Physics

Eleventh Edition

Cutnell & Johnson

Chapter 1
Introduction and Mathematical Concepts
1.1 The Nature of Physics
Physics: is the branch of science concerned with the nature
and properties of matter and energy.

Physics encompasses a remarkable variety of phenomena:

planetary orbits
radio and TV waves
magnetism
lasers
many more!
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 SI Unit
What is SI Unit?
The SI unit is an international system of measurement used in technical and
scientific research to minimize confusion with measuring units.

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1.2 SI Units

Mechanics is based on just the first three of these

quantities, called the MKS system or meter-kilogram-
second system.

meter  m  : unit of length

kilogram  kg  : unit of mass
second  s  : unit of time

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1.2 SI Units
Table 1.1 Units of Measurement

System System System

SI CGS BE
Length Meter (m) Centimeter (cm) Foot (ft)
Mass Kilogram (kg) Gram (g) Slug (sl)
Time Second (s) Second (s) Second (s)

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 SI Units
All the other units are derived from the SI Base units
Example:
If the velocity is given as the ratio of displacement to the time taken. Find
the SI unit of the velocity?

𝑑
𝑣= 𝑡
where,
the SI unit of displacement (d) is metre (m).
the SI unit of time is seconds (s).
𝑚
𝑣= = 𝑚/𝑠
𝑠

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 SI Units
Example:
If the acceleration is given as the ratio of velocity to
the time taken. Find the SI unit of the acceleration?

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 SI Units
Example:
If the acceleration is given as the ratio of velocity to
the time taken. Find the SI unit of the acceleration?
𝑣
𝑎= 𝑡
where,
the SI unit of v is metre (m/s).
the SI unit of time is seconds (s).
𝑚
𝑣 = 𝑠 = 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑠

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1.4 Trigonometry
Sin Cos Tan Formula
The three ratios: sine, cosine and tangent have their individual formulas.

ho
sin  
h
ha
cos 
h

ho
tan  
ha

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1.4 Trigonometry

On a sunny day, a tall

building casts a shadow that
is 67.2 m long. The angle
between the sun’s rays and
the ground is Θ=50.0°.
Determine the height of the
building?

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1.4 Trigonometry
ho
tan  
ha

ho
tan 50.0 
o

67.2m

ho  tan 50.0o  67.2m   80.1m

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1.4 Trigonometry
 ho 
  sin  
1

h

 ha 
  cos  1

h

 ho 
  tan  
1

 ha 
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1.4 Trigonometry
A lakefront drops off gradually at an angle Θ. For safety reasons, it is necessary to know how
deep the lake is at various distances from the shore. To provide some information about the depth,
a lifeguard rows straight out from the shore a distance of 14.0 m and drops a weighted fishing line.
By measuring the length of the line, the lifeguard determines the depth to be 2.25 m.
(a) What is the value of Θ?
(b) What would be the depth d of the lake at a distance of 22.0 m from the shore?

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1.4 Trigonometry

(a)
 ho 
  tan  
1

 ha 

 2.25m 
  tan 
1
  9.13o

 14.0m 
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1.4 Trigonometry

(b)
 ho 
  tan  
1

 ha 

ho = ha tanϴ
d = ho = (22 m ) ( tan 9.13) = 3.54 m

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1.5 Scalars and Vectors (1 of 3)
There are two types of physical quantities :

1- Scalar quantities  are quantities that are fully

described by magnitude alone
Example: Speed and time

2- vector quantities  are quantities that are fully

described by both magnitude and direction
Example: velocity, force, displacement
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 1.5 Scalars and Vectors (2 of 3)
A vector quantity has both direction and magnitude.

• Arrows are used to represent vectors. The direction of

the arrow gives the direction of the vector.
• vector is denoted by the symbol 𝐴.
• The magnitude of 𝐴 is 𝐴 = 𝐴.
• The length of the arrow = magnitude

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1.5 Scalars and Vectors (3 of 3)
Example of vector:

In the picture the car moved a

distance of 2 km in a direction
30° north of east.

Hence,
The magnitude = 2
The direction of vector = 30° north
of east.
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Check Your Understanding

Which of the following statements, if any, involves a

vector?

(a) I walked 2 miles along the beach.

(b) I walked 2 miles due north along the beach.
(c) I jumped off a cliff and hit the water traveling at 17 miles per hour.
(d) I jumped off a cliff and hit the water traveling straight down at a speed of 17
miles per hour.
(e) My bank account shows a negative balance of −25 dollars.

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1.6 Vector Addition and Subtraction (1 of 8)
Addition:
(a) When the vectors move in the same direction

Let 𝑨 and 𝐵 be two vectors and both

moving in the same direction. Then,
the total displacement vector 𝑅.

𝑅=𝑨 + 𝐵

Where,
𝑅 is the result vector
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Example:
A car first moves along a straight line, with a displacement vector of
275 m, due east. Then the car moves again in the same direction, with
a displacement vector of 125 m, due east. Determine the total
displacement vector 𝑅 ?

𝑅=𝑨 + 𝐵
𝑅 = 275 + 125 = 400 𝑚 in the east direction

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1.6 Vector Addition and Subtraction (2 of 8)

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1.6 Vector Addition and Subtraction (3 of 8)

(2) addition of two perpendicular

displacement vectors

Because the vectors have different

direction, the resultant vector 𝑅 is

𝑅= (𝑨 )𝟐 + (𝑩 )𝟐

The angle θ gives the direction of the

resultant vector
−𝟏
𝑩
𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝑨
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1.6 Vector Addition and Subtraction (5 of 8)
Example:
A car first moves along a straight line, with a
displacement vector of 6 m, due east. Then the car
moves again with a displacement vector of 2 m,
due north. Determine the total displacement
vector 𝑅 ?

𝑅= (𝑨 )𝟐 + (𝑩 )𝟐

R  2.00 m    6.00 m   6.32m

2 2

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1.6 Vector Addition and Subtraction (6 of 8)
The direction of R:

2.00
tan  
6.00

 2.00 
  tan 
1
  18.4
o

 6.00 

Thus, the resultant displacement of the car has a magnitude of

6.32 m and points north of east at an angle of 18.4°.

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Copyright
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