1

1 A word order in questions questions with be

questions with d o /d o e s /d id in p resen t simple and p a st simple question be subject adjective, 4)))
w ord noun, etc.
question w ord au x iliary subject infinitive (= verb) 1 3)))
Are you hungry?
Do vou live w ith your parents? Is there a hank near here?
Did YOU have a holiday last year? What was that noise?
Where docs vour sister w ork? Where are vou from?
When did vo u s ta rt studying English? w ere vo u born?
What did they talk about?
Make questions with the verb be by inverting the
• Use ASI (Auxiliary, Subject, Infinitive) and Q U A SI (Question word, verh and the subject.
Auxiliary, Subject, Infinitive) to remember word order in questions. She is a teacher. Is she a teacher?

IB present simple adverbs and expressions of frequency

1 We o ften go our on Frtdav night. 1 13)))

I j y o u j we j they he 1she j it 1 12))) She doesn't usually studv at weekends.
0 1 usually w ork at home. Holly know s me very well. I’m never ill.
0 1 hev d o n ’t live near here. Ii d o esn ’t often rain here. 1 le’s alw ays late for work.
m D oyou speak French? D oes Alice like jazz? 2 She gets up early every day.
We have English classes tw ice a week.
0 0 Yes, 1do. /No, I d o n ’t. Yes, she does, j No, she d o esn ’t.
1 We often use the present simple with adverbs of
• Use the present simple for things you do every day / week j year, or for
frequency (always, usually, often, sometimes,
things which are generally true or always happen.
hardly ever, never).
• Use don’t ¡doesn’t to make negative sentences, and do/does to make questions
* Adverbs of frequency go before the main verb.
spelling rules for the 3rd person -s (he, she, it) * Adverbs of frequeucy go after be.
infinitive 3rd person spelling She's never ill. N O T She’s ill never.
* Remember to use a 0 verh with never.
work works add -s
study studies consonant+ y >/es It never rains. N O T ft doesrrt ncverratn:
finish finishes add -es after ch, ce, ge, sh, 2 Expressions of frequency (every day, once a week,
go/do goes/does add -es etc.) usually go at the end of a sentence.
have has change to -s

1C present continuous: be + verb + -ing spelling rules for the -ing form
infinitive -ing form spelling
1 A What are you doing? 1 22))) cook cooking add -ing
B I’m sending a message to Sarah. study studying
2 My brother is doing a two-month course in the UK.. live living cut the final e and add -ing
.5 In this picture the woman is stan d in g near the w indow. run running double the final consonant and
add -ing
• Use the present continuous:
1 for things that are happening now, at this moment.
present simple or present continuous?
2 for temporary things that are happening now, this week, etc.
J to describe a picture. A What do you do? B I w ork for Microsoft- 1 23)))
A What are you doing? B I’m checking my emails.
1 you / we / they he / she / it
0 I’m working You ’re working He ’s working
* Use the present simple for things that are generally true
I’m networking We aren’t working She isn’t working
They It or always happen.
* Use the present continuous for an action happening now
0 0 0 Are you working? Yes, 1am. / No, I'm not. or at this moment.
Is he working? Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t. * We normally use verbs which describe states or feelings
(non-action verbs), e.g. want, need, like, in the present
126 simple, not continuous.
 GRAMMAR BANK

1A b Put the w ords in the right order to make

questions.
a Pitt the w ord or phrase in the right place in the question.
you live where do ? Wheredo vou live?
How old are you? (old) 1 you a do have car ?
1 W here do you from? (come) 2 older is brother your you than ?
2 W here the train station? (is) 3 often he how to write does you ?
3 How often you read magazines? (do) 4 this time start does what class ?
4 W here your friends from? (are) 5 Brazil from is friend your ?
5 Why you write to me? (didn’t) 6 languages how you many do speak ?
6 Do you often to the cinema? (go) 7 she horn where was ?
7 W hat this word mean? (does) 8 last go where you sum m er did ?
8 W hat time did arrive? (your friends) 9 father doctor vour is a ?
9 Does finish at 8.00? (the class) 10 come bus to you bv school did ?
10 W here were born? (you)
■< p .5

IB b Put the w ords in the right order.

go cinem a we often the to We o f ten go to the
W rite sentences and questions w ith the present simple,
cinema.
he / usually get up late 0 He usually gets up late. 1 always before go I before bed 11.0 0 to
1 Anna / like music 0 2 ever her Kate sees family hardly
2 my sister / have a lot o f hobbies 0 3 Saturdays never shopping on go we
3 I / get on very well with mv parents 0 4 a to I dentist’s vear go twice rhe
4 my brother / study at university 0 5 in they breakfast the sometimes garden have
5 my neighbours / have any children 0 6 usually m orning the we the listen in radio to
6 when / the film start 0 7 in dav park every Alan the runs
7 he / go out twice a week 0 8 after drink I coffee 4.00 never
8 we j often talk about politics 0 9 often fohn to go doesn't cinema the
9 how often / you email your brother 0 10 visit 1 once my m onth a mum
10 1/ go on Facebook very often 0
< p .7

1C b C om plete the sentences w ith the present sim ple o r present

continuous.
W rite sentences w ith the present
The girl in the painting is playing the guitar, (play)
continuous.
1 Mv dog’s not dangerous. He _______ . (not bite)
It / rain 0 It isn't raining. 2 W h y _______ y o u _____ sunglasses? I t _______ ! (wear, rain)
1 |ohn / wear a shirt today! 0 3 You can turn off the radio. I toit, (not listen)
2 It’s hot. Why j wear a coat 0 4 I _______ to go to the bank. I. anv money, (need, nor have)
3 Anna / sit next to Jane today 0 5 Be careful! The b ab y _______ that pen in her mouth! (put)
4 Hev! Vou / stand on my foot! 0 6 A ________ you usually _ at weekends? (cook)
5 what book j vou read 0 B No, we norm ally ____ out. (eat)
ft we / think o f you at the moment 0 7 A W h a t________ y o u _ ___here? (do)
7 she j wear make-up 0 B I ________ for Emma. She's late, as usual, (wait)
8 thev j make a big m istake 0 8 1 usually drink tea, but I ________ a coffee today, (want)
9 vour mother / shop in town 0 9 M v sister_ _____ from 9.00 to 5.00. She's a secretary, (work)
10 she / live with her parents at the m om ent 0 10 W e_____ in Paris, but w e ________ in Nice at the moment.
(live, stav)

< p .8
 2
2A past simple: regular and irregular verbs Use the infinitive after didn't for negatives and
Did...? for questions.
Use ASI and QU A SI to remember word order in
re g u la r irre g u la r 1 36)))
questions.
0 1staved with friends. We w ent to Brazil on holiday.
spelling rules for regular verbs
□ 1didn’t stav in a hotel. \Vc didn’t go to Sao Paolo.
infinitive past spelling
0 Did you stay for the weekend? D id you go to Rio?
work worked add -ed
00 Yes, 1did. No, we d id n ’t. stay stayed
w h s Where did you stay? Why did you go there? like liked add -d if verb finishes in e
study studied y >ied after a consonant
• Use the past simple to talk about finished actions in the past.
• The form of the past simple is the same for all persons. stop stopped if verb finishes in
consonant-vowel-
• To make the past simple 0 of regular verbs add -cd. See the spelling rules
consonant, double the final
in the chart. consonant
• Many common verbs are irregular in t h e 0 past simple, e.g. go >went,
see >saw. See Irre g u la r verbs p. 164.

2D past continuous: was / were + verb + -ing • Use the past continuous to describe an action
in progress at a specific moment in the past.
• We often use the past continuous to describe the
At 8 .4.S last Saturday I was working in mv office. 1 39))) situation at the beginning of a story or narrative.
I wasn’t doing anything important.
My friends were having breakfast. They weren’t working. past simple or past continuous?
A Was it raining when you got up? li No, it w asn’t.
A What were you doing at 11 o'clock last night? B Iwas watching TV, I was w orking in my office when the 1 40)))
boss walked in.
0 1/He/She/It was working You/We/They were working I was having lunch when mv sister arrived.
□ 1/He/She/It wasn’t working You/We/They weren’t working
• Use the past simple for a completed action in the past.
0 0 0 Was he working? Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t. • Use the past continuous for an action in progress
before or at the time of the past simple action.
Were they working? Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t.

2C time sequencers connectors: because, so, but, although

because and so
On our first date we went to the cinema. A fte r th a t we started X* 46)))
meeting every day. She was driving fast because she was in 1 47)))
On Thursday I had an argument with my boss. N ext day I decided to look a hurry, (reason)
for a new job. She was in a hurry, so she was driving fast, (result)
We sat down to eat. Two m inutes later the phone rang.
W h en I came out of the club he was waiting for me. • Use because to express a reason.
The accident happened when ! was crossing the road. • Use so to express a result.

• We use time sequencers to say when or in what order things happen.
* We use when as a time sequencer and also to join two actions.
I was watching TV when the phone rang, (two verbs joined by when)
f ) then, after that
The most common way of linking consecutive actions is with then or
after that, but NOT with after, e.g. I got up and got dressed. Then /
After that I made a cup of coffee. NOT After I made a cup of coffee.
but and although
She tried to stop tile car. but she hit the man. 1 48)))
Although she tried to stop the car, she hit the man.
She was very tired, but she. couldn’t sleep.
She couldn't sleep, although she was very tired.
• Use but and although to show a contrast.
• Although can go at the beginning or in the middle
of a sentence.

128
 GRAMMAR BANK

2A b C om plete the questions in the past simple.

Where did you flo on holiday last year?
Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple.
We went to Vancouver.
Two summers ago we had (have) a holiday in ________________________ a good time?
Scotland. We 1 ___ (drive) there from
Yes, we had a great time.
London, but our car 2________ (break) down
.rith?
on the motorway and we 3________ (spend) the
first night in Birmingham. W hen w e 4________(gct) to Edinburgh I went w ith my family.
w e 5___ (not can) find a good h o te l- they 6___ (be) all full.
W e 7_______ (not know') what to do, but in the end we a________ (find) We stayed in a hotel.
a Bed and Breakfast and we 9 __ (stay) there for the week. We __________ the plane ticket
1 0 __ . (sec) the castle, n _ (go) to the A rts Festival, and It cost £500.
we... 12 (buy) a lot of souvenirs. W e 13_____ (want) to go to the w eather like?
Loch Ness, but we M (not have) much time and i t 15 _______ (be)It was hot and sunny.
quite far away. The w eather 16 (not be) very good, and it
. at night?
17 _______(start) raining the day we 10_ (leave).
We wrent to bars and restaurants. ^ p .13

2B b Put the verbs into the past sim ple or past continuous.
She arrived when we were having dinner, (arrive, have)
a C om plete the sentences w ith a verb in the past
1 I __________ my arm when I ___________football.
continuous,
(break, play)
I was eating dinner, so I didn’t answer the phone, (eat) 2 __________ y o u ___________ fast when the police
1 I took this photo when my w ife__________ in the you? (drive, stop)
garden, (work) 3 I t ________ w hen w e ________ the pub. (snow, leave)
2 He m et his wife when h e __________ in Japan, (live) 4 I __________ the match because 1___________ ,
3 T hey__________ for us when we arrived, (not wait) (not see. work)
4 _______ sh e __________ a coat when she went out? 5 W hen you _ me, I __________ to my boss.
(wear) (call, talk)
5 The sun ________ when 1 left for work, (shine) 6 W e__________ in Cam bridge when w e __________ .
6 W hat . you ______at 7.30 last night? (do) (study, meet)
7 I when you gave the instructions. 7 __________th e y ________ in Rome when they
(not listen) __________ their first baby? (live, have)
8 W e_______ TV when you phoned, (not watch)
< p. 14

20 b C om plete the sentences w'ith so, because, buf, or

a Put the sentences in the right order.
a Q He told me he was a policeman and that they were
looking for a thief.
b Q Then another man tried to do the same.
c [T One day in 2 0 1 1 1 was standing in the queue for a bus.
d Q Next dav I read the story in a newspaper.
e Q W hen the second m an went in front o f me, 1 told
him to go and stand in the queue.
f Q A tew seconds later, the first policeman got off the
bus with a man.
g Q Suddenly a man ran in front o f me and got on the bus.
< p .l6
h Q After that, a police car came and took the men away.
although.
We couldn’t find a taxi, so we walked home.
! ______ it was very cold, she wasn't wearing a coat.
2 1 woke up in the night there was a noise.
3 I called h im ,________ his mobile was turned off.
4 ______ she’s very nice, she doesn’t have many friends.
5 There was nothing on TV ,____________ 1went to bed.
6 All the cafés were fu ll___ it was a public holiday.
7 She wanted to he a doctor,_________ she failed her exams.
8 The garden looked very b e a u tifu l,__ 1took a
photograph.
9 ________ the team played well, they didn't win.

m
3
3A be going to

1 I’m going to work for an NGO. 57)))

He's going to meet me at the airport.
2 I'm sure England are going to lose tomorrow.
It's going to rain tonight.

1 you / we / they he / she / it Use be going to + infinitive to talk

about future plans or intentions.
0 You He
I’m going to 're going to
We use be going to + infinitive to make
We She 's going to work for an NGO.
They It a prediction when we know or can see
that something is going to happen.
□ You He
I’m not going to We aren't going to She isn’t going to work for an NGO. It’s winter there so it’s going to be cold.
They It Look at that car! It’s going to crash.

m 0 0
Are you going to work for an NGO? Yes, 1am. / No, I'm not.
Is he going to work for an NGO? Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t.

3B present continuous (future arrangements) be going to or present continuous?

We can often use either with no difference in meaning,
0 I’m seeing a friend tonight. 1 64))) e.g. I’m going to see Anna on Tuesday. OR I’m seeing
She’s a rriv in g at lunchtime. Anna on Tuesday.
It’s very common to use the present continuous with the
□ She isn ’t leaving until Friday.
They a re n ’t com ing to the partv. expressions tonight, tomorrow, this weekend, etc. and
with verbs describing travel arrangements, e.g. go, come,
m What are you doing this evening? leave, arrive.
Ts she m eetin g us at the restaurant? I’m leaving on Monday is more common than I'm going to
leave on Monday.
• We often use the present continuous with a future meaning,
especially for future arrangements, i.e. for plans we have made
at a fixed time or place in the future. Don't use the present
simple for this. N O T I see somef riends tonight.

3C defining relative clauses with who, which, where * Use defining relative clauses to explain what a
person, thing or place is or does.
* Use who for a person, which for a thing and where
A cook is a person who makes food. 2 5))) for a place.
That’s the woman w ho won the lottery last vear.
A clock is something w hich tells the rime. that
Is that the book w hich everybody’s reading? You can use that instead of who or which.
A post office is a place w here you can buy stamps. She's the girl who / that works with my
That’s the restaurant w here 1 had dinner last week. brother.
It’s a thing which I that connects two
computers.
 GRAMMAR BANK

3A
a Com plete with goittfl to + a verb.

be cook do get not go

learn not listen see stay

W hat film are you going to see tonight?

1 __________ your siste r___________
Chinese?
2 You __ in class 3 next year.
3 We _________ camping next summer.
W e__________ in a hotel.
4 We _ . a taxi to the airport.
5 1 a wonderful meal tonight.
6 You can talk, but I __________ to you.
7 W h a t__________ y ou___________when
you leave school?

3B b C om plete the dialogue betw een tw o flatm ates.

A W hat areyou doing (do)?
a Read the sentences. W rite N for now, F for future.
B 1 1 ______________________________ (pack) my suitcase.
If ] I'm meeting Joe at two o’clock. A Whv?
• □ I’m living in a flat with two Swedish boys. B Because I 2_________________________(fly) to Vienna at
8 o ’clock tonight.
2 [_ We’re coming back on Monday.
A Oh, I didn’t know. W h y 3_____________(go) to Vienna?
3 □ She’s moving to C anada soon.
B 14___________________________ (see) the boss o f VTech
4 Q I'm waiting for the postman. Solutions tomorrow.
5 □ I’m reading a really good book about science. A Why 5________________________________ (meet) him?
6 We’re m eeting Sally and James for lunch on B 1 6___________________________ (work) on a project for
Sunday. him at the m om ent and I need to discuss it with him.
A Oh, well have a good trip!
7 Q Karl is arriving at 6 o ’clock.
I'm studying for my maths exam. < p .2 3

3C b W rite sentences w ith who, which, or where.

She / the woman / catch the same bus as me
a C om plete the definitions w ith ur/¡o, which, or where.
She’s the woman who catches the same bus as me.
A postm an is the person who brings you your letters. 1 T hat / the dog / always barks at night
I An octopus is an animal lives in the sea 2 T hat / the shop / 1 bought my wedding dress
and has eight legs. 3 T hat I the actor / was in Glee
2 A lawnmower is a machine cuts the grass. 4 They / the children / live next door to me
3 A waiter is the person serves you in a café. 5 This j the restaurant / they make great pizza
4 A changing room is a room people try on 6 T hat / the switch / controls the air conditioning
clothes. 7 He / the teacher / teaches my sister
5 A porter is the person helps vou with your 8 That / the room / we have our meetings
luggage.
9 This / the light / is broken
6 Garlic is a kind o f food keeps vampires away.
7 A garage is a place people fix cars. < p. 24

4A present perfect
I’ve finished my homework.
She’s cleaned the kitchen.
He hasn ’t done the washing up.
A H as she tu rn e d o ff her phone?
yet, just, already
1 A Have you done your homework yet? (2 17)]
2 16))) B No, not yet. I haven't finished yet.
2 Mv sister's just started a new job.
3 A Do you want to see this film?
B No, she h asn ’t. B No, I’ve alreadv seen it three times.

We often use the present perfect to talk about the recent past, not saying We often usejyet Just and already with the present
exactly when things happened. perfect.
We often use the present perfect to give news. 1 Usejyet in 0 and 0 sentences to ask if
Mary’s had her baby! A parcel has arrived fo r you. something has happened or to say if it hasn't
happened. Put yet at the end of the sentence.
full form contraction negative past participle
2 Usejusi in 0 sentences to say that something
i have I’ve 1haven’t happened very recently. Put just before the
You have You’ve You haven’t
main verb.
He/She/It has He/She/It’s He/She/It hasn’t finished the exercise.
We have We’ve We haven’t 3 Use already in 0 sentences to say that
They have They’ve They haven’t something happened before now or earlier than
Have you finished the exercise? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.
expected. Put already before the main verb.
Has he done the homework? Yes, he has. / No, he hasn't.

• For regular verbs the past participle is rhe same as the past simple (+ -ed).
For irregular verbs the past participle is sometimes the same as the past
simple (e.g. buy, bought, bought) and sometimes different (e.g. do, did,
done). See Irregular verbs p.164.

4B present perfect or past simple? (1) present perfect or past simple?

A Have you ever been to Mexico? 2 25)})

Have you ever been to a fancy dress party? 2 24))) B Yes, I have.
She’s seen that film twice. A When did you go there?
I’ve never m et Nina’s husband. B I w en t last vear.
A Have you seen Ins new film?
• We often use the present perfect to talk about past experiences B Yes. 1have.
in our lives when we don’t specify a time. A What did you think of it?
B I loved it.
been and gone
Compare the present perfect of be and go.
• Conversations often begin in the present perfect (with a
Mike has been to Paris. = He went to Paris and came back.
general question) and then change to the past simple to ask for
Mike has gone to Paris. = He's in Paris now.
or give specific details, e.g. when, what, where, who with, etc.

4C something, anything, nothing, etc. places

people
Som ebody / Someone lias taken mv pen!
0
1 didn’t speak to anybody / anyone.
0
0 Did anybody/ anyone phone?
0 No, nobody / no one. Nobody / No one phoned.
things
0 1 bought som ething for dinner.
0 1 didn’t do anything at the weekend.
0 Is there anything in the fridge?
0 No, nothing. There’s nothing in the fridge.
0 Lets go som ewhere this weekend.
2 34)}) 0 We didn't go any where this summer.
0 Is there any where to park?
0 No, nowhere. There’s nowhere to park.
• Use somebody / someone, something, somewhere with a 0 verb
when you don’t say exactly who, what, or where.
* Use anybody j anyone, anything, anywhere in questions or with
a 0 verb.
/ d id n’t do anything last night. N O T t dkbr'frlo nothing.
■ Use nobody j no one, nothing, nowhere in short answers or in
sentences with a 0 verb.
 GRAMMAR BANK

4A b W rite sentences or questions w ith already,just, o r yet.

H e /a rriv e , (already) He's already arrived.
W rite sentences in the present perfect.
1 1 j have j breakfast, (just)
He j clean the car 0 He’s cleaned the car. 2 j you / finish / your homework? (vet)
1 She j buy a new jacket 0 3 The film / start, (already)
2 He j find a job yet 0 4 11 not meet / his girlfriend, (yet)
/ you speak to M r Jackson [7] 5 They j get married, (just)
4 We / find a fantastic hotel 0 6 You’re too late. He / go / home, (already)
5 They j finish eating 0 7 / you speak / to him? (yet)
6 / you see Peter this m orning ¡7] 8 I j not read / his new book, (vet)
7 / you do your homework this week [?]
8 We j reply to Mr Jones’s email yet 0 -< p.29

4B b C om plete the dialogue with the present perfect or past

simple.
a C om plete w ith the verb in the present perfect.
A Oh no! I’ve seen this film before! (see)
Have you done the shopping today? (do) B Really? W hen 1___________________________ it? (see)
1 you ever _____ . clothes from that shop? A I 2__________________________ to the cinema in March
(buy) and it was on then, (go)
2 I __________ alw ays. a pair o f designer B Oh, neverm ind. 13___________ to the
shoes, (want) cinema in ages. The last film I
3 1. the newspaper today, (not read) was Mamma Mia! (not be, see)
4 W e__________ to the new shopping centre yet. A 5___________________________ .it? (enjoy)
(not be) B O f course! 15 _it! (love)
5 __________ your b ro th e r___ abroad all his
c C om plete w ith been o r gone.
life? (live)
6 T h ey __________ to live in South America, (go) ‘W here’s Rob?’ ‘He’s gone to the football match.’
7 She __________before, (not fly) 1 The kids aren’t here. They've a l l _____ out.
8 James h is girlfriend’s family yet. (not meet) 2 Have you ev er__________ to the sw im m ing pool in
_

town?
9 __________ y o u ___________in this restaurant before?
(eat) 3 I haven’t __ to Sue's new flat yet.
10 Jane______ . to the gym - she'll be back in an hour. 4 Mv sister has. _ to teach in France,
(g°) 5 Oh good. Dad’s to the shop - the fridge is full.

< p. 31

4C 7 I’ve boughtvou really nice tor Christm as!

8 I rang the doorbell, b u t _____ answered.
a C om plete w ith something, anything, nothing, etc. 9 We went shopping, but we didn’t b u y ___________.
Are you doing anything tonight? 10 There’s __________ more expensive than London!
1 Did you meet last night?
b Answ'er w ith Nobody, Nowhere, or Nothing.
2 ___________ phoned when you were out. They're going
1 W hat did you do last night?
to call back later.
3 I've seen vour w allet______ , but I can’t remember 2 W here did you go yesterday? __________
where. 3 W ho did you see? __________
4 There’s _______ interesting on TV tonight. Let's go c A nsw er the questions in b w ith a full sentence.
out.
1 I didn't d o ______________________________________
5 Did call while I was out? 2 _____ ___________________________________
6 Did you g o ________________ exciting at the weekend?
3

< p.32
5
comparative adjectives: irregular
5A comparatives
adjective comparative
1 My brochcr’s o ld er th a n me. 2. 4 0 ))) good better
It’s m o re d angerous to cycle th a n to drive.
bad worse
2 People walk more quickly than in the past.
3 I’m less relaxed this year th a n I was last year. far further
4 The service in this restaurant isn't as good as it was.
She doesn't drive as fast as her brother.
comparative adverbs: regular irregular

• To compare two people, places, things or actions use: quickly more quickly hard harder
1 comparative adjectives.
slowly more slowly well better
2 comparative adverbs (for actions).
badly worse
3 less + adjective or adverb.
4 (not) us + adjective / adverb + as.
Comparatives with pronouns
comparative adjectives: regular After comparative + than or as...as we use an object
pronoun (me, her, etc.) or a subject pronoun + auxiliary
adjective comparative verb, e.g.
short shorter one syllable: add -er My brother's taller than me. My brother's taller than I am.
He's not as intelligent as her. He's not as intelligent as she is.
big bigger one vowel + one consonant:
double final consonant
busy busier conso nant +y: y +-ier
relaxed more relaxed two or more syllables: more +
adjective

5B superlatives adjective comparative superlative

cold colder the coldest
1 It’s the d irtie s t city in Europe. 2*43))) hot hotter the hottest
It’s the m ost p o p u la r holiday destination in the world.
pretty prettier the prettiest
2 It’s the m ost b ea u tifu l city I’ve ever been to.
It’s the best film I've seen this year. beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful
good better the best
1 Use the +superlative adjective to say which is the biggest, etc. in a group. bad worse the worst
* After superlatives we use in + names o f places or singular words for
far further the furthest
groups of people, e.g.
It’s th e n o is ie s t city in the world.
2 We often use the + superlative adjective with the present perfect + ever.

enough
5C quantifiers
too much, too many, too 1 Do you eat enough vegetables? '2<53)))
1 don't drink enough water.
1 I’m stressed. I have to o m uch work. 2 52)}) 2 She doesn't sleep enough.
He talks to o m uch. 3 My fridge isn’t big enough.
2 Mv diet is unhealthy. I eat to o m any cakes and sweets. I don’t go to bed early enough.
3 1don't want to go out. I’m to o tired.
1 Use enough before a noun to mean ‘all that is necessary ’.
• Use too much, too many, too to say ‘more than is good’. 2 Use enough after a verb with no object.
1 Use too much + uncountable noun (e.g. coffee, time) or after 3 Use enough after an adjective or adverb.
a verb.
2 Use too many + countable noun (e.g. cakes, people).
3 Use too + adjective N O T I’m too much tired.
 GRAMMAR BANK

5A R ew rite the sentences so they

m ean the sam e. Use as... as.
a W rite sentences with a com parative adjective o r adverb
James is stronger than Clive.
+ than.
Clive isn’t as strong as James.
New York is more expensive than M iami, (expensive) 1 Adam is shorter than Jerry.
1 M odern com puters are much the early Jerry isn’t _________________
ones, (fast) Your bag is nicer than mine.
My sister is __________ me. (tall) My bag isn’t ______________
I’m this week ________ last week, (busy) Tokyo is bigger than London.
Newcastle is __________ from L ondon__ London isn’t _______________
Leeds, (far) 4 Tennis is more popular than cricket.
1thought the third Men in Black film w as. Cricket isn’t _____________________
the first two. (bad) C hildren learn languages faster than adults.
6 M anchester United played ___ Arsenal, (good) Adults don’t ____________________________
7 The French exam w a s ___ the Germ an, (hard) I work harder than you.
8 My new job i s _______ my old one. (boring) You don’t ____________
9 My new apart ment is ______my old one. (big) England played better than France.
10 I'm not la z y - I just work _________you! (slowly) France didn’t __________________

p. 3 7

5B W rite sentences writh a superlative +

ever + the present perfect.
C om plete the sentences w ith the superlative.
It I good film 111 see
Is this the biggest city in the world? (big) It's the best film I’ve ever seen.
1 Thais a re ____________ people I’ve ever met. (polite) 1 It I hot country j 1be to
2 Yesterday was. __________ day o f the year, (hot) 2 She / unfriendly person / 1 / meet
3 This is _____________ tim e to drive to the city, (bad) 3 It / easy exam / he / do
■She’s ____________ girl at school, (friendly) 4 They / expensive trousers / 1 / buy
This i s _____________ part o f the exam, (im portant) 5 It j long film j I j watch
____________ time to visit New England is autum n, (good) 6 He / attractive man / 1/ see
Ulan Bator is one o f ____________ cities in the world, (polluted) 7 It j bad meal j 1 / eat
__________ I’ve ever flown is to Balt, (far) 8 He j interesting teacher / 1 j have
9 That's definitely____________ film I’ve ever seen, (tunny) 9 It j exciting job / we j do
10 Rob's daughters are all pretty, b u t ! think Emily i s ________ . (pretty)
< p.38

5C C om plete the sentences w ith too, too much, too many, o r enough.
You ear too much red meat. It isn’t good for you,
C ircle)th e correct form .
1 I'm not very fit. I don’t d o ___________ exercise.
How (muc^j many milk do you drink? 2 I can’t walk to school. It’s ____________ far.
1 I eat too j too much chocolate. 3 There a r e _____ cars on the roads todav.
2 I eat too much j too many crisps. 4 I sp en d _______ time on the computer - it gives me headaches.
3 I don’t drink enough water j water enough. I don't sleep. _____ - only five or six hours, but I really
4 I can't come. I am too busy j too much busy. need eight.
5 You work too much / too many. I w a s______ . ill to go to work yesterday.
6 1 don't have enough time / time enough. There were, people at the party, so it was impossible
7 I don’t go out enough / enough go out. to dance.
8 She's too lazy / too much lazy. 8 I always have work and no t. free time.

< p. 41
fQüöiüüd i m
6
6A will / won’t (predictions) We often use will / won’t + infinitive for future
predictions, i.e. to say things vve think, guess or
know about the future.
A I’m seeing fane at six. B She’ll be late. 3*4)] We often use I think / 1 don’t think + will.
The film’s in French. We w on’t understand anything.
I think he’ll fa il the exam. I don’t think he’ll pass
It's a great book. I'm sure you’ll like it.
the exam. NOT
I don't think it’ll rain tomorrow.
P be g o in g to for predictions
0 □ We can also use be going to to predict
something you know or can see is going to
I/You/He/She/ I/You/He/She/ happen [see 3A), e.g.
It/We/They ’II be late. It/We/They won’t be late. Look at the clouds. It’s g o in g to rain.
Contractions: 'II = will: won’t = will not They're playing very well. I’m sure they're
going to win.
m 0 0
1/you/ I/you/ i/you/
he/she/ he/she/ he/she/
Will be late? Yes, will. No, won't.
it/we/ it/we/ it/ we/
they they they

6B will / won't (decisions, offers, promises) Use will I u’on’f + infinitive for making decisions,
offering and promising.
I’ll help you with those hags. NO T I helpyott.
decisions 3 11)
When an offer is a question, we use Shall I...? or
I won’t stay for dinner. I think I’ll go home early
Shall we...?
offers Shall I pay? Shall we do the washing-up?
I’ll help you with your homework. Shall 1 open the window?
promises
I’ll always love you. 1w on’t tell anybody.

6C review of tenses: present, past and future

tense example use 3 19)))
present simple 1 live in the city centre. things that happen always or usually
She d o esn ’t sm oke.
present continuous He’s looking for a new job. things that are happening now or in the near future
1 ’m leaving tomorrow. things that we have arranged for the future
past simple We saw a good film last night. finished actions in the past
We didn’t do anything yesterday.
past continuous He was working in Paris. actions that were in progress at a past time
What were you doing at 7.00?
be going to + infinitive I’m going to seeTom tonight. future plans
Look! It’s going to rain. predictions when we know j can see what's going to happen
will j won’t + infinitive You’ll love New York. predictions
I’ll phone her later. instant decisions
I’ll help you. offers
I’ll pay you back tomorrow. promises
present perfect I’ve finished the book. recently finished actions (we don’t say when)
Have you ever been to Iran? past experiences
 GRAMMAR BANK

6A b C om plete w ith will + a verb from the list.

W rite sentences and questions w ith will j w on’t. Use be [2) get like pass snow
contractions w here you can.
A Do vou think the traffic will be bad?
0 it / be easy to pass It won't be easy to pass.
B No, because it’s a holiday today.
1 0 I think they / lose the match
1 A Do you like this band?
2 [Tj the meeting / be long
B Yes, I think th ey __________ famous one dav.
3 0 she j get the job she’s not qualified
2 A Is this a good film.
4 [B you j see him at work later
B Yes, I'm sure y o u _ .it.
5 [+] 1 don't want to go. it / be impossible to park
3 A Do vou think i t ___
6 0 you j like that book
B No, it’s not cold enough.
7 0 I think she / love the present I bought her
4 A W hat do you think 1___ for Christm as?
8 0 there / be a lot o f traffic in the m orning
B 1don’t know. W hat did you ask tor?
9 0 you / find a good job. I'm sure
5 A I’m so worried about the exam!
10 0 everything / be OK, so there’s no need to worry
B Don’t worry. I m sure y o u ________

6B A ! can’t do this crossword.

M atch the sentences.
It’s hot in here, [g ]
1 I’m thirsty. Q
2 I have a headache. [^]
3 This exercise is hard. |__
4 I’m hungry.
5 These bags are heavy. [_
6 I left my wallet at home.
7 I need that photo u rgently. Q
8 We haven't got any milk. | |
C om plete the sentences w ith will j u'on’t (or shall) + a verb,
buy call forget get have
A W hat would you like?
B ____________ you?
A It’s a secret.
A I’ll help you to do it. B I __________ anyone, I promise.
B Shall 1make you a sandwich? A W hen wi hear from you again?
C Shall I carrv one for you? B 1_______ __ you tonight.
D I’ll lend you some money. A Can 1borrow €50?
B W h e n ________ y o u ________ me back?
E I’ll buy some on my way home.
5 A It’s my birthday next week.
F I’ll send it by email now.
B D on’t worry. I .
G Shall I open the window?
6 A I fed ill.
H Shall I turn off the music?
B __________ I ___________ you home?
1 I’ll get you a glass o f water.
7 A This chocolate you bought isn’t very nice.
B Yes, I know. I _____________ it again.
8 A These shoes are too small.
help pay take tell B I ________ a higger pair for you, madam.
B I’fl have the fish. < p.46

60 Put the verb in the right form .

C om plete the questions with one w ord.
W here do you usually have lunch?
I didn’t see you at work last week. Were you ill?
1 ________you often remember your dreams?
2 ________you listen to the match on the radio last night?
3 Who do you think _______ win the election next year?
4 _______ your brother like rock music?
5 W hat _ vou going to watch on TV tonight?
6 _____ it snowing when you left?
7 Were you at the party last night? I .see vou.
8 ________you heen to the supermarket?
9 ________the film finished yet?
A W hat tire we doing tonight? fdo)
B W e 1______________ dinner with Jack and Mary, (have)
A But we 2 _ ____ dinner with them last week! (have)
B Yes, but they 3________ to tell us some good news, (want)
A Oh, OK then. 4_________________ I ________________
som e champagne? (huv)
B it’s 8 o'clock! W here 5__________ you________ (be)
A I'm sorry. W hen I 6______________ home I
7______________ to buy the champagne. And then I
8_________ Mark in the shop... (walk, stop, see)
B Well, hurry up. We 9______________________late! (be)
A It’s OK. I _a taxi and I’ll be
ready in five minutes, (already order)

•< P-49
 7
7A uses of the infinitive with to
1 I need to buy some new clothes. 3 24 >:
Try n o t to ta lk about politics.
2 It’ll be nice to m eet your parents.
It's important n o t to be late.
3 I don't know where to go or what to do.
4 A Why did you go to the party?
B To m eet new people.
I went to the party to m eet new people
7 B uses of the gerund (verb + -ing)
1 Eating outside in the summer makes me feel good.
My idea of happiness is g ettin g up late and
n o t going to work.
2 1 love read in g in hed.
1 hate n o t gettin g to the airport early.
3 I’m thinking of buying a new car.
He left without saying goodbye.
7C have to, don’t have to, must, mustn’t
have to, don't have to
Q 1have to get up at seven every dav.
She has to speak English at work.
2 We d o n ’t have to wear a uniform at this school.
He d o esn ’t have to work on Saturdays.
[7] D o I have to buy a grammar book?
What time d o e s she have to get up in the morning?
• Use have to + verb (infinitive) to talk about rules and obligations.
• Use don’t have to + verb (infinitive) to say that there is no obligation,
or that something is not necessary.
• Use do I does to make questions and negatives. Do I have to go?
N O T Have+to-gp?
• Don’t contract have or has. I have to go. N O T I've to go.
must / mustn’t
[+] You m u st do your homework tonight.
She m u s t tidy her room before she goes out.
[3 You m u s t n ’t leave your bags here.
I m u s t n ’t forget to call her ton ight.
(mustn’t - must n ot )
[7] M ust 1buy a grammar book?
When m ust we register for the exam?
138
The infinitive is the base form of the verb. It is often used with to. ft can
be positive {e.g. to be) or negative (e.g. not to be).
Use the infinitive with to:
1 after some verbs, e.g. want, need, would like, etc. See Verb form s p.J58.
2 after adjectives.
3 after question words, e.g. what, where, when, etc.
4 to say why you do something.
I came to this school to le a rn English. N O T f or learn English.
P Infinitive without to
Remember that we use the infinitive without to after auxiliary verbs
(do / does / didn't) and after most modal verbs (cart, could, will,
would, etc.), e.g. Do you live near here? Can you help me? I won’t
forget. What would you do?
• The gerund is the base form of the verb + ing. It can be positive
(e.g. going) or negative (e.g. not going).
• Use the gerund:
3 28))) 1 as the subject or object of a sentence.
2 after some verbs, e.g. like, love, hale, enjoy, etc. See Verb
form s p-158.
3 after prepositions.
• Remember the spelling rules for the -ing form. See 1C p.126.
• Use must + verb (infinitive without io) to talk about
rules and obligations.
• must I mustn’t is the same for all persons.
• Use mustn’t + verb (infinitive without to) to say
'3/ 34))) something is prohibited.
P must and have to
Must and have to are very similar, but there is a
small difference. We normally use have to for a
general obligation (a rule at work / school or a law).
We normally use must for a personal obligation
(one that the speaker imposes), e.g. a teacher to
students or a parent to a child. But often you can
use either must or have to.
mustn't and don’t h a ve to
Mustn’t and don’t have to have completely
different meanings. Compare:
You mustn't go. = It’s prohibited. Don't go.
You don’t have to go. = You can go if you want to,
but it’s not obligatory / necessary.
Impersonal you
3/ 35)))
We often use have to and must with impersonal
you (you = people in general), e.g.
You have to wear a seatbe/t in a car. You mustn’t
take photos in the museum.
 GRAMMAR BANK

7A b C om plete th e sentences w ith a positive o r negative infinitive.

a M atch the sentence halves. do not drive go have learn look for not make meet

Be ready | B ' I’m planning to have a party next week.

1 Do we need 1 A Hi, I'm Donatella.
2 In some countries it’s im portant Q B I’m Renée. N ice______________ you.
3 I know you’re tired, but try f 2 W hat do you w a n t______________ tonight?
4 We were late, so Simon offered 3 I n e e d ______________ to the shop. I don’t have any bread or milk.
5 It’s difficult 4 T ry ______________ a noise. Your father’s asleep.
A to give us a lift to the station. 5 I'd really like .how to drive.
B t o show your p asspo rt at check-in. 6 Be careful__ too fast on the way home —the roads
C not to forget people’s names in a big class. are icy.
D to dress correctly in puhlic. 7 He’s decided a new job.
E to buy some dollars at the airport? p. 53
F not to fall asleep during the film!

7B b Put the verbs in the -ing form o r infinitive.

I like listening to the radio in the
a C om plete the sentences w ith a verb in the list in the -ing form ,
m ornings, (listen)
be do practise remember study swim teach text travel 1 ______________ _Pilates is good for your
health, (do)
I really enjoy doing exercise. It makes me feel great! 2 We've decided a holiday this
1 One thing that always makes me happy i s ________ .in th e sea. year, (not have)
2 You can’t learn to play a musical instrum ent well without 3 We won’t take the car. It’s impossible
regularly. ■ (P ^k )
3 My m other’s very bad a t __________ names. 4 I’m not very good at. maps, (read)
__________ teenagers is very hard work. 5 You can borrow the car if you promise
My sister spends hours on the p h o n e________ her friends. slowly, (drive)
I h a te __________ the first to arrive at parties. 6 Has it stopped__________ ? (rain)
.b y train is usually cheaper than by plane. I don’t m ind but I don’t like
8 I’ll go on ________ for as long as I can - I love being a student! . the washing-up. (cook, do)
8 I hate early in the morning, (get up)

< p. 54

7C b (^ ird e) the correct form, have to / must, d o n ’t have to, or

m ustn’t, Tick / if both forms are possible.
a C om plete the sentences w ith the correct form o f have to.
WeCi/ori't hawTupj mustn't go to work next week. It’s
1don’t have to go to school on Saturdays a holiday.
1 Janice study very hard - she has exams soon. 1 You don’t have to j mustn't touch the oven. It’s hot.
2 You_______ wear a uniform to be a policeman. 2 n o o you have to / must send a photo with your
3 ______ your sister ____ go to London for her passport form?
job interview? 3 J The concert is free. You don’t have to / mustn’t pav.
4 You________ wear a uniform if you are a policeman. I’m late for a meeting. I have to / must go now.
We get up early tomorrow. O ur flight leaves 5 Q You don’t have to j mustn’t leave the door open - the
dog will get out.
work today - his shop is closed, 6 Q We have to j must try that new restaurant in town.
go now. It’s very late. 7 J In Britain you have to /m u st drive on the left.
w e _________ go to bed? It’s only 10 o ’clock! 8 Do you have to ¡Must you be tall to he good at tennis?

< p.5 6 f iH E Q i
8A should / shouldn’t
You s h o u ld wear a suit to the interview.
[ think you s h o u ld change your job.
I don't think you s h o u ld speak to her.
He's verv stressed. He sh o u ld n ’t work so hard.
You shouldn’t drink coffee in the evening. It'll keep you awake.
• Use should j shouldn't +verb (infinitive without to) to give
somebody advice or say what you think is the right thing to do.
• should j shouldn’t is the same for all persons.
3 47)))
• We often use / think you should... or I don’t thinkyou should...
o u g h t to
You can also use ought to / ought not to instead of
should / shoutdn't, e.g.
You ought to wear a suit He ought not to work so hard.

8B first conditional: if+ present, will / won't
1 If I m iss the last bus, I’ll get a taxi.
If you tell her the truth, she w on’t believe you.
What w ill you do i f he d o esn ’t call you?
2 I f you d o n ’t go, she w o n ’t be very pleased.
She w on’t be very pleased if you d o n ’t go.
3 Ifvou m iss the last bus, get a taxi.
1 Use if + present to talk about a possible situation and will j
won’t + verb to talk about the consequence.
2 The if-clause can come first or second. If the if-clause comes
4 2) first, we usually put a comma before the next clause.
3 You can also use the imperative or can + infinitive instead of
will + infinitive in the other clause.
/ aaaaa/vm aaaa ‘

Ifyou m iss the last bus, you can get a taxi.

'/ À

If I miss the last bus, I’ll get a taxi.

8 C possessive pronouns ■ Don’t use possessive pronouns with a noun. N O T It's mine book.
• Don’t use the with possessive pronouns, e.g. Is this yours? N O T Is this theyours?

Whose coat is it? It's my coat. 4*12))) pronouns and possessive adjectives overview
It’s mine.
Whose jacket is it? It's your jacket. subject object possessive possessive
It’s yours. pronouns pronouns adjectives pronouns
Whose phone is it? It’s his phone. 1 can come. She loves me. This is my seat. It's mine.
It’s his. You you your yours
Whose bag is it? ft's her bag. It’s hers.
Whose dog is it? It's our dog. It's ours. He him his his
Whose house is it? It's their house. She her her hers
It's theirs. It it its its
• Use possessive pronouns to talk about We us our ours
possession. Is it yours? Yes. it’s mine. They them their theirs
• Use Whose to ask about possession.
W hose book is it? W hose is that bag?

8A
a C om plete w ith should or
shouldn’t.
You should stop smoking.
1 Y ou__________ work real lv
long hours every day.
2 You__________ lose a bit o f weight.
3 You__________ eat more fruit and vegetables.
4 You__________ put so much sugar in vour coffee.
5 You__________ start doing some exercise.
6 You__________ drink less alcohol.
7 Y o u _______ _ drink more water.
8 You__________ go to bed so late.
8B
M atch the sentence halves.
If you leave now, [c]
1 The ticket will be cheaper
2 If I don’t see you this afternoon, Q
3 You’ll learn more quickly [__]
4 If you get that new job, ^
5 You won't pass your driving test
6 Ifl lend you this book, Q
A ifyou don't have enough lessons.
B will you give it back to me soon?
C yotrH-catch rhefr.Ofrtrain.
D if Jvou travel after 9.00.
E if you come to every class.
F will you earn more money?
G I’ll call you this evening.
8C
(C ircle) the correct form.
W hose car is that? It’s her /(hers}
1 This isn’t my j mine pen, it’s Susan’s.
2 I think this book is vowr j yours.
3 This isn’t your suitcase, it's ours j our.
4 W here’s Mary? 1think these are her j hers gloves.
5 These keys are mine / the mine.
6 They showed us ail theirs j their holiday
photographs.
7 These seats are theirs j their, not ours. We’re over
there.
8 Is thisjyours jyour bag?
9 This isn’t my jacket. It’s her / hers.
GRAMMAR BANK
b C om plete the sentences w ith should o r shouldn’t + a
verb in the list.
drive have go ieave relax spend study walk wear
We should leave early. It’s going to start snowing soon.
1 Y ou_______ a scarf. It’s really cold today.
2 1 this afternoon. I have an exam tomorrow.
3 Y o u _______ alone in th at p art of the city. G et a taxi.
4 S h e________more. She’s very stressed,
5 You___ so fast at night - the roads are dangerous,
6 Y ou_______ to bed. You look tired.
7 P arents________ more time with their children.
8 We a break yet - we only started work at 10.00.
< p .6 1
C om plete with the correct form o f the verbs.
It we start walking, the bus will come, (start, come)
1 If you ___ me your secret, I ________ anybody else, (tell, not tell)
2 I f l __________ it down, I __________ it. (not write, not remember)
3 __________ y o u __________ me if vou________ anv news? (call, get)
4 S h e _____ .you ify o u . . her nicely, (help, ask)
5 I __________ you i f l __________ from Alex, (phone, hear)
6 You__________ your friends if y o u ___________ to Paris, (miss, move)
7 Jfyou. carefully, you . everything.
(listen, understand)
8 The b o ss__________ very pleased if y o u ________ late for work.
(not be, be)
9 I. you hom e if you . me directions, (drive, give)
< p. 62
Com plete the sentences with a prononn or possessive adjective.
This isn't my coffee, it’s yours. W here’s mine?
1 A Is that her car?
B No, it’s her hoy friend’s . ________ is a white Peugeot.
2 Maya has a new boyfriend, but I haven’t m e t________ yet.
3 Look. Here’s a photo o f Alex and Kim with new baby,
4 We’ve finished paying for our house, so it’s ______ now.
5 These are our tickets. C an you give Maria and
M arta ______ ?
6 We're very lucky. O ur parents bought this dog fo r.
7 We both love gardening. Would you like to see___
garden?
8 London is famous fo r______ parks.
< p .6 5
© sa*
9
9A second conditional: if+ past, would / wouldn’t
1 If a bull a tta c k e d me, I’d r u n away.
Ifyou d id n ’t go to bed so late, you w o u ld n ’t be so tired in the morning.
W o u l d you ta k e the manager’s job i f they o ffe re d it to your"
2 I f I h a d more time I’d d o more exercise.
I’d d o more exercise i f 1 h a d more time.
3 If we w e n t by ear, we could s t o p at places on the way.
P be in second conditionals
With the verb be you can use were (instead of
was) after I / he / she / it, e.g.
^ 1 6 )))
If Jack w a s t w ere here, he’d know what to do.
Use were (not was) in the expression If I were
you,...
We often use this expression for advice,
e.g. If I w ere you, I wouldn't take that job.

1 Use if + past to talk about an imaginary or hypothetical future situation

and would / wouldn’t + verb to talk ahout the consequence. first or second conditional?
* would j wouldn’t is the same for all persons. Compare the first and second conditionals.
* Contractions: 'd = would (I’d ,you’d, he’d, etc.); wouldn’t =would not. • Use the f ir s t c o n d it io n a l for p o s s ib le future
2 The (/-clause can come first or second. If the if-clause comes first, we situations.
usually put a comma before the next clause. If I don’t have to work tomorrow, I’ll help you.
3 You can also use could + infinitive instead of would + infinitive in the (= It’s a possibility. Maybe 1will help you.)
other clause. • Use the s e c o n d c o n d it io n a l for im a g in a r y or
h y p o t h e t ic a l situations.
I f I didn’t have to work tomorrow, I’d help you.
(= It’s a hypothetical situation. I have to work, so I
can’t help you.)

9B present perfect + for or s/nce
A Where do you live now?
B In Manchester.
A H o w lo n g h a v e y o u liv e d there?
B I ’ve liv e d there fo r twenty years.
A Where do you work?
B In a primary school.
A H o w lo n g have y o u w o rk e d there?
B I ’ve w o r k e d there sin c e 2005.
• Use the present perfect +/or or since to talk about actions and states which
started in the past and are stilt true now.
I've lived in Manchesterfo r twenty years. = I came to live in Manchester twenty
4 2 1 ))} years ago and I live in Manchester now.
• Don’t use the present simple in this type of sentence, e.g. NO T Hive-m
Manchesterfor twenty years.
• Use How long...? to ask questions aboutthe duration of an action or a state.
for or since?
• Use for + a period of time, e.g.fo r two weeks,fo r tenyears,for a long time, etc.
I’ve had this carfo r three months.
• Use since with the beginning of a period of rime, e.g. since 1980, since last June, etc.
I've been afraid o f spiders since I was a child.

9C present perfect or past simple? (2) 1 Use the p a s t s im p le to talk abont a finished period of time in
the past.
2 Use the p re s e n t p e rfe c t to talk about a period of time from
1 A How long w a s Bob Marley a musician? 4 28)) the past until now.
B He was a musician for twenty years.
* Compare the past simple and present perfect.
A How many Grammvs d id he w i n ?
Jack was marriedfor ten years. = fack is not married now. He’s
B He d i d n ’t w i n any.
divorced or dead.
2 A How long h a s Ziggy Marley b e e n a musician?
B He’s b e e n a musician since he was ten. Jack has been marriedfor ten years. = Jack is married now.
A How many Grammvs h a s he w o n ?
B He’s w o n four.
 GRAMMAR BANK

9A b C om plete w ith the correct form o f the verbs.

If I found a good job, I would move to the USA. (find, move)
M atch the sentence halves.
1 W e________ the house if i t ________ a garden, (buy, have)
You’d feel much better (7T 2 If y o u ________ Indian food, I’m sure you it, (try, like)
1 I’d enjoy the weekend more Q 3 Y ou________ more if y o u_________harder, (learn, work)
2 If it’s sunny tomorrow, Q 4 Ifw e ________ a car, w e ______ drive up to the m ountains, (rent, can)
3 Would you wear it Q 5 We _____ our son more often if h e ________ nearer, (see, live)
4 If we learned Portuguese, 6 I to that restaurant if 1 y o u -it's very expensive.
5 I wouldn’t work j (not go, be)
6 If I went to live in London, Q 7 I ________ you to the airport if my in u m _____ . the car.
A ifro u did som e exercise: (take, not have)
B would you come to visit me? 8 1 quite like cycling, hut I ________ to work if I a car.
(not cycle, have)
C if I bought it for you?
9 ________ you ______ your country if y o u __ . a well-paid job
D vve could go to the beach.
abroad? (leave, get)
E if I didn’t have to work on Saturday.
10 1 love living here. I ________ ^ aPPy i f l ______ leave, (not be, have to)
F vve could go and work in Brazil.
G if I didn’t need the money. < p.68

9B
A nsw er the questions in a. Use the present perfect +
a W rite questions w ith How long and the present perfect, fo r or since.
you j be m arried How long have you been married? I Ye been married for 20 years.
1 you / be frightened o f clowns ________________ 1 I I was a child.
2 your sister / have her car ____________________ 2 Sh e__________________________________ three years.
3 you j live here ______________________________ 3 I _____________________________________ alongtim e.
4 your dad / be a teacher __ 4 H e ______________________________________________1990.
5 you / knowr your hoyfriend 5 I _______________________________________ _M ay.
6 Britain / be in the EU ___ 6 It_ 1973.
7 you / have your cat _____ 7 W e. . about two years.
8 he / work for the same company 8 He. . 2008. < p .7 1

9C b C om plete w ith the present perfect o r past simple.

1 A W here does Rob live now?
a (Circle) the correct form .
B In Madrid.
She is j (She’s been) single since last summer. A HowTong____________ there? (he/live)
1 He left I He has left school two years ago. B For three m onths. H e ____________ there in
2 1 lived / I've lived in C ardiff for two years, but then I September, (move)
moved to Swansea. 2 A W h e n __________ ? (Picasso/die)
3 She lives j She’s lived in Florida since 2010. B In 1977, in Paris I think.
4 My sister had j M y sister has had her baby yesterday! A HowTong__________ in France? (be /live).
5 I work in an office. I work j I’ve worked there for 20 years. B For a long time. H e ____________ Spain when he
6 The city changed / The city has changed a lot since ] was a was 25. (leave)
child. 3 A My hrother and his wife get on very well,
7 They’re divorced now. They were j They have been B How long _ ____m arried? (they / be)
married for ten years. A T h ey __________ _ m arried since 1995. They _
8 I met j I’ve met Sandra when 1 was j have been at at university, (be, meet)
university. B R eally?____________ that in Paris? (he)

< P -7 2
EEM
10
10A passive: be + past participle
P re se n t: a m / is / a re + p a st p a rt ic ip le
0 Keviar is u s e d to make bullet-proof vests.
0 T ippex i s n ’t u s e d very m uch today.
0 A r e disposable nappies u s e d all over the world?
P ast: j were + p a st p a rt ic ip le
0 The dishwasher w a s in v e n t e d bv Josephine Cochrane.
0 Windscreen wipers w e r e n ’t in v e n t e d until 190.>.
[3 When w as the washing machine in v e n t e d ?
• You can often say things in two ways, in the active or in the passive.
Josephine Cochrane invented the dishwasher, (active)
The dishwasher was invented by Josephine Cochrane, (passive)
4 3 8 ))}
• In the a c tiv e sentence, the focus is more on J o se p h in e
C o ch ra n e .
• In the p a s s iv e sentence the focus is more on the d ish w ash e r.
• You can also use the passive when it isn’t known or isn’t
important who does or did the action.
My car was stolen last week.
Volm cars are made in Sweden.
• Use by to say who did the action.
The Lord of the Rings wai written by Tolkien.

10B used to / didn’t use to P used to

u se d to or usually?
only exists in the past.
0 When I was a child. I used to play inthe street. f y 4 3 ;)) For habits in the present, use usua!/y +
present simple, NOT use to
Mv brother used to have very long hair.
I usually cook in the evenings.
Children d i d n ’t u se to watch much T V when my fat her was young.
NOT I use to cook in the evenings.
My daughter d id n 't u se to like vegetables, hut now she loves them.
f7l D i d you u se to wear a uniform at school? Yes, I did.
D i d you u se to like your teachers? No, I didn't.

• Use used to j didn’t use to + verb to talk about things that happened
repeatedly or were true for a long period of time in the past, but are
usually not true now, e.g. things that happened when you were a child.
• used to j didn’t use to is the same for all persons.
• Instead of used to you can use the past simple with an adverb of frequency.
When I was a child, 1often played in the street.

100 might / might not (possibility) ^ may / may not

You can also use may instead of might for
We m ig h t have a picnic tomorrow, hut it depends on the weather. 4 50))) possibility, e.g.
She m ig h t come with us, but she’s not sure vet. We m a y have a picnic tomorrow.
I m ig h t not go to the party. I haven't decided vet.
I may not go to the party.
You m ig h t n o t see him today. He’s coming home late.

• Use might / might not + verb (infinitive without io) to say that perhaps
you will or won’t do something.
We m ight have a picnic tomorrow. = Perhaps we will have a picnic tomorrow.
• might j might not is the same for all persons.
• might not is not usually contracted.
 GRAMMAR BANK

10A R ew rite the sentences in the passive, beginning

w ith the highlighted words.
a C om plete w ith present o r past passive.
Shakespeare w rote Ham let in 1603.
The Eiffel Tower u’as completed in 1889. (complete) Hamlet i«i 5 written by Shakespeare in 1603.
1 Many of the things we use every dav .by 1 Jonathan ive designed the iPod and the iPhone.
women, (invent) 2 Most M editerranean countries produce olive oil,
2 In the UK most children _ __ in state schools, (educate) 3 Herschel discovered Uranus in 1781.
3 A u stra lia________by C aptain Cook in 1770. (discover) 4 Barry Sonnenfeld directed the Men in Black
4 This m orning! ______ up hy the neighhour’s dog. (wake) films.
5 Cricket in the sum m er in the UK. (play) David Hockney painted Mr and Mrs Clark and
6 The songs on this alb u m ________ last year, (record) Percy in 1970-1971.
7 Nowadays a lot o f to y s. in C hina, (make) 6 Elvis Presley didn’t w rite Blue Suede Shoes.
8 Carols are songs which at C hristm as, (sing) 7 JK Rowling wrote the H arry Potter books.
9 These birds in northern Europe, (not usually see) 8 They make Daihatsu cars in Japan.
10 ‘Rome in a day.’ (nothuild)
< p.76

10B M ake sentences w ith used to, didn't use to, or

did ... use to?
a Look at how John has changed. W rite five sentences about [T] you I have long hair
how he was IN T H E PAST. Did you use to have long hair?
NOW 1 0
2 0 irk
3 0
4 0
you were young
5 0
He used to be slim. 6 0
1 longhair. 7 0
2 glasses. 8 0
3 a heard. 9 0
4 football. 10 0
5 a tie. messages

p.79

10C b C om plete the sentences w ith might + a verb

M atch the sentences.
Take some sun cream , [d ]
1 Let’s buy a lottery ticket. [
2 Phone the restaurant. Q
3 Don’t stand on the wa a. n
4 Let’s take a map.
5 Try the shirt on. Q
6 Don’t wait for me. Q
7 Be careful with that knife! | [ H
8 Ask how much it costs, j^ j
phrase.
A You might fall.
B It may not be your size.
C We might get lost.
D It m ight be really sunny.
E We may not have enough money.
F You might cut yourself.
G it may be closed on Sundays.
We might win.
I I may be late.
be cold be ill be in a meeting go to the cinema
not have time not like it have fish and chips
I’m not sure w hat to do tonight. 1might go to
1
the cinema.
Kim wasn't at school today. S h e __________
2 His phone is turned off. H e ______________
3 It’s an unusual hook. You________________
4 1 don't know if I’ll finish it. I _____________
5 I'm not sure what to order. I ______________
6 T a k e a ja c k e t.lt_________________________
11
11A expressing movement
The man went up the steps and into the church.
He drove out o f the garage and along the street,
I ran over the bridge and across the park.
To express movement use a verb o f movement, e.g. go, come,
run, walk, etc. and a preposition (or adverb) of movement
e.g. up, down, awav, etc.
4 58))
^ 3 in or into? out or out of?
Remember, use into / out o f+ noun, and in / out if there
isn't a noun.
Come into th e living room. Come in.
He w e n t out of th e house. He went out.
See Expressing movement p.162.

11B word order of phrasal verbs
1 What time do you get up?
I don’t usually go out during the week.
2 P u t on your coat. P u t your coat on. P u t it on.
Turn o ff the TV. Turn the TV off. Turn it off.
3 I’m looking for my glasses.
Have you found your glasses? No, I'm still looking for them.
• A phrasal verb = verb + particle (preposition or adverb),
e.g. get up, turn on, look for.
1 Some ph rasal verbs don’t have an object, e.g. get up, go out.
3))) 2 Some phrasal verbs have an object and are separable. With
these phrasal verbs you can put the particle (on, off etc.)
before or after the object.
• When the object is a pronoun (me, it, him, etc.) it always goes
between the verb and particle.
Here’s your coat. Pu t it on. N O T Put on it.
3 Some phrasal verbs have an object and are inseparable,
e.g. lookfor. With these phrasal verbs the verb (e.g. ioofe)
and the particle (e.g./or) are never separated.
I’m lookingfor my glasses. NO T I’m looking my glassesfor.
See P h ra sa l verbs p. 163.

l i e so, neither+ auxiliaries present simple 1don't like classical music. Neither do 1.
present continuous I’m having a great time So am 1.
1 A I love classical music. can / can't 1can swim. So can 1.
B So do I.
past simple 1didn't like the film. Neither did 1.
A I went to a classical concert last night. 1was very tired. So was 1.
B So did I.
would / wouldn’t 1wouldn’t like to go there. Neither would 1.
2 A I’m not married.
B Neither am I. present perfect I’ve been to Brazil. So have 1.
A I don’t want to get married.
B Neither do I. * Be careful with the word order.
So do l.j Neither do I. N O T So I do-,j Neither I do.
* Use So do I, Neither do 1, etc. to say that you have
something in common with somebody. P neither and nor
You can also use nor instead of neither, e.g.
1 Use So + auxiliary + I to respond to positive
A I didn't like the film.
sentences. B Nor /Neither did I.
2 Use Neither + auxiliary + i to respond to negative Neither is usually pronounced 'nauW, but can also be pronounced
sentences. /'ni:da/.
* The auxiliary you use depends on the tense.
 GRAMMAR BANK

11A b C om plete the sentences w ith the correct

preposition.
a (jc lrc le)th e correct preposition.
He jumped into his car and drove away.
I lost mv mobile phone signal when we went across (Throiighyd 1 As I cycled under the bridge, a train went
tunnel. ______ it..
1 We ran to / down the sea, and jumped into / out o fthe water. 2 Come _________ . The door's open.
2 It you go over j past the bank, you’ll see the superm arket on the 3 This is the 3rd floor. G o __________ those
right. stairs and you’ll come to the 2 nd floor.
3 He walked along j across the street until he got to the park. 4 He w alked ________ the bar and ordered
4 The plane flew on / over the town and then landed. a drink.
5 The dog ran towards / to me, but then it stopped. 5 Hike going __ on a Saturday night.
6 We cycled over j out o f the bridge and in / into the city centre. 6 He took his passport__________ his bag.
7 The racing cars went round j under the track 12 times. 7 I’m exhausted. I’ve just cycled
8 The little boy suddenly ran aero« j through the road. __________ a huge hill. ^ p .8 5

11B b C om plete the sentences with if or them and a

w ord from the list.
a (Circle) the correct form . If bo th are correct, tick / the box.
back in on (x2) up (x3) down
Turn o ff your mobile j Turnyour mobile off before the film starts, [ / i
1 Tonight I have to look my sister after / look after my sister. _ I can’t hear the radio. Tu rn it up.
2 Let’s go out this evening f go this evening out. 1 Your clothes are all over the floor.
3 Turn down the radio / Turn the radio down. It's too loud. Q Pick_____________________ .
4 Mv hrother is lookingfor a newjob j looking a new job for. 2 Here’s your coat. P u t___________________ .
5 You should throw away those oldjeans / throw those oldjeans away. ^ 3 ‘W hat does this word m ean?’
6 I don’t like shopping for clothes online - 1 prefer to try them on j ‘L ook_____________________ .’
try on them before I huy them. [_ 4 To get your passport there are three forms.
7 Take o ff your shoes j Take your shoes off before you come in. Please f i l l __________________now.
8 T h at’s my sister - 1 think you’d really get on with her / 5 You rem em ber that money I lent you? When
g it on her with. can you give_______________________ ?
9 If it doesn’t fit, you should take back it j take it back to the shop. Q 6 Is there anything on TV? Let's tu rn
10 W hat time do you get up in the morning j get in the morning up? _ _ _ and see.
7 You won’t remem ber my add ress. Write

■< p .8 7

lie b R espond to A. Sav you are the sam e. Use So... I or

Neither. ..I.
a C om plete B's answ ers w ith an auxiliary verb.
A I don’t like cabbage. Neither do I.
A I like chocolate. B S o d o l. 1 A I live near the superm arket.
1 A I’m reallv thirsty. B So I. 2 A I’m not afraid o f snakes. ____________
2 A 1didn’t go out last night. B Neither 3 A I went to bed late last night.
3 A 1was born in Rome. B So 1. 4 A 1haven’t been to Canada. ____________
4 A 1don’t eat meat. B Neither I. 5 A I don't have any pets. ____________
5 A I’ve been to Moscow. B So I. 6 A I can speak three languages. ____________
6 A I can’t sing. B Neither 1. 7 A 1always drink coffee in the morning. _
7 A I’d like to go to Bali. B So I. 8 A l‘m waiting for the bus to the airport.
8 A I saw a film last week. B So 1.
< p.88
9 A I wouldn't like to eat that. B Neither
10 A I can plav chess. B So I.
f iE E D E 9
 12
12A past perfect Use the past perfect when you are already talking about the
past and want to talk about an earlier past action.
When I woke up the garden was all white. It had snowed during
0 When I woke up the garden was all white. 5 17))) the night. = It snowed before 1woke up.
It had snow ed during the night. Make the past perfect with had / hadn’t + past participle.
I suddenly realised that I’d leftm v mobile in the taxi.
The form of the past perfect is the same for all persons.
□ We goth time just in time - the match h a d n ’t started .
When she got to class, she realized that she h a d n ’t had is sometimes contracted t o 'd.
b ro u g h t her book.
IXI A 1went to Paris last weekend. 1really loved it.
B H ad you been there before?
P had or would?
Be careful: 'd can be had or would.
I didn’t know that you'd found a new job. ('d = had]
A No, 1 h a d n ’t.
If you went by taxi, you ’d get there more quickly.
(’d = would)

12B reported (or indirect) speech • Verb tenses change tike this:
direct speech reported speech
d ire c t speech re p o rte d speech ^S23))) '1can help you.' He said (that) he could help me.
11 love you .1 He said (that) he loved me. (present simple) (past simple)
'I ’ve just arrived.’ She said (that) she had just arrived. Tm watching TV.’ She said (that) she was watching TV.
‘ W e’ll come at eight.' 1 le told me (that) they w ould (present continuous) (past continuous)
come at eight. Til phone you.1 He told me (that) he would phone me.
‘I don’t w ant to go to |ack told Anna (that) he d idn’t (will) (would)
the party.’ w ant to go to the party. ‘1met a girl.’ John told me (that) he had met a girt,
(past simple) (past perfect)
Use reported speech to report (to tell somebody) what another
‘I’ve broken my leg.' Sara said (that) she had broken her leg.
person said. (present perfect) (past perfect)
We often introduce reported speech with said or told (+ person)
After said or told th at is optional, e.g. He said (that) he loved me.
Pronouns often change in reported speech, e.g. /changes to he J D say or tell?
You can use said or told in reported speech but they are
or she.
used differently.
‘I ’m tired.' She told me (that) she was tired. You can’t use said with an object or pronoun.
He sa id (that) he loved me. NOT He said me-fthat) he
loved me.
You must use fold with an object.
He told me (that) he loved me. NOT He told (that) he
bvedm e.

1 2 C questions without auxiliaries When the question word (Who?, What?, Which?, How
many?, etc.) is the subject of the verb in the question, we
don't use an auxiliary verb (do / does / did).
su b ject verb 5 27))) W h o painted Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy?
Who painted Mrand A1rs Clark tind Pcrcy?
Which singer made reggae popular all over thè world?
In most other questions in the present and past simpte we
How many people live near thè school?
use the auxiliary verb do j does / did + the infinitive.
Who wants a cup of coffee?
What music do you like? N O T
See 1A p. ¡26.

t e i

12A
a M atch the sentence halves.
I couldn't get into my flat because [c]
1 When our friends arrived
2 1 took the jacket back because
3 [ill didn’t come with us because !__]
4 1turned on the TV news \^_
5 Johnny was nervous because
6 When I got to the superm arket checkout
A she’d made other plans.
B 1 realized that I'd left my wallet at home.
C I’d lost my kevs.
D I had bought the wrong size.
E it was the first time he had flown.
F to see what had happened.
G we hadn't finished cooking the dinner.
12B
W rite the sentences in rep o rted speech.
i love you.' He told her that he loved her.
1 ‘I’m hungry.’ She said that she . 2 Tony told me that his car had broken down.
2 ‘ 1 don’t like sad films.'
He told her h e __________ ,
3 ‘I’ll call the doctor.’ He said h e _________
4 ‘I’ve bought a new phone.’
Paul told us that h e ___________ .
5 ‘I live in the city centre.'
She said that s h e __________ .
6 ‘We can’t do it!’
They said that they . She said : 4______________________________
7 ‘1 saw Eclipse at the cinem a.’
julie said that she
12C
(^ ir c ìe )th e correct question form.
W hat you did / (did you ad) last night?
1 W hat happened / did happen to you?
2 W hat means this word j does this word mean?
3 How many people came { did come to the
meeting?
4 Which bus goes j does go to town?
5 Which film won j did win the Oscar this
year?
6 W hat said the teacher j did the teacher say?
7 Who made / did make this cake? It's
fantastic!
GRAMMAR BANK
b C om plete the sentences. Put the verbs in the past sim ple and past
perfect.
We didn't get a table in the restaurant because we hadn't booked.
(not get, not book)
1 I ____________ Caroline because s h e _______ a lot.
(not recognize, change)
2 My friend _________ to tell me that I _____________ my wallet
in his car. (phone, leave)
3 W h e n I ____________ the radio, the new s_______ ___ .
(turn on, already finish)
4 She me the DVD because s h e ____________ it yet.
(not lend, not watch)
5 The b a r____________ by the time w e_____________. (close, arrive)
6 W hen we _ home we saw that somebody
____________ the kitchen window1, (get, break)
7 Luckily it _ _______ snowing when w e_____
work, (stop, leave)
p. 9 3
b W rite the sentences in d irect speech.
He told her that he was a doctor. He said: 'I’m a doctor.'
1 She said that she was studying Germ an.
She said: ‘_________________________________________
Tony said: ‘_____________________________
3 Paul said that he would send me an email.
Paul said: ‘____________________________
4 Wanda and Jack said they were in a hurry.
Wanda and Jack said: ‘_________________
5 He said he hadn't finished his essay yet.
He said: *
6 She told us that she w ouldn’t arrive on time.
7 David said he had just arrived,
David said: ‘________________ < p-94
W rite the questions. Do yon know
the answ ers?
How many Formula 1 championships
did Michael Schumacher tWn?
(Michael Schum acher j win)
1 W h e n ___________________________ , president o f the USA?
(Barack Obama / become)
W hich US sta te ________ ___________with the letter ‘H ’? (start)
Wrhich b o o k s__ ___ ________ ? (J.R.R. Tolkien j write)
W h o __________________ the football World Cup in 2010? (win)
5 W hich sport _ ____________ the lightest hall? (use)
6 W h e r e __________ (the 2008 Olympics / take place)
7 W hich company __________ ? (Steve Jobs / start)
< p. 96