?

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3.3 Projectile Motion (4 of 17)
y ay vy v0y t
−1050 m 9.80 m s
negative 9.80 meter
2
per second squared Blank 0 m/s ?

y  v0 yt  a yt
1
2
2
y  12 a y t 2

2y 2  1050 m 
t   14.6 s
ay 9.80m s 2

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3.3 Projectile Motion (5 of 17)
Example 4: The Velocity of the Care Package
What are the magnitude and direction of the final velocity
of the care package?

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3.3 Projectile Motion (6 of 17)

y ay vy v0y t

−1050 m negative 9.80

meter
9.80 per m s2
second ? 0 m/s 14.6 s
squared

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3.3 Projectile Motion (7 of 17)
y ay vy v0y t
−1050 m
negative 9.80 meter per
9.80 m s
second squared
2
? 0 m/s 14.6 s

vy  v0 y  a yt  0   9.80m s 2  14.6 s 
 143m s
v  vx 2  vy 2

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3.3 Projectile Motion (8 of 17)
Conceptual Example 5: I Shot a Bullet into the Air...
Suppose you are driving a convertible with the top down. The car is
moving to the right at constant velocity. You point a rifle straight up into
the air and fire it. In the absence of air resistance, where would the bullet
land – behind you, ahead of you, or in the barrel of the rifle?

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3.3 Projectile Motion (9 of 17)
Example 6: The Height of a Kickoff
A placekicker kicks a football at and angle of 40.0 degrees and the initial
speed of the ball is 22 m/s. Ignoring air resistance, determine the
maximum height that the ball attains.

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3.3 Projectile Motion (10 of 17)

v0 y  v0 sin    22m s  sin 40  14m s

v0 x  v0 sin    22m s  cos 40  17 m s

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3.3 Projectile Motion (11 of 17)

y ay vy v0y t
negative 9.80 meter per
? 9.80 m s
second squared 2
0 14 m/s Blank

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3.3 Projectile Motion (12 of 17)
y ay vy v0y t
negative 9.80 meter per
? 9.80 m s
second squared 2
0 14 m/s Blank

v y2  v02y
v  v  2a y y
2
y
2
0y y
2a y

0  14m s 
2

y  10 m
2  9.8m s 
2

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3.3 Projectile Motion (13 of 17)
Example 7: The Physics of the “Hang Time” of a Football
What is the time of flight between kickoff and landing?

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3.3 Projectile Motion (14 of 17)

y ay vy v0y t
negative 9.80 meter per
0 9.80 m s
second squared 2
Blank 14 m/s ?

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3.3 Projectile Motion (15 of 17)
y ay vy v0y t
negative 9.80 meter per
0 9.80 m s
second squared 2
Blank 14 m/s ?

y  v0 yt  a yt
1
2
2

0  14m s  t  12  9.80m s 2  t 2
0  2 14m s    9.80m s 2  t
t  0, t  2.9 s

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3.3 Projectile Motion (16 of 17)
Example 8: The Range of a Kickoff
Calculate the range R of the projectile.

x  v0 xt  12 axt 2  v0 xt
 17 m s  2.9 s   49 m
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3.3 Projectile Motion (17 of 17)
Conceptual Example 9: Two Ways to Throw a Stone From the top
of a cliff, a person throws two stones. The stones have identical
initial speeds, but stone 1 is thrown downward at some angle above
the horizontal and stone 2 is thrown at the same angle below the
horizontal. Neglecting air resistance, which stone, if either, strikes
the water with greater velocity?

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3.4 Relative Velocity (1 of 4)

v PG  v PT  v TG

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3.4 Relative Velocity (2 of 4)
Example 10: Crossing a River
The engine of a boat drives it across
a river that is 1800m wide. The
velocity of the boat relative to the
water is 4.0m/s directed
perpendicular to the current. The
velocity of the water relative to the
shore is 2.0m/s.
(a) What is the velocity of the boat
relative to the shore?
(b) How long does it take for the
boat to cross the river?

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3.4 Relative Velocity (3 of 4)

v BS  v BW  v WS

 4.0 
  tan    63
1

 2.0 

 v v   4.0m s    2.0m s 
2 2 2 2
vBS BW WS

 4.5m s
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3.4 Relative Velocity (4 of 4)

1800 m
t  450 s
4.0m s

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