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Negros Oriental State University

College of Engineering and Architecture
Main Campus II, Bajumpandan, Dumaguete City
DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
DYNAMICS – the branch of mechanics that deals with bodies in motion. 1. A body at rest will remain to be at rest or in motion will remain in

ENS 241 BRANCHES OF DYNAMICS:

motion along a straight path unless acted upon by an unbalanced
force.
2. A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force system has an
Dynamics of Kinematics
- The geometry of motion. This term is used to define the motion of a
acceleration in line with and directly proportional to the resultant of
the force system and inversely proportional to its mass.
Rigid Bodies particle or body without consideration of the forces causing the
motion. a = k F/M or F = Ma (k=1)
Kinetics
- The branch of mechanics that relates the force acting on the body 3. In every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction.
Prepared by: to its mass and acceleration.
Engr. John Ronald R. Fortuito
fortuitojohnronald@gmail.com

MOTION OF BODIES TRANSLATION MOTION RECTILINEAR TRANSLATION

I. TRANSLATION Elements: Case 2: NON UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION (variable acceleration)
The motion of a rigid body in which a straight line passing through any S = distance vo = initial velocity
v = velocity t = time dS = V dt Where a may be a function of velocity v,
two of its particle always remain to be parallel to its initial position. time t, or distance s, and v may be a
g = acceleration due to gravity dV = a dt
g = 9.81 m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2 VdV = a dS function of time t or distance s
II. ROTATION a = acceleration
The motion of a rigid body in which the particles move in circular paths Case 3: UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION (constant acceleration)
with their centers on a fixed straight line called the axis of rotation. A. RECTILINEAR TRANSLATION – travels in a straight path
v = vo + at
III. PLANE MOTION Case 1: UNIFORM MOTION (a = 0)
The motion of a rigid body in which all particles in the body remain at a s = vot + ½ at2
constant distance from a fixed reference plane. S=Vt
v2 = vo2 + 2as

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

A train moving with constant acceleration travels 24 ft during the 10th sec of its motion Katherine was walking in a constant velocity at the park when she saw a taxi and waves [ SOLUTION]
and 18 ft during the 12th sec of its motion. Find its initial velocity and its constant her hand. Find the constant velocity of Katherine if the taxi is 4 meters away from the
acceleration. point of the road that is 5 meters ahead of her. And if the taxi decelerates at a rate of - 0 = vo2 + 2(-0.72 m/s2 )(4m)
0.72 m/s2 so that they’ll arrive at the same time. vo = 2.4 m/s
10th 12th

taxi

taxi
Given: v1 = 24 fps ; t1 = 10 s
secs secs
v2 = 18 fps ; t2 = 12 s Given: st = 4 m ; a = -0.72 m/s2 0 = 2.4 m/s – 0.72 m/s2 (t)
vo v1 v2 sk = 5 m ; a = 0 t = 3.33 sec
[ SOLUTION]
v = vo + at [ SOLUTION] 4m 5m/s = v(3.33s) 4m
ttaxi = tKatherine
24 fps = vo + a(10s) 10s 2s v = 1.5 m/s
-18 fps = vo + a(12s) v2 = vo2 + 2as
6fps = 0 + (-2a) K K
5m 5m
v = vo + at S=Vt
a = -3 fps2
vo = 54 fps

SAMPLE PROBLEM 3 SAMPLE PROBLEM 4 TRANSLATION MOTION

The velocity of an automobile starting from rest is given by ds/dt = 90t/(t+10) ft/sec. A mango falls from a branch 5 meters above the ground. With what speed in meters per B. CURVILINEAR TRANSLATION – travels in a curved path.
Determine its acceleration after an interval of 10 seconds (in ft/sec)? second will it strike the ground? Assume g = 10 m/s2
Projectile Motion
[ SOLUTION] [ SOLUTION] - is a type of curvilinear motion that has an
V = ds = 90t elliptical or parabolic path or what we call
dt t+10 v2 = vo2 + 2gh (vo = 0) for free fall the trajectory.
- air resistance is negligible.
a = dV = (t+10)(90) – 90t(1) = 900 v2 = 02 + 2(10)(5)
dt (t+10)2 (t+10)2 - the equations for this motion is as same as
v = 10 m/s the formulas in rectilinear motion only in a
when t = 10 seconds two-dimensional plane (x- and y-
component).
a = 900 - the acceleration of the object is constant
(10+10)2 (9.81 m/s2 or 32.2 ft/s2 ) over the range of
H=5m motion and is directed downward.
a = 2.25 ft/s2
- the velocity of the object in x-component, Vx
is constant (ax = 0)

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PROJECTILE MOTION PROJECTILE MOTION PROJECTILE MOTION

At any point B in the projectile: At the highest point A: (Vy = 0)
- θ is the firing angle of the projectile above
the x-axis then we have x = Vox t H = Voy2 / 2g
Vox = Vo cos θ
Voy = Vo sin θ Vy = Voy – gt t = Voy /g
- the y-component of the velocity is zero at
the peak of the path y = Voy t – ½ gt2 Maximum horizontal Range through the plane
- the x-component of the velocity remains where it was fired, at point C: (y = 0)
constant because there is no acceleration in Vy2 = Voy2 - 2gy
the x direction. R = (Vo2 sin 2 θ )/ g
- the final velocity of the projectile is y = x tan θ – g x2 / (2Vo2 cos2 θ)
t = 2 Voy / g
Vf2 = Vfy2 + Vfx2
NOTE: Vy is positive if directed upward and negative if directed downward.
At any point D below the origin O, the sign of y is negative.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2 SAMPLE PROBLEM 3

A projectile is fired with an initial velocity of 50 m/s upward at an angle of 45° to A baseball is thrown from a horizontal plane following a parabolic path with an A plane is flying horizontally 350 kph at an altitude of 420 m. At this instant, a
the horizontal from a point 70 meters above a level plain. What horizontal initial velocity of 100 m/s at an angle of 30° above the horizontal. How far from bomb is released. How far horizontally from this point will the bomb hit the
distance will it cover before it strikes the plain? the throwing point will the ball attain its original level? ground? Vo = 350 kph = 97.22 m/s

Given: Vo = 50 m/s Given: Vo = 100 m/s Vo = 100 m/s Given: Vo = 350 kph
θ = 45° θ = 30° y = 420 m
y = 70 m [Solution]
θ = 30° x
[Solution] y = x tan θ – g x2 / (2Vo2 cos2 θ) [Solution] x=R Since the bomb was dropped freely, its initial velocity and direction is the same
-70 = (x) tan 45° - (9.81) x2 / ((2)(50 cos 45°)2 ) Using the formula: y = x tan θ – g / (2Vo
x2 2 cos2
θ) as that of the plane.
-70 = x – (9.81x2 )/2500 (when the ball attain its original level, y = 0)
0 = (9.81/2500) x2 – x – 70 Using the formula: y = x tan θ – g x2 / (2Vo2 cos2 θ)
x1 = -57.173 m 0 = (x) tan 30° - (9.81) x2 / ((2)(100 cos 30°)2 ) -420 = (x) tan 0° - (9.81) x2 / ((2)(97.22 cos 0°)2 )
x2 = 312.02 m
x = 883 meters x = 899.6 meters

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 3 SAMPLE PROBLEM 4 ROTATION MOTION

A stone is projected from the ground with a velocity of 15 m/s at an angle of A bullet is fired at an angle of 75° with the horizontal with an initial velocity of Elements:
30° with the horizontal ground. How high in meters will it rise? Use g = 9.817 m/s2 420 m/s. How high can it travel after 2 seconds? θ = angular displacement, radians
t = 2 sec ω = angular speed, rad/sec
Vo = 15 m/s Vo = 420 m/s  = angular acceleration, rad/sec2
y y
θ = 75°
θ = 30° [Solution] ROTATION is define as that motion of a rigid body in which the particles move in
[Solution] a circular path with their centers on fixed straight line that is called the axis of
at maximum height, Vy = 0 using the formula, y = Voy t – ½ gt2 rotation.

using the formula, Vy2 = Voy2 - 2gy y = (420 sin 75)(2) – ½(9.81)(2)2 Tangential Speed, vt
0 = (15 sin 30°) 2 – 2(9.817)y - is equal to the instantaneous linear speed of the particle at any point on the
y = 791.76 m
y = 2.865 m curved path.
vt = r ω
where: r = radius of curvature
ω = angular speed at a particular point on the curved path of
the particle.

ROTATION MOTION ROTATION MOTION ROTATION MOTION

Angular Speed, ω Elements: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRANSLATION AND ROTATION
- is defined as the time rate of change of angular displacement along the θ = angular displacement, radians ω a

curved path. ω = angular speed, rad/sec v

A
ω = Δθ / Δt  = angular acceleration, rad/sec2  r
θ
where: Δθ is the change in angle when the point is moving from one Case 1: UNIFORM MOTION r S
S
position to another position
A
Δt is the change in time occurred for this angular θ=ωt
displacement S=rθ
Angular Acceleration,  Case 2: UNIFORM ACCELERATION a=r
- the time rate of change of the angular velocity ω = ωo +  t v=rω
 = Δω / Δt
θ = ωo t + ½  t2 where θ , ω , and  are expressed in radians
where: Δω is the change in angular velocity
Δt is the change in time ω 2 = ω o2 + 2  θ

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

A flywheel 7 ft in diameter accelerates from rest at a constant rate of 3 [Solution] A pulley has constant angular acceleration of 3.8 rad/sec2. When the angular
rpm/sec. Determine a) the angular velocity on the rim of the flywheel after 11 a) the angular velocity on the rim of the flywheel after 11 seconds velocity is 3 rad/sec, the total acceleration of a point on the rim of the pulley is
seconds, b) the normal component of the acceleration of a particle on the rim 14 fps2. Compute the radius of the pulley.
of the flywheel after 11 seconds, and c) the tangential component of the using the formula: ω = ωo +  t
acceleration of a particle on the rim of the flywheel after 11 seconds. ω = 0 + (π/10)(11) Given:
ω = 11π/10  = 3.8 rad/sec2
Given: ω = 3 rad/sec
d = 7 ft, r = 3.5 ft ω = 3.46 rad/sec a = 14 fps2
ωo = 0
 = 3 rpm/sec ( 3 revolutions/minute-second) b) normal acceleration c) tangential component [Solution] a2 = at2 + an2 142 = (3.8r) 2 + [(32)r]2
= 3 rev x (1 min)(2π)rad = π radians an = r ω2 at = r  196 = 14.44r2 + 81r2
min-sec (60 sec)(1 rev) 10 sec2 an = (3.5 ft)(11π/10 sec)2 at = (3.5 ft)(π/10 sec2) at = r  r2 = 196/95.44
t = 11 seconds an = r ω2
an = 41.80 ft/sec2 at = 1.10 ft/sec2 r = 1.43 ft

SAMPLE PROBLEM 3 SAMPLE PROBLEM 3 SAMPLE PROBLEM 4

When the angular velocity of a 6 ft diameter pulley is 2 rad/sec, the total [Solution] The wheel of an automobile revolves at the rate of 700 rpm. How fast does it
acceleration of a point on its rim is 15 fps2. Determine a) the normal b) tangential acceleration, at a2 = at2 + an2 move, in km per hr., if the radius of its wheel is 250 mm? ω
acceleration of the pulley at this instant, b) the tangential acceleration of the 152 = at2 + 122
pulley at this instant, and c) the angular acceleration of the pulley at this at2 = 81 [Solution]
r
instant. V=rω V
Given: at = 9 fps2 ω = 700 rev x 2π rad/rev x 1 min/60 sec
d = 6 ft or r = 3 ft min
ω = 2 rad/sec c) tangential acceleration,  at = r  ω = 73.3 rad/sec
a = 15 fps2 9 = (3) 
[Solution] V = (0.25)(73.3)
a) normal acceleration, an an = r ω2  = 3 rad/sec2 V = 18.33 m/s x 1 km/1000 m x 3600 sec/1 hr
an = (3 ft)(2 rad/sec)2
V = 5.09 kph
an = 12 fps2

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 5 (CE November 1997) KINETICS KINETICS

Force and Acceleration. Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Using a constant angular acceleration, a water turbine is brought to its normal FORCE AND MOTION “Whenever a net (resultant) force acts on a body, it produces an acceleration
operating speed of 180 rev/min in 6 minutes. How many revolutions did the in the direction of the resultant force that is directly proportional to the resultant force and
turbine make in coming to normal speed? Inertia – the property of a body by virtue of which a net force is required to change its inversely proportional to the mass of the body.”
motion a∝F a∝ 1 a∝F
[Solution] m m
Initial angular speed, ωo = 0 The Law of Inertia. Newton’s First Law of Motion F=kma
Final angular speed, ω = 180 rev/min x 2π rad/rev = 360 π rad/min “There is no change in the motion of a body unless an unbalanced external where:
force is acting on it.” F = resultant force
From the formula, ω = ωo +  t
m = mass of the body
360 π = 0 +  (6) F change in the rate of motion a = acceleration of the body
 = 60π rad/min2 k = proportionality constant
From the formula, θ = ωo t + ½  t2
θ = 0 + ½ (60π )(6)2 = 3,392.9 radians F change in the direction Weight – resultant gravitational force acting on the body due to all other bodies in space
Number of complete revolutions, N = 3392.9 rad x 1 rev/2π rad F=kma
N = 540 revolutions W = k m g, k =1
F W=mg

FORCE AND MOTION SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

UNIT OF FORCE: A 50-kg block rests at the top of a smooth plane whose length is 2 m and height is 0.5 m. A 2-ton elevator is supported by a cable that can safely support 6,400 lb. What is the
How long will it take for the block to slide to the bottom of the plane when released? shortest distance in which the elevator is descending with a speed of 4 ft/s ?
1 Newton. The force that will give to a mass of one kilogram an acceleration of T = 6,400 lb
[Solution] Free-Body-Diagram: [Solution]
one meter per second per second F

F From the Figure: F = 6,400 lb – 4,000 lb

F = 2,400 lb
1 Dyne. The force that will give to a mass of one gram an acceleration of one 0.5 m
N
W
θ
N W = 2 tons (2,000 lb/1ton) = 4,000 lb
W
centimeter per second per second θ
F=ma
From the Figure: sin θ = 0.5/2 = 0.25 F=ma 2,400 lb = (4,000/32.2)(a)
1 Poundal. The force that will give to a mass of one pound an acceleration of From the FBD: sin θ = F / W 122.63 N = 50 kg (a) a = 19.32 ft/s2
one foot per second per second F = W sin θ a = 2.45 m/s2
F = m g sin θ From the formula: v = vo + at s = vot + ½ at2
F = (50 kg)(9.81 m/s2 )(0.25) s = vot + ½ at2 t = (v – vo )/a s = (4)(0.21) – ½ (19.32)(0.21)2
System F = m a t = (0 – 4)/19.32 s = 0.42 ft
F = 122. 63 Newton 2 m = 0 + ½ (2.45 m/s2 )t2
t = 1.28 seconds t = 0.21 sec
mks N kg m/s2
cgs dyn g cm/s2
British lb slug ft/s2

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 3 SAMPLE PROBLEM 4 SAMPLE PROBLEM 5

A 5-kg block is placed on a smooth horizontal surface. A horizontal cord attached to the Calculate the accelerating force needed to change the speed of a 20-lb object from 18 A pick-up truck is travelling forward at 25 m/s. The truck bed is loaded with boxes, whose
block passes over a light frictionless pulley and is attached to a 4-kg body. Find the ft/s to 50 ft/s in a distance of 40 ft. coefficient of friction with the bed is 0.4. What is the shortest time that the truck can be
acceleration and tension in the cord when the system is released? brought to stop such that the boxes do not shift?
Vo = 18 ft/s V1 = 50 ft/s
Free-body diagram: [Solution] Free-Body Diagram:
1 T
N 432 432 a W

From the formula:

432 432

1 T 2 REF
40 ft
2 W W W
[Solution] v2 = vo2 + 2as [Solution] N=W
f = µN

F = T = m1 a F = W-T a = (v2 - vo2 )/2s REF = m a = (W/g) a

T = 5a (eq. 1) F = m2 g – T = m2 a a = (502 – 182 )/2(40) W=mg F=ma From the FBD: From the formula:
(4)(9.81) – T = 4 a a = 27.2 ft/s2 m = W/g F = (0.62 slugs)(27.2 ft/s2 ) REF = f = µN = µW v = vo + at
T = 39.24 – 4a (eq. 2) m = 20 lb/32.2 ft/s2 F = 16. 89 lb 0.40W = (W/g) a v = 0, vo = 25 m/s,
eq. 1 = eq. 2; T=T T = 5a m = 0.62 slugs a = 0.4(9.81) a = - 3.924 m/s2 (decceleration)
5a = 39.24 – 4a T = 5(4.36) a = 3.924 m/s2 0 = 25 + (-3.924)(t)
a = 4.36 m/s2 T = 21.8 N t = 6.37 sec

FORCE AND MOTION FORCE AND MOTION FORCE AND MOTION

Centrifugal Force. Whenever a body rotates about an axis at a speed of ω, Ideal Angle of Banking. When a car makes a horizontal turn on a curve of radius R If the car is on the point of slipping down the plane because of insufficient speed:
there exist a force called centrifugal force directed away from the axis of while traveling at a velocity of v, the curve must be banked at an angle θ so that there is
tan (θ - ) = V
2

rotation. no tendency for the car to slide up or down the road. This angle is called the ideal angle gR
CF = M ω2 r = (W/g) ω2 r = Wv 2/gr of banking.
where where: V is the rated speed in m/s
V2 If the car moves with high velocity and the friction is great enough to prevent skidding,
v = r ω , and r is the radius of rotation tan θ = gR R is the radius of the curve
the car may tend to overturn about the outer wheel. The maximum velocity can be
θ solved by taking moment about the outer wheel with the reaction in the inner wheel
Pendulum
equals zero.

L W θ
T tan θ = CF
W
= (W/g)ω2 r
= ω2 r
g Maximum Speed that an Automobile can Round a Curve without Skidding
W
θ
The car moving round a curve is acted by a centrifugal force and a friction force
CF ω2 r v2 between the tires and the road. The maximum speed that an automobile can travel
T W tan θ = g
= gr
θ
round a curve, banked through an angle of θ , so that it will not skid outwards is:
T = W sec θ
tan (θ + ) = V
2
ω CF where  is the angle of friction,
sin θ = r/L gR  = arc tan µ
r

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2 SAMPLE PROBLEM 3 (CE NOVEMBER 1998)

A car travels on the horizontal unbanked circular track of radius R. Coefficient of friction If a car travels at 15 m/s and the track is banked 5°, what is the smallest radius it can travel A highway curve is super elevated at 7°. Find the radius of the curve if there is no lateral
between the tires and the track is 0.3. If the car’s velocity is 10 m/s, what is the smallest so that friction will not be necessary to resist sliding? pressure on the wheels of the car at a speed of 40 mph.
radius it may travel without skidding?
[Solution] [Solution]
V2 V2 miles 5,280 ft 1m 1 hr
[Solution] From the formula: tan θ = From the formula: tan θ = ; v = 40 x x x
V2 gR gR hr 1 mile 3.28 ft 3,600 sec
From the formula: tan (θ + ) = ; θ = 0°, µ = tan  = 0.3
gR v = 17.886 m/s
tan 5° = 15
2
102
tan (0 + ) = (17.886)2
9.81R 9.81R tan 7° =
9.81R
tan  = 100 R = 262.16 m
9.81R
0.3 = 100 R = 265.6 m
9.81R
R = 33.98 m

SAMPLE PROBLEM 4 (CE MAY 1999) SAMPLE PROBLEM 5 WORK AND ENERGY
A vertical bar of length L with a mass of 40-kg is rotated vertically about its one end at 40 The seats of a carousel are attached to a vertical rotating shaft by a flexible cable 8-m WORK
rpm. Find the length of the bar if it makes an angle of 45° with the vertical? long. The seats have a mass of 75-kg. What is the maximum angle of tilt for the seats if the - defined as the product of the magnitude of the average force and the displacement
carousel operates at 12 rpm? in the direction of the force.
ω = 40 rpm
[Solution] FBD: Work = force x distance (in N-m or Joule)
ω = 40 rev/min W = 40 x g T [Solution]
L/2
ω = 4.1888 rad/sec W θ From the formula: FBD: F
θ θ θ θ
CF = (W/g) ω2 r L θ
CF L/2 CF θ F
r = L sinθ W
ω = 12 rpm = 1.257 rad/s W s s
From the formula: CF = (W/9.81)(1.257)2 (L sinθ)
CF
CF = M ω2 r r CF = 0.161 W L sin θ Work = F x s Work = (F cos θ) x s
CF = 40(4.1888)2 r From FBD: From the FBD: CF = (W/g) ω2 r

CF = 701.838 r tan θ = CF tan θ = CF/W where:

W
W = Work
tan 45° =
701.838r
= 1; r = 0.559 m tan θ = 0.161 W(8)sin θ F = average force
40(9.81) W
s = displacement
0.559 sin θ
sin 45° = r = ; L = 1.58 m cos θ
= 1.288 sin θ ; cos θ = 0.776; θ = 39° θ = angle between the direction of the force and the displacement
L/2 L/2

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WORK AND ENERGY WORK AND ENERGY WORK AND ENERGY

Newton-meter, Joule ENERGY KINETIC ENERGY
- work done by a force of one Newton exerted through a distance of one meter - property of the body or system of body by virtue of which work can be performed. - energy possessed by an object by virtue of its motion
when the force is parallel to the displacement.
POTENTIAL ENERGY KE = ½ M v2 (in N-m or Joule)
Erg - energy which the body posses by virtue of its positions, configurations, or internal where :
- work done by a force of one dyne exerted over a distance of one centimeter mechanisms. KE = Kinetic Energy
in the direction of the force. m = mass
PE = W h = M g h (in N-m or Joule) v = velocity
Foot-Pound WORK-ENERGY EQUATION
-the work done by a force of one pound over a displacement of one foot in the where : When a body of weight W move from point 1 to point 2, the work-energy
direction of the force. PE = Potential Energy equation may be expressed as:
W = Weight of the body
Systems Work = Force x Distance h = height to which it is raised KE1 ± Work ± PE = KE2
mks Joule, J (N-m) Newton, N meter, m m = mass
cgs Erg Dyne, dyn centimeter, cm g = gravitational acceleration Work is (+) if it helps the motion and (-) if it is against the motion
British Foot-Pound (ft-lb) Pound, lb foot, ft PE is (+) if the body goes down, and (-) if it goes up.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2 SAMPLE PROBLEM 3

A 40-lb stone is carried up the ramp along a path making an angle of 30° to the A 40-lb stone is hoisted to the top of a building 100 ft high. How much does its potential What is the kinetic energy of a 3,000-lb automobile which is moving at 30 mph?
horizontal, to the top of a building 100-ft high. How much work is done? energy increase?
[Solution]
[Solution] [Solution]
v = 30 mi/hr (5280 ft/mi)(1 hr/3600 s) = 44 ft/sec
sin 30 = 100
s 60° Work = F x s 100 ft
s 100’
KE = ½ m v2
s = 200 ft 30° Work = (40 lb) x (100 ft)
KE = ½ x 3,000-lb2 x (44 ft/sec)2
32.2 ft/s
Work = F cos θ x s Work = 4,000 ft-lb
KE = 9.02 x 104 ft-lb
Work = (40 lb) (cos 60°) (200 ft)

Work = 4,000 ft-lb

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 4 SAMPLE PROBLEM 5 SAMPLE PROBLEM 5

What average force is necessary to stop a bullet of mass 20-g at a speed of 250 m/s as it A car starting from rest at A is to attempt the frictionless loop-the-loop shown in the Figure. b) normal pressure exerted by the car at B. c) maximum force exerted by the man against
penetrates a wood to a distance of 12 cm? The car weighs 150-lb and carries a 150-lb man. his seat during the entire trip.
a) Compute for “h” in order for the car to just clear the gap. [Solution]
Velocity of the car at B: (x = 55-40 = 15 ft) [Solution]
[Solution] b) Compute the normal pressure in pounds exerted by the car at B. VB2 = 2 g x Velocity of the car at point C:
c) Compute the maximum force in pounds exerted by the man against his seat during VB2 = 2 (32.2)(15)
NB
Vc2 = 2 g h
F s = ½ m v2 the entire trip. VB = 31.0805 ft/sec Vc2 = 2 (32.2)(55) CFC
W = 300 lb
A
Vc = 59.5147 ft/sec
m v2 W = 150 lb
F= [Solution] Centrifugal force at B: CFB
2s x Centrifugal force at C:
a) Solving for ‘h’ B
CFB = WvB
2 Nc
F = (0.020 kg) (250 m/s)
2
gR WvC2
2 (0.12 m) y = x tan θ – g 2 x2 h
20’ D E
CFB = g R
CFB = 300 (31.0805)
2
2vo cos2 θ
F = 5.21 x 103 N 32.2 (20) 150 (59.5147)2
0 = 70.7 tan 22.5° - 32.2 (70.7)2 5’ 5’ CFB = 32.2 (20)
2 vD2cos2 22.5 ° C 22.5° 70.7’ CFB = 450 lbs
vD = 56.74 ft/sec (velocity at D) Energy Equation from A to D: NB = CFB – W CFB = 825 lbs
EA + W h – W(5) = ED NB = 450 – 300 NB = CFB + W
0 + W h – W(5) = ½ (W/32.2)(56.74)2 NB = 825 +150
h = 55 feet NB = 150 lbs NB = 975 lbs

SAMPLE PROBLEM 6 SAMPLE PROBLEM 6 SAMPLE PROBLEM 7

A 20-kN car moving at 72 kph is switched to a 10% grade. The frictional resistance between the wheels [Solution] A force of 200-lbf acts on a block at an angle of 28° with respect to horizontal. The block is
of the car and the road is 1 kN. b)Motion from C to B: pushed 2 feet horizontally. What is the work done by this force?
a) Find the distance along the grade that the car can move before coming to a complete stop. Energy Equation from C to B: 20,000 N
v=0

b) If the car is then allowed to move back freely, find the velocity (in kph) of the car at the foot of the KEC + (W x h) – (f x S) = KEB v=?

grade. 0 + 20000 (136.4 sin θ) – 1000(136.4) =

1 20000 (v)2 [Solution]
2 9.81 C
c) If the road at the foot of the grade is level, how far down the road will the car move before F = 200 lb
coming to stop? v = 11.51 m/s = 41.43 kph B S
Work = force x distance
v=0 Work = (200 cos 28°)(2) 28°

[Solution] 20,000 N
72 kph
(20 m/s) Work = 353.18 ft-lb
v=0 tan θ = 1/10 S = 2 ft
θ 1 c) Motion from B to A:
C 10
θ = 5.71° Energy Equation from B to A: Work = 353.18 ft-lb x (1 m/3.28 ft) x (1 kg/2.22 lb) x 9.81 m/s2
A B KEB – (f x) = KEA
1000 N
x
S
Work = 475.8 N-m
a)Motion from B to C: 1 20000 (11.51)2 - 1000(x) = 0 Work = 475.8 J
Energy Equation from B to C: v=0 2 9.81
KEB – (W x h) – (f x S) = KEc 72 kph x = 135 m v=0 v = 11.51 m/s
20,000 N

20,000 N (20 m/s)

θ 1
C
θ 1 10
1 20000 (20)2 - 20000(S sin θ) – 1000(S) = 0 C 10

2 9.81 A
1000 N
B
B x
S = 136.4 m S

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 8-9 SAMPLE PROBLEM 10 IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM

An automobile has a power output of
1hp. When it pulls a cart with a force of
300 N, what is the cart’s velocity?
[Solution]
Power = Work / time
Power = F s / t
Power = F v (since s/t = v)
1 hp x 746 watts / hp = 300 N (v)
746 N-m/s = 300 N (v)
v = 2.49 m/s
The average horsepower required to raise a
150-kg box to a height of 20 meters over a
period of one minute is:
[Solution]
Power = Work / time
Power = F s / t
Power = 150 (9.81)N x 20m
60 sec
Power = 490.5wattsx(1hp/746 watts)
Power = 0.6575 hp
A body weighing1000 lbs fall 6 inches and strikes a 2000 lbs (per inch) spring. What is the The impulse of a force is the product of the force and the time during which it
deformation of the spring? acts. Impulse is a vector quantity having the direction of the force. When a
force acts on an object that is free to move, its change in momentum equals
[Solution]
1000 lbs the impulse given it by the force.
From the figure:
Work done by the body = Work done by the spring 6”
Impulse = Force x time
Force x Distance = ½ k y2
1000 (6 + y) = ½ (2000) y2 y
The linear momentum of an object is the product of its mass and velocity. Linear
6 + y = y2
momentum is a vector quantity having the direction of the objects velocity.
y2 – y – 6 = 0 k = 2000 lb/in
By quadratic equation: Momentum = m v = (W/g) v
y = 3 inches

IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

IMPULSE-MOMENTUM EQUATION A 50-kg block of wood rest on the top of the smooth plane whose length is 3 m and A train is running up a grade of 1 in 200 at 32 kph when the coupling of the last car
When a body of weight W moving with an initial velocity vo changes its velocity whose altitude is 0.8 m. How long will it take for the block to slide to the bottom of the breaks. Neglecting friction:
to vf over a period of t along a straight line, plane when released? a) What is the velocity of the car after 2 minutes?
W sin θ b) What is the distance traveled by the car after 2 minutes?
[Solution] vo = 0 c) What is the time of travel before it begins to slide back?
Σ (+) Impulse – Σ (-) Impulse = W (vf – vo )
g Since the surface is smooth (frictionless), the final a d) By the time the car begins to slide down, what is its distance from the train?
velocity is the same as that of a free falling body REF e) If the grade extends 460 m below the point where the break occurred, what is its
(+) Impulse = impulse in the same direction as the motion through a height of 0.8 m.
vf = ?
velocity at the foot of the grade?
t=?
(-) Impulse = impulse in the opposite direction as the motion From the relationship, v2 = 2 g h 0.8 m 3m
θ
v2 = 2(9.81)(0.8) S
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM v = 3.9618 m/s vf
sin θ = 0.8/3; θ = 15.466° vo
If a system is composed of particles of mass M1 , M2 , etc., having velocities v1, v2
1
, etc., and after mutual reaction between the particles they possess new velocities v1’, v2’, By Impulse-Momentum Equation: 200

etc., the condition that the momentum of the system be constant may be expressed as: Σ (+) Impulse – Σ (-) Impulse = M (vf – vo ) Position
(W sin 15.466°) t – 0 = W/g (3.9618 – 0) Position
when the
after 2
minutes (120

M1 v1 + M2 v2 + . . . = M1 v1’ + M2 v2’ + . . . coupling

breaks
seconds)

t = 1.514 sec

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 2 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

[Solution] 0.005W [Solution] [Solution]
a) What is the velocity of the car after 2 minutes? W c) What is the time of travel before it begins to slide back? Vf = 0 e) If the grade extends 460 m below the point where the break occurred, what is its
vo = 32 kph = 8.889 m/s vo = 32 kph = 8.889 m/s S
t=?
velocity at the foot of the grade?
vo 0.005W
W
By impulse-momentum equation: By impulse-momentum equation: 200
1
By work-energy equation:
Σ (+) Impulse – Σ (-) Impulse = W/g (vf – vo ) Σ (+) Impulse – Σ (-) Impulse = W/g (vf – vo ) Position Position Σ (+) work – Σ (-) work = ½ W/g (vf2 – vo2 )
f=0 when the after 2
0 – 0.005W(120) = W/9.81 (vf – 8.889) 0 – 0.005W(t) = W/9.81 (0– 8.889) coupling minutes (120 0.005W(460+805.41) – 0 = ½ W/9.81 (vf2 – 02 )
breaks seconds)
vf = 3.003 m/s t= 181.22 sec vf = 40.1 kph
f=0
b) What is the distance traveled by the car after 2 minutes? d) By the time the car begins to slide down, what is its distance from the train?
Strain = 8.889(181.22) = 1610.86 m 460 m
805.41 m
vo = 0
By work-energy equation: Distance traveled by the car when it starts to slide back:
Σ (+) work – Σ (-) work = ½ W/g (vf2 – vo2 ) Position
after 2 By work-energy equation: vf = ?

0 – 0.005W(S) = ½ W/9.81 (3.0032 – 8.8892 ) minutes (120

seconds) Σ (+) work – Σ (-) work = ½ W/g (vf2 – vo2 ) 200
1
S
S = 713.52 m vf
0 – 0.005W(S) = ½ W/9.81 (02 – 8.8892 ) Position when the

Position vo S = 805.45 m Foot of grade coupling breaks

when the
coupling 1 Distance from the car to the train = 1610.86 – 805.45 = 805.41 m
breaks 200

SAMPLE PROBLEM 3 SAMPLE PROBLEM 4 SAMPLE PROBLEM 5

The brakes of a 1000-kg automobile exert 3000 N. How long will it take for the car to come A 16-gram mass is moving at 30 cm/s while a 4-gram mass is moving in an opposite A 5-kg rifle fires a 15-g bullet at a muzzle velocity of 600 m/s. What is the recoil velocity of
to a complete stop from a velocity of 30 m/s? direction at 50 cm/s. They collide head on and stick together. Their velocity after collision the rifle?
is: V1’ V2’
[Solution] [Solution]
m = 1000 kg m = 1000 kg [Solution] m1 = 16 grams m2 = 4 grams
vo = 30 m/s vf = 0 v1 = 30 cm/s v2= 50 cm/s
By impulse-momentum equation: By Law of Conservation of Momentum:
M1 v1 + M2 v2 = M1 v1’ + M2 v2’ Rifle: Bullet:
By Law of Conservation of Momentum:
M1 = 5 kg M2 = 0.015 kg
Δ Impulse = Δ Momentum M1 v1 + M2 v2 = M1 v1’ + M2 v2’ M1 = mass of rifle, 5 kg
V1 = 0 V2 = 0
Σ (+) Impulse – Σ (-) Impulse = W/g (vf – vo ) f = 3000 N f = 3000 N Before collision v1 = initial velocity of rifle = 0 V1’ = ? V2’ = 600 m/s
0 – (3000 x t) = 1000 (0 – 30) time = t v1’ = recoil velocity of rifle
v 1’ = v 2’ = v
M2 = mass of bullet, 0.015 kg
t = 10 sec 16(30) + (4)(-50) = 16(v) + 4(v) V v2 = initial velocity of bullet = 0
v2’ = recoil velocity of bullet = 600 m/s
m1 = 1000 kg m1 = 1000 kg
v = 14 cm/s
5(0) + 0.015(0) = 5(v1’) + 0.015(600)
After collision
v1’ = - 1.8 m/s
Thus, the recoil velocity of rifle is 1.8 m/s

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 6
A 0.50-kg ball with a speed of 20 m/s strikes and sticks to a 70-kg block resting on a
frictionless surface. Find the block’s velocity.

[Solution]
For the 0.50-kg ball,
M1 = 0.50 kg
70 kg
Initial velocity = v1 = 20 m/s

THANK
Final velocity = v1’ (same as the block)
Before Impact
For the 70-kg block,
M2 = 70 kg
Initial velocity = v2 = 0 (at rest)
Final velocity = v2’ = v

YOU !
70 kg Prepared by:
M1 v1 + M2 v2 = M1 v1’ + M2 v2’
0.5(20) + 70(0) = 0.5v + 70v After Impact Engr. John Ronald R. Fortuito
v = 0.142 m/s fortuitojohnronald@gmail.com

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