ENGLISH REVIEWER 1ST QUARTER - It is the accompanying element.

- A modifier is so called because it is said

SENSORY IMAGES: An Undying Topic You to modify (change the meaning of)
Can’t Master (charr) another element in the structure, on
which it is dependent.
Imagery If a word or phrase in a construction is its head,
- As a literary device, imagery consists of it cannot simultaneously be another modifier in
that construction. But an adjective, for example,
descriptive language that can function as a
may be a head of one phrase and simultaneously
way for the reader to better imagine the
a modifier in a different phrase.
world of the piece of literature and also
E.g. “very hot soup”
add symbolism to the work.
Soup – noun; is the head
Image
Hot – adjective; it the modifier of the
- Mental picture crated in the mind of the
phrase “hot soup”. However, it also serves
reader as he/she assimilates the language
as the head in the phrase “very hot”.
of the author
Adjunct
6 Sensory Images
- Fillers; has no significant role
1. Sight – visual
- Appeals to the sense of seeing
Qualifier
Eg. The sunset was the most gorgeous
- Almost synonymous to modifier
they’d ever seen; the clouds were edged with
E.g. very, quite, somewhat, more, most, less,
pink and gold.
least, too, so, just, enough, indeed, still,
2. Sound – auditory
almost, fairly
- Appeals to the sense of hearing
E.g. The concert was so loud that her ears
Adjective Modifiers
rang for days afterward.
Qualifier as Adjective Modifier
3. Smell – olfactory
- The word that is mostly use as modifier
- Appeals to the sense of smelling
of adjective is a qualifier such as very,
E.g. After eating the curry, his breath reeked
rather, pretty, etc.
of garlic.
E.g. The sound was loud enough.
4. Touch – tactile
She is very pretty.
- Appeals to the sense of feeling
E.g. The tree bark was rough against her
Qualifiers + Adjectives
skin.
Very + Bright = Very bright. The sun was
5. Taste – gustatory
shining very bright. (“very” is the qualifier,
- Appeals to the sense of taste
“bright” is the adjective head; hence “very”
E.g. The familiar tang of his grandmother’s
is an adjective modifier)
cranberry sauce reminded him of his youth.
6. Motion (‘di ko alam kung kasama ‘to.
Adverb as Adjective Modifier
Pero nakita ko sa internet, so why not?)
- An adverb that can modify the adjective
- Appeals to the sense of seeing except
is adverb that is ended by {-ly}
that the line contains another dimension
E.g. Accidentally wrong
– movement.
E.g. The boat is slowly moving towards the
Adverb + Adjective
lighthouse.
Extremely + Strange = Extremely strange. I
feel extremely strange on that house.
STRUCTURE OF MODIFICATION (We’re
(“extremely” is the adverb, “strange” is the
building Word World now.)
adjective; hence “extremely” is an adjective
modifier)
Modification
- Syntactic construction in which one
Noun as Adjective Modifier
grammatical element is accompanied by
- In some special expression, noun can
another element.
modify the adjective.
Head
E.g. stone cold (heart :<)
- Head or headword, it is the first
grammatical element.
Noun + Adjective
Modifier
Pool + indoor = The pool is indoor.
 (Okay, Taglish yung explanation ko kasi
alam kong nakakalito ‘to. Skip or delete this
section kung hindi mo kailangan. Chat mo
naman ako kung ‘di mo pa rin naiintindihan
after reading yung nasa baba or kung tingin
mo may mali sa explanation ko.)
How to identify the modifier? Kapag yung
sentence structure katulad nito: The pool is
indoor, or something complicated. Unang
dapat hanapin is yung adjective, which is
“indoor”. Ngayon, magbbase tayo sa word
na “indoor”. Magnilay-nilay ka; tanungin
mo yung sarili mo “Ano ba yung indoor?”
Syempre ang sagot mo pool ‘di ba? Edi yun
yung noun.
Ngayon, paano naman naging adjective
modifier yung noun na “pool”? Kasi,
kinumpleto/mas naging specific yung word
na indoor nung sinama yung word na pool.
Pero bakit hindi yung word na “indoor”
yung modifier? Kasi una sa lahat, hindi siya
noun. Noun as adjective modifier ang topic
natin dito. Tsaka, balik tayo sa meaning ng
modifier – dependent on another element.
Dependent yung pool sa word na indoor
kasi, nawawala yung thought nung sentence
kapag tinanggal mo yung indoor, pero kapag
ang tinanggal mo lang is yung word na pool,
andun pa rin yung idea na “indoor” ang
isang bagay.
Verb as Adjective Modifier
- Adjective can be modified by the verb in
the present participle form (-ing) that
usually precedes the adjective, or by to-
infinitive that follows adjective
E.g. freezing cold
Good to see
Verb + Adjective
Blinking + gold = blinking gold. The thief
was captivated to the woman’s blinking gold
bracelet. (“blinking” is the verb, “gold” is
the adjective; hence “blinking” is an
adjective modifier)
Adjective as Adjective Modifier
- For special expression, adjective can
modify the other adjective
E.g. icy cold
Adjective + Adjective
Hopeless + romantic = hopeless romantic.
That girl is hopeless romantic, she never had
a boyfriend since birth (Just ask yourself
which adjective is describing which, then
you’ll identify which is the modifier)
Prepositional Phrases as Adjective Modifier
- The position of the prepositional phrases
as adjective modifier is after the
adjective.
E.g. easy on the eyes
Adverb Modifiers
(same lang siya with adjective modifiers)
Qualifiers as Adverb Modifier
E.g. very easily, rather slowly, happily
enough
Adverbs as Adverb Modifier
E.g. later today, often inside
Noun as Adverb Modifier
E.g. a meter away, some way up
Prepositional Phrases as Adverb Modifier
E.g. outside in the cold, behind in his work,
away for a week.
PRONOUNS
A pronoun is used in place of a noun or nouns.
Common pronouns include he, her, him, I, it, me,
she, them, they, us, and we.
Subjective Pronoun
- A subjective pronoun acts as the subject
of a sentence—it performs the action of
the verb. The subjective pronouns
are he, I, it, she, they, we, and you.
E.g. He spends ages looking out the
window.
Objective Pronouns
- An objective pronoun acts as the object
of a sentence—it receives the action of
the verb. The objective pronouns
are her, him, it, me, them, us, and you.
E.g. Cousin Eldred gave me a trombone.
Types/Cases of Pronouns
Nominative Pronouns
- used when the pronoun is the subject of
the sentence. The nominative form
pronouns are: I, you, he/she, it,
we/they.
E.g. She was quiet as she entered the
museum.
Possessive Pronouns
- A possessive pronoun tells you who
owns something. The possessive
pronouns are hers, his, its, mine, ours,
theirs, and yours.
E.g. The red basket is mine.

Demonstrative Pronouns
- A demonstrative pronoun points out a
noun. The demonstrative pronouns
are that, these, this, and those.
E.g. That is a good idea.
Interrogative Pronouns
- An interrogative pronoun is used in a
question. It helps to ask about
something. The interrogative pronouns
are what, which, who, whom, and
compound words ending in "ever," such
as whatever, whichever,
whoever, and whomever.
E.g. Who ate the last Fig Newton?
Indefinite Pronouns
- An indefinite pronoun refers to an
indefinite, or general, person or thing.
Indefinite pronouns include all, any,
both, each, everyone, few, many, neither,
none, nothing, several,
some, and somebody.
E.g. Something smells good.
Relative Pronouns
- A relative pronoun introduces a clause,
or part of a sentence, that describes a
noun. The relative pronouns are that,
which, who, and whom.
E.g. You should bring the book that you
love most.
Reflexive Pronouns
- A reflexive pronoun refers back to the
subject of a sentence. The reflexive
pronouns are herself, himself, itself,
myself, ourselves,
themselves, and yourselves. Each of
these words can also act as an intensive
pronoun (see below).
E.g. They should divide the berries
among themselves.
Intensive Pronouns
- An intensive pronoun emphasizes its
antecedent (the noun that comes before
it). The intensive pronouns are herself,
himself, itself, myself, ourselves,
themselves, and yourselves. Each of
these words can also act as a reflective
pronoun (see above).
E.g. The queen herself visited our class.
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
A pronoun takes the place of a noun and sometimes
refers to a noun.
An antecedent is a noun or pronoun to which
another noun or pronoun refers. It usually goes
before the pronoun ("ante" means before).
E.g. Even though the party was fun, it was
crowded.
Reasoning: "It" is the pronoun because it refers to
the noun "party." And "party" is the antecedent
because "party" is the noun to which "it," the
pronoun, refers.
What is pronoun-antecedent agreement?
Pronoun antecedent agreement is when the pronoun
agrees in number (referring to singular or plural)
and person (referring to first, second, or third
person) with its antecedent.
E.g. When an employee does not agree with his
boss's decision, the employee should not support
that decision.
LITERATURES
Song of Autumn
by Charles Baudelaire, translated by William
Aggeler
Soon we shall plunge into the cold darkness;
Farewell, vivid brightness of our short-lived
summers!
Already I hear the dismal sound of firewood
Falling with a clatter on the courtyard pavements.
All winter will possess my being wrath,
Hate, horror, shivering, hard, forced labor,
And, like the sun in his polar Hades,
My heart will be no more than a frozen red block.
All atremble I listen to each falling log;
The building of a scaffold has no duller sound.
My spirit resembles the tower which crumbles
Under the tireless blows of the battering ram.
It seems to me, lulled by these monotonous shocks,
That somewhere they’re nailing a coffin, in great
haste.
For whom? – yesterday was summer, here is
autumn
That mysterious noise sounds like a departure.
I love the greenish light of your long eyes,
Sweet beauty, but today all to me is bitter;
Nothing, neither your love, your boudoir, nor your
hearth
Is worth as much as the sunlight on the sea.
Yet, love me, tender heart! Be a mother,
Even to an ingrate, even to a scapegrace;
Mistress or sister, be the fleeting sweetness
Of a gorgeous autumn or of a setting sun.
Short task! The tomb awaits; it is avid!
Ah! Let me, with my head bowed on oyur knees,
Taste the sweet, yellow rays of the end of autumn,
While I mourn for the white, torrid summer!
The story of Keesh
By Jack London
One day, Keesh, a teenager, went to the council
meeting of his village in Klosh-Kwan's igloo. He
had spoken to the council to express his thoughts on
having fair share of meat for everyone. The
members of the council were surprised for he was
only a boy and should not have had participated in
the council. He opinion was also not heard and the
members only laughed at him.
Because of this embarrassment he told the council
members that one day they come to him and ask for
his help. The next day, he went hunting and came
back after three days with a bear.
The council members and other people in the
community were all shocked that a boy of his age
was able to hunt for a bear. He continued hunting
and never failed to bring a bear.
finds Terenty in the kitchen-garden. He is a “tall old
man with a thin, pock-marked face, very long legs,
and bare feet, dressed in a woman’s tattered jacket”.
He does not look like a hero.
But Fyokla is searching desperately for someone to
help in freeing her brother Danilka, whose hand is
stuck in a tree. Terenty does not give importance to
the approaching storm and talking reassuringly in
fatherly tones he goes to free Fyokla’s brother.
The story tells us that Terenty “answers all
questions, and there is no secret in Nature which
baffles him. He knows everything”. The writer
further adds that indeed “all the villagers, generally
speaking, know as much as he does”. But the
difference is that Terenty is willing to share his
knowledge and time with the two orphan children.
The children love him for this reason.
The two children retire to a deserted barn after
spending the day with Terenty. And Terenty goes to
the tavern. Chekhov further tells about Terenty's
sincerity and love for the two orphan children.
Terenty comes back later and puts bread under their
heads making the sign of the cross while they are
asleep. In this way Terenty is tries to make the lives
of Fyokla and Danilka a little better than his own.

Because the people cannot believe how he kills a

bear, they accused him of witchcraft and without his
knowing, the council sent for two men to spy on
him.

They found out that Keesh was not using any kind
of witchcraft and instead was letting the bear eat a
small ball causing the bear to be weak and in pain.
He then kills the bear with a spear.

The two men reported this to the council members

and when Keesh came home they confronted him
about his method. He shared that he was using
whalebone coiled inside a blubber. Once the bear
eats the blubber, it melts and the whalebone springs
inside the bear's stomach causing it pain and
weakness.

A Day in the Country

By Anton Chekhov
In the beginning of the story a beggar girl named
Fyokla, who is 6 years old comes running through a
village. The village is preparing for an approaching
storm. She addresses everyone as “uncle”. She is
searching for some particular person. She finally