general physics – prefinals  force always act in equal but opposite pairs.

the
force exerted by two objects on each other are
law of intertia
often called an action-reaction force pair.
sir Isaac newton (1643-1727) is famous for his discovery
 either force can be considered the action force or
of the three laws of motion. he published them in his
the reaction force.
book Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
 action-reaction pairs don’t cancel because they
(mathematic principles of natural philosophy) in 1687 or
known today as Newton’s Three laws of motion. act on different objects.

- A body is at rest or moving at a constant speed for every action, there is an equal but opposite reaction.
in a straight line, it will remain at rest or keep action force – downward push
moving in a straight line at constant speed unless
it is acted upon by a force. reaction force – upward push
- Inertia - is the tendency of an object to maintain circular motion
its initial state of motion
- The more massive an object is, the higher the uniform circular motion is defined as motion in a circle
inertia. at a constant speed. the speed of the object is the
distance it covers (2πr) divided by the time (T)
Newton’s second law of motion
formula: V= 2πr/T
ACCELERATION – if you apply more force to an
object, it accelerates at a higher rate. the second law centripetal forces
pertains to the behavior of objects for which all existing
this force, which keeps pulling the object towards the
forces are not balanced.
center of the circular path, is called centripetal force, (F)
the acceleration of an object is dependent on two meaning “center-seeking”. In this effort the object
variables – the net force acting upon the object and the undergoes centripetal acceleration (a c).
mass of an object.
2
v
formula: formula: a c =
r
F = m· a 2
mv
when newton’s second law is applied: F c =
units of force = Newton (N) r
SI units for mass is kg

SI units for acceleration is m/ s2 friction

1 Newton = 1kg · 1m/ s2 refers to the force that resists motion whenever two
materials or media are in contact with each other and are
formula to find the in a sliding or rolling over each other.
F acceleration (a)
a= causes:
m
F=ma net force (f) 1. mechanical interlocking/irregularities on two
surfaces in contact.
2. the tendency of materials in very close contact
F mass (m)
with each other to stick together due to the
m=
a attractive forces between the surfaces’ respective
atoms.
types of friction:
1. static friction – includes all cases in which the
newton’s third law of motion frictional force is enough to prevent relative
motion between surfaces in contact.
 2. sliding or kinetic friction – occurs when there is
a relative (sliding) motion at the interface of the
surfaces in contact.
3. rolling friction – takes place when one surface
rotates as it moves over another surface but does
not slip nor slide at the area of contact.
advantages:
 it makes walking possible. it would be difficult
to walk if there is no friction between the soles
of your shoes and the ground.
 prevents vehicles from skidding.
 holds screws and nails in place.
disadvantages:
 makes moving (by sliding across the floor)
heavy pieces of furniture difficult.
 causes wear and tear in machines.
principles of friction
- friction acts parallel to the surface that are in
contact and in the opposite direction of the
motion of the objects.
- friction is independent on the surface of contact.
- friction is dependent of sliding speed.
- friction is directly proportional to the load.
ways of reducing friction
the most common method is by lubrication. applying a
thin film of oil between rubbing surfaces decreases
friction.
friction may also be reduced with the use of ball
bearings or roller bearings. hea
ways of increasing friction.
- in a baseball game, a pitcher often uses a rosin
bag in order to get more friction between his
fingers and the ball.
- in temperature countries, people sand icy
sidewalks and streets during winter to increase
friction. tire drains and snow tires are also used.
- in gymnastics, gymnasts apply some powder on
their palms to keep them dry, thereby allowing
them to have a firm grip of their apparatus
during a routine activity.
work, power, energy
WORK – is done on a system or an object whenever a
force is applied on that object causes a change in the
position (displacement) of an object.
- when the displacement of an object is parallel to
the line of action of the force causing the
displacement, the work done on the object is a
maximum.
- zero work is done when there is no displacement
or when the displacement of the object is
perpendicular to that of the applied force.
ENERGY – energy is the ability of an object to do work,
that is, the capability of an object to interact or exert a
force on another object which will cause the other object
to change position. energy takes place in the following
forms:
- chemical
- electrical
- electromagnetic radiation
- thermal energy
- mechanical energy
- nuclear
- wave
mechanical energy
potential energy – the energy possessed by an object by
virtue of its position. it can either be gravitational or
elastic.
elastic – PE = 1/2kx 2
gravitational PE = mgh
kinetic energy – the energy possessed by a moving
object. KE = 1/2mv 2
work – energy theorem: the work done on an object is
equal to the change in the kinetic energy of the object.
a. when work is done on a system, the system
acquires an amount of energy equivalent to the
work done on it. when work is done by the
system, the system dissipates energy.
b. the relationship between work and energy is
expressed as: