1210 Ch1c 2a AfterClass

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature
of Matter
Seventh Edition
Jespersen; Hyslop
Chapter 1 (III)
Scientific Measurements
Instructor: Dr. Tianchan Jiang
Chemistry Department, St. John’s University
jiangt1@stjohns.edu
Chapter in Context
• The scientific method
• Classify matter
• Physical and chemical properties
• Measurements and SI units
• Error and significant figures
• Using dimensional analysis
• Density defined and how to use it
Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2

Dimensional Analysis (1 of 2)
• Also called the Factor Label Method
• Not all calculations use specific equation
• Use units (dimensions) to analyze problem
Conversion Factor
• Fraction formed from valid equality or equivalence
between units
• Used to switch from one system of measurement
and units to another
Given Quantity × Conversion Factor = Desired Quantity

Conversion Factors
Example: How to convert a person’s height from
68.0 in to cm?
• Start with fact
2.54 cm = 1 in. (exact)
• Dividing both sides by 1 in. or 2.54 cm gives 1
2.54 cm 1 in. 2.54 cm 1 in.
× =1 × =1
1 in. 1 in. 2.54 cm 2.54 cm
• Cancel units
• Leave ratio that equals 1
• Use fact that units behave as numbers do in
mathematical operations
Dimensional Analysis (2 of 2)
• Now multiply original number by conversion factor
that cancels old units and leaves new
Given Quantity × Conversion Factor = Desired Quantity
2.54cm
68.0 in. × = 173 cm
1 in.
• Dimensional analysis can tell us when we have done
wrong arithmetic
1 in.
68.0 in.× = 26.8 in 2 /cm
2.54 cm
o Units not correct
Using Dimensional Analysis
Example: Convert 0.097 m to mm.
• Relationship is 1 mm = 1×10-3 m
• Can make two conversion factors
1mm 1×10-3 m
1×10-3 m 1 mm
• Since going from m to mm use one on left.
1mm
0.097 m × -3
= 97 cm
1´10 m

Learning Check 9
Example: Convert 3.5 m3 to cm3 .
• Start with basic equality 1 cm = 0.01 m
• Now cube both sides
o Units and numbers
o ( ) ( )
3 3
1cm = 0.01m
o 1 cm3 =1×10-6 m3
• Can make two conversion factors
1cm3 1×10-6 m3
1×10-6 m3
or
1 cm3
1cm3
3.5 m × 3
= 3.5 ´ 106 cm 3
1 ´ 10-6 m3
Non-metric to Metric Units
Convert speed of light from 3.00 ´ 108 m s to mi hr
• Use dimensional analysis
• 1 min = 60 s 60 min = 1 hr
• 1 km = 1000 m 1 mi = 1.609 km
3.00 ×108 m 60 s 60 min 12
× × = 1.08×10 m/hr
s 1 min 1hr
12
1.08×10 m 1 km 1 mi 8
× × = 6.71× 10 mi/hr
hr 1000 m 1.609 km
Poll Everywhere: Respond at PollEv.com/jiang123 (online or App), use full name and SJU email
Your Turn! 16 (1 of 2)
The Honda Insight hybrid electric car has a gas
mileage rating of 56 miles to the gallon. What is this
rating expressed in units of kilometers per liter?
1 gal = 3.784 L 1 mile = 1.609 km
A. 1.3×102 km L-1
B. 24 km L-1
C. 15 km L-1
D. 3.4 ´102 km L-1
E. 9.2 km L-1
The Honda Insight hybrid electric car has a gas
mileage rating of 56 miles to the gallon. What is this
rating expressed in units of kilometers per liter?
1 gal = 3.784 L 1 mile = 1.609 km
A. 1.3×102 km L-1
-1 mi 1gal 1.609km
B. Answer: 24 km L 56 × ×
gal 3.784 L 1 mi
C. 15 km L-1
D. 3.4 ´102 km L-1
E. 9.2 km L-1
Density (1 of 2)
• Ratio of object’s mass to its volume
mass m
density= d=
volume V
• Intensive property (size independent)
o Determined by taking ratio of two extensive properties
(size dependent)
o Frequently ratio of two size dependent properties leads to
size independent property
o Sample size cancels
• Units
3
o g/ml or g/cm
Learning Check 10
• A student weighs a piece of gold that has a volume
of 11.02 cm3 of gold. She finds the mass to be 212 g.
What is the density of gold?
m 212 g
d= d= = 19.3 g/cm 3
V 11.02 cm3
Another student has a piece of gold with a

volume of 1.00 cm3 . What does it weigh? 19.3 g
What if it were 2.00 cm3 in volume? 38.6 g

Density (2 of 2)
• Most substances expand slightly when heated
o Same mass
o Larger volume
o Less dense
• Density decreases slightly as temperature increases

• Liquids and solids
o Change is very small
o Can ignore except in very precise calculations
• Density useful to transfer between mass and volume of
substance
Learning Check 11
1. Glass has a density of 2.2 g/cm3 . What is the volume
occupied by 35 g of glass?
m 35 g = 16. cm 3
V = =
d 2.2 g / cm3
3
2. What is the mass of 4.00
400. cm of glass?
m = d ´ V = 2.2 g / cm3 × 400.cm3 = 8.8 x 102 g

A sample of zinc metal ( density = 7.14 g cm ) was -3
submerged in a graduated cylinder containing water.

The water level rose from 162.5 cm3 to 186.0 cm3 when the
sample was submerged. How many grams did the sample
weigh?
3
A. 1.16×10 g
3
B. 1.33×10 g
C. 23.5 g
2
D. 1.68×10 g
E. 3.29 g
A sample of zinc metal ( density = 7.14 g cm -3 ) was
submerged in a graduated cylinder containing water.
The water level rose from 162.5 cm3 to 186.0 cm3 when the
sample was submerged. How many grams did the sample
weigh?
A. 1.16×10 3
g mass = density × volume
B. 1.33×10 3
g volume = (186.0cm3 - 162.5cm3 )
C. 23.5 g = 23.5cm3
D. Answer: 1.68×102 g mass = 7.14 g cm -3 ´ 23.5 cm3
E. 3.29 g
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature
of Matter
Seventh Edition
Jespersen; Hyslop
Chapter 2 (I)
Elements, Compounds, and the Periodic Table
Chapter in Context
• Explore the distribution of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids in
the periodic table
• Interpret chemical formulas
• Understand balanced chemical equations and how they relate to
atomic theory
• Use the periodic table and ion charges to write formulas for ionic
compounds
• Name ionic formulas and write formulas from chemical names
• Understand the difference between ionic and molecular
compounds
• Name molecular compounds
Periodic Table
• Summarizes periodic properties of elements
Early Versions of Periodic Tables
• Arranged by increasing atomic mass
• Mendeleev (Russian) and Meyer (German) in 1869
• Noted repeating (periodic) properties
Modern Periodic Table
• Arranged by increasing atomic number (Z ):
• Rows called periods
• Columns called groups or families
o Identified by numbers
o 1 – 18 standard international
o 1A – 8A longer columns and 1B – 8B shorter columns
Modern Periodic Table
with group labels and chemical families identified
Note: Placement of elements 58 – 71 and 90 – 103 saves space

Representative/Main Group Elements (1 of 4)
A groups—Longer columns
• Alkali Metals
o 1A = first group
o Very reactive
o All are metals except for H
o Tend to form +1 ions
o React with oxygen
• Form compounds that dissolve in water
• Yield strongly caustic or alkaline solution (Na2O)

• Alkaline Earth Metals
o 2A = second group
o Reactive
o Tend to form +2 ions
o React with oxygen
o Oxygen compounds are strongly alkaline (MgO)
o Many are not water soluble

• Halogens
o 7A = next to last group on right
o Reactive
o Form diatomic molecules in elemental state
• 2 gases – F2, Cl2
• 1 liquid – Br2
• 2 solids – I2, At2
o Form –1 ions with alkali metals—salts (Example, NaF, NaCl, NaBr,
and NaI)

• Noble Gases
o 8A = last group on right
o Inert—very unreactive
o Only heavier elements of group react and then very limited
o Don’t form charged ions
o Monatomic gases (Example, He, Ne, Ar)

Transition Elements
B groups—shorter columns
• All are metals
• In center of table
• Begin in fourth row
• Tend to form ions with several different charges
Example
o Fe 2+ and Fe3+
o Cu + and Cu 2+
o Mn 2+ , Mn 3+ , Mn 4+ , Mn 5+ , Mn 6+ , and Mn 7+
Note: Last 3 columns all have 8B designation

Inner Transition Elements
• At bottom of periodic table
• Tend to form +2 and +3 ions
Lanthanide elements
• Elements 58 to 71
Actinide elements
• Elements 90 to 103
• All actinides are radioactive

Metals, Nonmetals, or Metalloids (1 of 2)
• Elements break down into three broad categories
• Organized by regions of periodic table
Metals
o Left-hand side
o Sodium, lead, iron, gold
Nonmetals
o Upper right-hand corner
o Oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine
Metalloids
o Diagonal line between metals and nonmetals
o Boron to astatine
Metals, Nonmetals, or Metalloids (2 of 2)

Classify the following three elements as a metal, non-
metal, or metalloid:
silicon (Si), vanadium (V), bromine (Br)
A. nonmetal, metal, nonmetal, respectively
B. metal, metalloid, nonmetal, respectively
C. nonmetal, metal, metalloid, respectively
D. metalloid, metal, metalloid, respectively
E. None of these are correct

Classify the following three elements as a metal, non-
metal, or metalloid:
silicon (Si), vanadium (V), bromine (Br)
A. nonmetal, metal, nonmetal, respectively
B. metal, metalloid, nonmetal, respectively
C. nonmetal, metal, metalloid, respectively
D. metalloid, metal, metalloid, respectively
E. Answer: None of these are correct

Strontium (Sr) is a _______, ruthenium (Ru) is a
________, and iodine (I) is a_________.
A. alkali metal, transition metal, halogen
B. transition metal, alkaline earth metal, halogen
C. alkaline earth metal, transition metal, halogen
D. transition metal, alkali metal, noble gas
E. alkali metal, actinide, halogen

Strontium (Sr) is a _______, ruthenium (Ru) is a
________, and iodine (I) is a_________.
A. alkali metal, transition metal, halogen
B. transition metal, alkaline earth metal, halogen
C. Answer: alkaline earth metal, transition metal, halogen
D. transition metal, alkali metal, noble gas
E. alkali metal, actinide, halogen

Metals
• Most elements in periodic table
Properties
• Metallic luster
o Shine or reflect light
• Malleable
o Can be hammered or rolled into thin sheets
• Ductile
o Can be drawn into wire
• Hardness
o Some hard – iron and chromium
o Some soft – sodium, lead, copper
Properties of Metals
• Conduct heat and electricity
• Solids at room temperature
o Melting points (mp) > 25 °C
o Hg only liquid metal (mp = –39 °C)
o Tungsten (W) (mp = 3400 °C)
• Highest mp for a metal
• Chemical reactivity
o Varies greatly
• Au, Pt very unreactive
• Na, K very reactive
Nonmetals
• Seventeen elements
o Upper right hand corner of periodic table
• Exist mostly as compounds rather than as pure elements
• Many are gases
o Monatomic (Noble) He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
o Diatomic H2, O2, N2, F2, Cl2
• Some are solids: I2, Se8, S8, P4, C¥
o Three forms of carbon (graphite, coal, diamond)
• One is liquid: Br2

Properties of Nonmetals
• Brittle
o Pulverize when struck
• Insulators
o Non-conductors of electricity and heat
• Chemical reactivity
o Some inert
• Noble gases
o Some reactive
• F2 , O 2 , H 2
o React with metals to form ionic compounds

Metalloids
• Eight Elements
o Located on diagonal line between metals and nonmetals
o B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At
Properties
o Between metals and nonmetals
• Metallic shine
• Brittle like nonmetal
o Semiconductors
• Conduct electricity
• But not as well as metals
• Silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge)
Which of the following statements is correct?
A. Cu is a representative transition element
B. Na is an alkaline earth metal
C. Al is a metalloid in group 3A
D. F is a representative halogen

Which of the following statements is correct?
A. Cu is a representative transition element
B. Na is an alkaline earth metal
C. Al is a metalloid in group 3A
D. Answer: F is a representative halogen

Molecules and Chemical Formulas
• Atoms combine into compounds
• Useful to visualize atoms,
compounds, and molecules
• Atoms represented by spheres
• Different atoms have different
colors
• Standard scheme is represented
on the right

Molecules
• Atoms combine to form more complex substances
• Discrete particles
• Each composed of two or more atoms
Example,
o Molecular oxygen, O2
o Carbon dioxide, CO2
o Ammonia, NH3
o Sucrose, C12H22O11
Chemical Formulas (1 of 2)
• Specify composition of substance
• Chemical symbols
o Represent atoms of elements present
• Subscripts
o Given after chemical symbol
o Represents relative numbers of each type of atom
Example,
Fe2O3 : iron and oxygen in 2:3 ratio
Chemical Formulas (2 of 2)
Free Elements
• Element not combined with another in compounds
• Just use chemical symbol to represent
Example: Iron Fe Neon Ne
Sodium Na Aluminum Al
Diatomic Molecule
• Molecules composed of two atoms each
• Many elements found in nature
Example: Oxygen O2 Nitrogen N2
Hydrogen H2 Chlorine Cl2
Depicting Molecules
• Want to show:
o Order in which atoms are attached to each other
o 3-dimensional shape of molecule
• Three ways of visualizing molecules:
1. Structural formula
2. Ball-and-stick model
3. Space filling model

1. Structural Formulas
• Use to show how atoms are attached
• Atoms represented by chemical symbols

• Chemical bonds attaching atoms indicated by lines

3-D Representations of Molecules
• Use fused spheres to indicate molecules

• Different colors indicate different elements
• Relative size of spheres reflects differing sizes of atoms

2. “Ball-and-Stick” Model
• Spheres = atoms
• Sticks = bonds

3. “Space-Filling” Model
• Shows relative sizes of atoms
• Shows how atoms take up space in molecule

More Complicated Molecules
• Sometimes formulas contain parentheses
• How do we translate into a structure?
Example, Urea, CO(NH2)2
o Expands to CON2H4
o Atoms in parentheses appear twice

Hydrates
• Crystals that contain water molecules
Example, Plaster: CaSO4∙2H2O calcium sulfate dihydrate
o Water is not tightly held
• Dehydration
o Removal of water by heating
o Remaining solid is anhydrous (without water)
Blue =
White = CuSO4
CuSO4 ·5H2O

Counting Atoms (1 of 3)
1. Subscript following chemical symbol indicates how many of
that element are part of the formula
o No subscript implies a subscript of 1
2. Quantity in parentheses is repeated a number of times equal to

the subscript that follows
3. Raised dot in formula indicates that the substance is a hydrate
o Number preceding H2O specifies how many water molecules are
present

Example 1: (CH3)3COH
• Subscript 3 means 3 CH3 groups
So from (CH3)3 we get
3×1C=3C
3×3H=9H

Example 2: CoCl2·6H2O
• The dot 6H2O means you multiple both H2 and O by 6
• So there are:

Count the number of each type of atom in the chemical formula
given below
a. Na2CO3
b. (NH4)2SO4
c. Mg3(PO4)2
d. CuSO4∙5H2O
e. (C2H5)2N2H2

Count the number of each type of atom in the chemical formula
given below
a. Na2CO3 a. 2 Na, 1 C, 3 O
b. (NH4)2SO4 b. 2 N, 8 H, 1 S, 4 O
c. Mg3(PO4)2 c. 3 Mg, 2 P, 8 O
d. CuSO4∙5H2O d. 1 Cu, 1 S, 9 O, 10 H
e. (C2H5)2N2H2 e. 4 C, 12 H, 2 N

What are the formulas of the compounds shown?
A. C3H8, CH3NH2, C3H6O2

B. C3H7, CH5Cl, CH6O2
C. C3H8, CH3NH2, C3H6Br2
D. C3H8, CH3SiH2, C3H6O2
E. N3H8, CH3BH2, C3H6O2

What are the formulas of the compounds shown?
A. Answer: C3H8, CH3NH2, C3H6O2

B. C3H7, CH5Cl, CH6O2
C. C3H8, CH3NH2, C3H6Br2
D. C3H8, CH3SiH2, C3H6O2
E. N3H8, CH3BH2, C3H6O2

Law of Multiple Proportions (1 of 2)
• When two elements form more than one compound,
different masses of one element that combine with
same mass of other element are always in ratio of small
whole numbers.
• Atoms react as complete (whole) particles.
• Chemical formulas
o Indicate whole numbers of atoms
o Not fractions

Using Law Of Multiple Proportions
sulfur sulfur sulfur
dioxide dioxide trioxide
Mass S 32.06 g 32.06 g
Mass O 32.00 g 48.00 g
• Use this data to prove law of

multiple proportions

Law of Multiple Proportions (2 of 2)
Compound Sample Size Mass of Sulfur Mass of Oxygen
Sulfur dioxide 64.06 g 32.06 g 32.00 g
Sulfur trioxide 80.06 g 32.06 g 48.00 g
O in SO3 48.00 g 3
Ratio of = =
O in SO2 32.00 g 2

Molecules Small and Large
• So far we’ve only discussed small molecules
• Some are very large, especially those found in nature
• Same principles apply to all
Example: DNA - short segment

How Do We Know Formulas?
• Hardly “out of the blue”
• Don’t know formula when compound first isolated
• Formulas and structures backed by extensive experimentation
• Use results of experiments to determine
o Formula
o Chemical reactivity
• Molecular shape
o Can speculate once formula is known
o Determine from more experiments
Visualizing Mixtures
• Look at mixtures at atomic/molecular level
• Different color spheres stand for two substances
a. Homogeneous mixture/solution – uniform mixing
b. Heterogeneous mixture – two phases
a. b.

Chemical Reactions
• When one or more substances react to form one or more new
substances
Example: Reaction of methane, CH4, with oxygen, O2, to form
carbon dioxide, CO2, and water, H2O.
Reactants = CH4 and O2
Products = CO2 and H2O
• How to depict?
o Words too long
o Pictures too awkward

Chemical Equations
• Use chemical symbols and formulas to represent reactants and
products.
o Reactants on left hand side
o Products on right hand side
o Arrow (→) means “reacts to yield”
Example: CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

o Coefficients
• Numbers in front of formulas
• Indicate how many of each type of molecule reacted or formed
o Equation reads “methane and oxygen react to yield carbon dioxide
and water”
Conservation of Mass in Reactions
• Mass can neither be created nor destroyed
• This means that there are the same number of each type of atom
in reactants and in products of reaction
o If number of atoms same, then mass also same
CH4 + 2O2 ® CO2 + 2H2O

4H + 4O + C = 4H + 4O + C
Balanced Chemical Equation (1 of 3)
Example:
Subscripts
• Define identity of substances
• Must not change when equation is balanced

Example:
Coefficients
• Number in front of formulas
• Indicate number of molecules of each type
• Adjusted so number of each type of atom is same on both sides of
arrow
• Can change
• How do you determine if an equation is balanced?
o Count atoms
o Same number of each type on both sides of equation?
• If yes, then balanced
• If no, then unbalanced
Example: 2C4H10 + 13O2 → 8CO2 + 10H2O
Reactants Products
2×4 = 8 C 8×1 = 8 C
2×10 = 20 H 10×2 = 20 H
13×2 = 26 O (8×2)+(10×1)= 26 O

Learning Check 2
Fe(OH)3 + 2 HNO3 → Fe(NO3)3 + 2 H2O
Blank Reactants Products
Fe 1 1
O 3 + (2×3) = 9 (3×3) + 2 = 11
H 3+2=5 (2×2) = 4
N 2 3
• Not balanced
• Only Fe has same number of atoms on either side of arrow.

How many atoms of each element appear on each side of the arrow
in the following equation?
4NH3 + 3O2 → 2N2 + 6H2O

How many atoms of each element appear on each side of the arrow
in the following equation?
4NH3 + 3O2 → 2N2 + 6H2O

N (4 × 1) = 4 (2 × 2) = 4
O (3 × 2) = 6 (6 × 1) = 6
H (4 × 3) = 12 (6 × 2) = 12

Count the number of atoms of each element on both sides of the
arrow to determine whether the following equation is balanced.
2(NH4)3PO4 + 3Ba(C2H3O2)2 → Ba3(PO4)2 + 6NH4C2H3O2

Count the number of atoms of each element on both sides of the
arrow to determine whether the following equation is balanced.
2(NH4)3PO4 + 3Ba(C2H3O2)2 → Ba3(PO4)2 + 6NH4C2H3O2

N (2 × 3) = 6 (6 × 1) = 6
H (2×3×4)+(3×3×2) = 42 (6×4) + (6×3) = 42
O (2×4) + (3×2×2) = 20 (2×4) + (6×2) = 20
P (2 × 1) = 2 (2 × 1) = 2
Ba (3 × 1) = 3 (3 × 1) = 3

1210 Ch1c 2a AfterClass

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

1210 Ch1c 2a AfterClass

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 3

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 6

Another student has a piece of gold with a

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 12

• Density decreases slightly as temperature increases

m = d ´ V = 2.2 g / cm3 × 400.cm3 = 8.8 x 102 g

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 14

submerged in a graduated cylinder containing water.

Note: Placement of elements 58 – 71 and 90 – 103 saves space

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 21

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 22

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 23

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 24

Note: Last 3 columns all have 8B designation

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 26

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 28

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 29

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 30

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 31

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 32

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 35

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 36

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 38

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 39

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 40

o Carbon dioxide, CO2

o Represents relative numbers of each type of atom

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 44

• Atoms represented by chemical symbols

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 45

• Use fused spheres to indicate molecules

• Relative size of spheres reflects differing sizes of atoms

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 47

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 48

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 49

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 50

2. Quantity in parentheses is repeated a number of times equal to

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 51

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 52

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 53

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 54

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 55

A. C3H8, CH3NH2, C3H6O2

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 56

A. Answer: C3H8, CH3NH2, C3H6O2

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 57

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 58

• Use this data to prove law of

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 59

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 60

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 61

a. Homogeneous mixture/solution – uniform mixing

b. Heterogeneous mixture – two phases

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 63

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 64

Example: CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

CH4 + 2O2 ® CO2 + 2H2O

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 67

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 69

• Only Fe has same number of atoms on either side of arrow.

Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 70

4NH3 + 3O2 → 2N2 + 6H2O