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Procesos sedimentarios Weathering alteration of preexisting rocks and

The formation of their direct “in situ” parental soil and paleosol
sedimentary deposits
formation
and rocks and textures
are the result of the Soil or regolith are
interplay of three factors the overburden of
occurred on the surface weathering
of the earth (exogenous altered and
process) in low nonconsolidated
temperatures and materials that
pressures: overlies bedrock
(1) Weathering alteration of or sedimentary
rocks and their direct “in Bloque diagrama ilustrando los principales deposits.
situ” soil formation; procesos de formación de las rocas
sedimentarias
(2) Particles formation by
weathering-erosion-
transport-depositional
regimen; Paleosuelos desarrollados y erodados (Iza, Boyacá)

Weathering alteration of preexisting rocks and their direct “in Weathering alteration of preexisting rocks and their direct “in
situ” parental soil and paleosol formation situ” parental soil and paleosol formation
(5) redistribution of materials (ions
By process of: and clay) with formation-
(1) volume loss by eluviation-expulsion of concentration-coating of isolated
dissolved or suspended material (ions and clay aggregates or structural clay
clays); and fine silt bridging material
(2) preservation of inherited parental between grains and clay layers
(Kew and Gilkes, 2006);
materials: sediments, rock fragments, and
grains minerals (e.g. quartz, zircon…); (6) incorporation of new materials by
the biological activity and
(3) weathering alteration-deterioration of productivity, that includes among
inorganic materials (e.g. feldspar,…) with others biodetritus materials and
formation of weathering alteration organic compounds;
materials (e.g. layer-clay-aluminosilicates);
(4) deposition-incorporation of new inorganic
materials (e.g. aerosol, cloud and water
suspension solid fine materials);

Weathering alteration of preexisting rocks and their direct “in

situ” parental soil and paleosol formation
Soil Formation
(7) deterioration-reorganization-
transformation of new and
preexisting biogenic materials Soil forms when
by mixing process chemical- weathered parent
material interacts
biological (e.g. bacterial activity
over organic materials like
nucleic acids, proteins, with environment.
carbohydrates, lignin, lipids and
resin); and
(8) precipitation-cementation of
new solid materials (e.g. iron
oxides), include formation of
some structures (vadose
pisolitos) isolated or forming
layers.

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• Soil environment includes: Rates of soil formation

– Climate and weather
– Biological component: animals, plants and
microbes
– Human use and intervention
Slow--------------------------------------Fast
– Hazards (natural and unnatural)
– Topographical relief
~ 1 cm/1000 yr ~ 30cm/50yr
– Parental material
– Time

Hans Jenny
Time:
Soils can take many years to 1941: soil is open system, properties are
form. Younger soils have some
characteristics from their parent
functionally related; system changes when
material, but as they age, the property(ies) change(s).
addition of organic matter, Jenny’s CLORPT equation Clorpt or Corpt is
exposure to moisture and other
environmental factors may s = ƒ (cl, o, r, p, t) a mnemonic for Hans
Jenny's famous state
change its features. S is for soil equation for soil
With time, they settle and are cl (sometimes c) represents formation.
buried deeper below the climate
surface, taking time to o organic activity
transform. Eventually they may r relief
change from one soil type to p parent material
another. t time

Climate:
This is probably the most important factor that can
1. CLIMATE shape the formation of soils.
Two important climatic components, temperature and
precipitation are key. They determine how quickly
…determines speed, character of soil weathering will be, and what kind of organic materials
development: may be available on and inside of the soils.
type and rate of weathering Moisture determines the chemical and biological
reactions that will occur as the soils are formed.

living organisms and plants
found in an area
Warmer climate with more rainfall means more
vegetative cover and more animal action. It also
means more runoff, more percolation and more water
erosion. They all help to determine the kind of soils in
an area.

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• (Fig. 2.15)
Components of climate:
1. Temperature: for every 10°C,
biochemical reaction rates 2X

2. Effective precipitation: water that

moves through entire soil column,
including regolith.
- depth of water = depth of weathering
- water moves soluble & suspended materials

Climatic conditions Climatic conditions Arid y/o Warm Humid and

Arid y/o
cold
climate
En condiciones áridas por la
alta evaporación y las pocas
lluvias el ambiente se torna
alcalino, la oxidación
destruye cualquier detrito
vegetal, los óxidos férricos
son estables y la hematita y
limonita colorea los
sedimentos de rojo, naranja
y amarillo.
Alivial sandy silt
cold hot
En climas húmedos, donde la climate climate
Warm Humid and vegetación es abundante, las
hot aguas subterráneas someras
climate tienden a ser acidas y
reductoras. Bajo estas
condiciones los constituyentes
solubles son fácilmente
removidos y los residuos son
progresivamente enriquecidos en
minerales que contienen
abundantes hidróxidos de
aluminio (caolinita, gibsita,
diáspora y bohemita). Los óxidos
de hierro son inestables y los
sedimentos son de colores grises
o verdosos.

a) Seasonal distribution of precipitation:

Effective precipitation Location B
Location A
a) seasonal distribution 600 mm/yr 600 mm/yr

50mm 100mm
b) temperature, evaporation

c) topography

d)permeability

Every month 6 rainy months only

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b) Temperature and evaporation: Topography:

concave or
Location A Location B bottom of slope
hot cool level (receiving)
High Low slope
evapotranspiration evapotranspiration
600 mm 600 mm

Lower effective ppt Higher effective ppt

Permeability:
2. Organisms
plant and animal

Living plants and animals on and in soil

- type of vegetation influences soil type

- base pumping
- sources of organic matter
- nutrient recycling
- vegetation prevents erosion

Organisms:
The source and richness of organic matter is
Type of vegetation influences soil type
down to the living things (plants and animals) that
live on and in the soils.
Plants in particular, provide lots of vegetative
residue that are added to soils. Their roots also
hold the soils and protect them from wind and
water erosion. They shelter the soils from the sun
and other environmental conditions, helping the
soils to retain the needed moisture for chemical
and biological reactions.
Fungi, bacteria, insects, earthworms, and
burrowing animals help with soil aeration. Worms
help breakdown organic matter and aid
decomposition. Animal droppings, dead insects
and animals result in more decaying organic
matter. Microorganisms also help with mineral
and nutrient cycling and chemical reactions.

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Base pumping
Deciduous trees (trees or shrubs that lose
their leaves seasonally) are more effective base
pumpers than conifers.
Estructuras
biogénicas rellenas
(crotovinas)

- deciduous litter is easy to - needles are hard to

break down break down
- cations (bases) are released - basic cations leach
so surface soils are not acidic away: soil is acidic Crotovins

• Macroanimals (insects, mammals, 3. Relief/Topography

gastropods, earthworms)
– mix, bind soil; create channels for air, Important for
water rate of
• Microanimals (nematodes, protozoa) runoff,
erosion,
• Macroplants (the green plants) drainage
– provide organic matter, roots create
channels, adsorb nutrients, release CO2,
stabilize, protect from erosion
• Micro “plants” (fungi, bacteria,
actinomycetes, algae)
– decomposers

3. Relief/Topography Flat valley floors and flat ridge tops: soil accumulates;
(deepening>removal)
This refers to the landscape
position and the slopes it has.
Steep, long slopes mean water Slopes: (removal> deepening)
will run down faster and
potentially erode the surfaces of
slopes. The effect will be poor
soils on the slopes, and richer
deposits at the foot of the
slopes. Also, slopes may be
exposed to more direct sunlight,
which may dry out soil moisture
and render it less fertile.

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Flat valley floors and flat ridge tops: soil accumulates;

(deepening>removal) • Vertical Zonation
– soils, climate, vegetation change with
elevation
Slopes: (removal> deepening)

Parent material:
This refers to the mineral
4. Parent Material material, or organic material
from which the soil is formed.
• Determines texture, types of weathering, Soils will carry the
characteristics of its parent
mineral make-up
material such as color, texture,
structure, mineral composition
and so on. For example, if soils
are formed from an area with
large rocks (parent rocks) of red
sandstone, the soils will also be
red in color and have the same
feel as its parent material.

Weathering
Physical (Mechanical): disintegration of parent material Weathering
- increases surface area
• Chemical (Biogeochemical): primary minerals
are broken down and secondary minerals are
formed

– surface area increases by same

factor as particle size decreases

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• Physical: • Chemical (biogeochemical):

1. Freeze/thaw 1. Hydrolysis: minerals react with H 2O
2. Exfoliation H+ replace soluble parts; OH-
3. Abrasion combine with mineral cations
4. Salt wedging 2. Hydration: mineral combines with
H2O
3. Oxidation: mineral combines with O2
(lose electron)
Reduction: loss of O2 (gain electron)
4. Carbonation: oxides combine with
acids to make carbonates
5. Complexation: organic acids form
organic complexes with metal cations

Freeze / Thaw

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2. Exfoliation

3. Abrasion (wind, water, ice)

wind

water

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4. Salt Wedging

ice

5. Time 4 soil forming processes:

Amount of time soil has been exposed to weathering
and soil forming processes influences soil properties. (pedogenic)
Transformation
• Jenny’s staircase
• Ohio/Ky.

4 soil forming processes:

Transformation

Translocation of substances, which on the

one hand mixes and adds the edaphic
materials and on the other separates and
concentrates them.
All these actions are carried out either by soil
organisms, especially those that excavate
galleries, such as worms and ants, or by a
simple mechanical effect, very often due to the
action of water transporting materials,
sometimes in suspension and sometimes in
dissolution.

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4 soil forming processes:

Transformation

Translocation

Addition

4 soil forming processes:

Transformation

Translocation

Addition

Loss

Weathering processes of rocks result

in:
A.- soil deposits formation

B.- or erosion-transport of weathering

materials

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Procesos sedimentarios Formación de materiales clásticos

The formation of
sedimentary deposits
and rocks and textures
are the result of the
interplay of three factors
occurred on the surface
of the earth (exogenous
process) in low
temperatures and
pressures:
(1) Weathering alteration of
rocks and their direct “in Bloque diagrama ilustrando los principales
situ” soil formation;
(2) Particles formation by
weathering-erosion-
transport-depositional
regimen;
terrígenos
Factores que afectan la supervivencia de
los fragmentos de roca y de los minerales
1. Tipo de roca o de mineral.
2. Espaciamiento de la particiones.
3. Tipos de intemperismo y tiempo
de exposición a estas
condiciones.
4. Actividades durante el transporte
(intensidad y duración).
5. Tectónica, fisiográfica, tiempo de
exposición y condiciones
procesos de formación de las rocas
sedimentarias
climáticas
6. Procesos que ocurren durante la
diagénesis que incluye entre
otros el intemperismo
postdeposicional.

Formación de materiales clásticos Formación de materiales clásticos

1.terrígenos
Tipo de roca o de mineral. terrígenos
Los diferentes tipos de Los principales minerales
rocas y de minerales no formadores de las rocas
son los silicatos
son alterados a la misma (compuestos de Si, O,

Decrecimiento de la temperatura a la cual los

velocidad. Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na y K).

minerales al intemperismo químico

Incremento de la estabilidad de los

minerales precipitan en el magma

El intemperismo químico de La secuencia de
los feldespatos tiende a estabilidad de varios
convertir bloques de granito minerales al
intemperismo químico,
en masas de minerales
conocida como la
resistentes e individuales, secuencia de estabilidad
usualmente consistentes (Golddich, 1938),
de Qtz y de minerales Cambio en la composición paralela a la secuencia
accesorios pesados. mineralógica de un grano de de cristalización de
silicatos conocida como
arena por incremento en la
la serie de reacción de
alteración en un clima Bowen.
El intemperismo químico se presenta en todos los
climas, pero ocurre más rápido en climas cálidos y
templado (Weller, 1960). húmedos que en climas secos.

Formación de materiales clásticos Formación de materiales clásticos

terrígenos terrígenos
2. Espaciamiento de la particiones. 3. Tipos de intemperismo y tiempo de exposición a estas
condiciones.
El tamaño inicial de los FR está
determinado por los patrones Tiempo de exposición de los
marcadores de bloque. materiales sólidos.
Estos patrones ocurren por las
Actividades durante el
intersecciones entre diaclasas
y superficies de planos de transporte (intensidad
y duración).
estratificación o de laminación.
El tamaño de los sedimentos
esta controlado en su origen
por el espaciamiento de la
particiones.
Cambio en la composición
mineralógica de un grano de arena
por incremento en la alteración en
un clima templado (Weller, 1960).

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Formación de materiales clásticos Tectónica, fisiográfica, tiempo de exposición y condiciones

terrígenos climáticas
Condiciones químicas

Prolongado
Llano, Llanura

Qtz angular Ambos

Estable

feld más fino

redond
Ph
eH

ambos similares

Feld red
Tectónicamente
Factor tiempo

Relieve escarpado
Disolución -precipitación de fosfatos

Ambos angulares
Feld más grande
en relación con el pH

Tiempo breve
Activo
Clima árido y/o Templado Clima húmedo

Tamaño de

felds

felds
frio y cálido

Redondez
qtz Vs

Diagramas de vallas (fence) resumida
mostrando la estabilidad de diferentes
materiales sedimentarios. Modificado de
Krumbein y Garrels (1952).
qtz Vs
Intensidad
Diagrama para la interpretación tectónica, fisiográfica, tiempo de exposición y
condiciones climáticas bajo las cuales se depositaron los sedimentos, con base en la
presencia y el estado de alteración del feldespato. Tomado de Folk (1974) pág. 85.

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