CONTENTS.

1. Introduction.

2. Literature Review.

3. Objectives of project research work.

4. Working principle

5. Research activities/ Methodology.

6. Proposed time plan.

7. References.
 INTRODUCTION.

In this project, we will show How Speed Control of DC Motor can be

implemented using 555 and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM).

We use DC Motors in many systems in our day to day life. For example, CPU
fans, fume extinguishers, toy cars etc. are all DC Motors which are operated by
DC power supply. Most of the times we will have to adjust the speed of the
motors as per our requirement.

A CPU Fan for example, must be operated at high speed when the CPU is
preforming heavy tasks like games or video editing. But for normal usage like
editing documents, the speed of the fan can be reduced. 

Although some systems have an automatic adjustment system for fan speed, not
all systems possess this functionality. So, we will have to adjust the speed of the
DC Motor ourselves occasionally.
LITERATURE REVIEW.

1. The survey has found out that there are

significant
2. differences in the living environment,
economic
3. conditions, education levels, and living
habits between
4. users in the mid-and-low-end markets and
those in the
5. first-tier cities, which leads to different
aesthetic
6. characteristics, perceptions, and preferences.
However,
7. currently, many household electrical appliance
companies
8. directly cut the price of those out-products
from the first-
9. tier cities and put them into these secondary
and tertiary
10.markets. This is an irresponsible approach
that lacks
11.humanistic care. The products needed in
these markets
12.should never simply be the “reduced
version” but
13.products that have core functions, in fit with
the operating
14.environment, well meet quality requirements,
and are
15.practical and cost-effective.Therefore, the
improvement
16.and optimization of household appliance
product designs
17.in the secondary and tertiary markets is
imminent.
18.Although the Chinese washing machine market
starts
19.late, it has developed rapidly, and is currently
at a mature
20.stage. Being faced with an excess capacity and
the gradual
21.saturation in urban markets, many washing
machine
22.companies exploit the secondary and tertiary
markets as
23.their strategic goal. According to the National
Information
24.Center’s statistic data, sales of major
washing machine
25.companies in these markets have increased
significantly
26.in recent years. For example, the sales of
Haier washing
27.machines in this market have maintained a
growth rate of
28.over 40% for three consecutive years; Little
Swan enjoys
29.a growth rate of up to 300%, compared with last
year; that
30.of Sanyo Washing Machine increased by more
than 80%
31.year-on-yea; and sales of Panasonic Washing
Machine in
32.this market grow by 20%. The explosive
growth of
33.secondary and tertiary market’s washing
machine sales
34.allows the companies to notice the huge
potential of this
35.market. Meanwhile, Chinese Government’s
Consumer
36.Electronics Subsidy Program (Home
Appliances to the
37.Countryside) is stimulating the release of
consumer
38.energy in the secondary and tertiary markets.
The sinking
39.of key enterprise’s products and sales
channels has also
40.ensured the realization of this kind of
consumer
41.enthusiasm.
42.This research focuses on the “Improved
Product R&D
43.Project” of Sichuan Chaochen Electric Co., Ltd,
analyzing
44.its market status from the life style of its main
consumer
45.groups, namely users of the secondary and
tertiary
46.markets. Through questionnaires, field visits
and in-depth
47.interview methods, the user's daily habits and
demands for
48.washing machines are closely looked into. It
then comes
49.up with some design elements aiming at
the low-end
50.markets, providing a reference for improved
design and
51.The survey has found out that there are
significant
52.differences in the living environment,
economic
53.conditions, education levels, and living
habits between
54.users in the mid-and-low-end markets and
those in the
55.first-tier cities, which leads to different
aesthetic
56.characteristics, perceptions, and preferences.
However,
57.currently, many household electrical appliance
companies
58.directly cut the price of those out-products
from the first-
59.tier cities and put them into these secondary
and tertiary
60.markets. This is an irresponsible approach
that lacks
61.humanistic care. The products needed in
these markets
62.should never simply be the “reduced
version” but
63.products that have core functions, in fit with
the operating
64.environment, well meet quality requirements,
and are
65.practical and cost-effective.Therefore, the
improvement
66.and optimization of household appliance
product designs
67.in the secondary and tertiary markets is
imminent.
68.Although the Chinese washing machine market
starts
69.late, it has developed rapidly, and is currently
at a mature
70.stage. Being faced with an excess capacity and
the gradual
71.saturation in urban markets, many washing
machine
72.companies exploit the secondary and tertiary
markets as
73.their strategic goal. According to the National
Information
74.Center’s statistic data, sales of major
washing machine
75.companies in these markets have increased
significantly
76.in recent years. For example, the sales of
Haier washing
77.machines in this market have maintained a
growth rate of
78.over 40% for three consecutive years; Little
Swan enjoys
79.a growth rate of up to 300%, compared with last
year; that
80.of Sanyo Washing Machine increased by more
than 80%
81.year-on-yea; and sales of Panasonic Washing
Machine in
82.this market grow by 20%. The explosive
growth of
83.secondary and tertiary market’s washing
machine sales
 84.allows the companies to notice the huge
potential of this
85.market. Meanwhile, Chinese Government’s
Consumer
86.Electronics Subsidy Program (Home
Appliances to the
87.Countryside) is stimulating the release of
consumer
88.energy in the secondary and tertiary markets.
The sinking
89.of key enterprise’s products and sales
channels has also
90.ensured the realization of this kind of
consumer
91.enthusiasm.
92.This research focuses on the “Improved
Product R&D
93.Project” of Sichuan Chaochen Electric Co., Ltd,
analyzing
94.its market status from the life style of its main
consumer
95.groups, namely users of the secondary and
tertiary
96.markets. Through questionnaires, field visits
and in-depth
97.interview methods, the user's daily habits and
demands for
98.washing machines are closely looked into. It
then comes
99.up with some design elements aiming at
the low-end
100. markets, providing a reference for
improved design and
In industry DC motor is widely uses for speed control and load characteristics,
it's easy controllability provide effective and precise output so application of
DC motor is large for commercial purpose. Speed control of DC motor is very
crucial in application where required speed is precision and correcting signal
representing and to operate motor at constant speed, so we used PWM method
which are fulfill all requirements to speed control of DC motor. PWM based
speed control system consists of electronic components (integrated circuits,
Sensors etc.). In this paper, to control the speed of DC motor using Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM) method. Microcontroller AT89S52 is used to generate
PWM. L293D IC is used to drive the motor which is made up of two H-Bridge.
555 IC is used with opto coupler to sense the speed of DC motor. Rectifier
circuit is used for power supply to circuit and motor. This paper shows that
precise and accurate control of small DC motors can be done efficiently without
using costly components and complicated circuit.[1]
Pulse width modulation (PWM) is used to generate pulses with variable duty
cycle rate. The rapid rising and falling edges of PWM signal minimises the
switching transition time and the associated switching losses. This paper
presents a DC motor speed controller system using PWM technique. The PWM
duty cycle is used to vary the speed of the motor by controlling the motor
terminal voltage.The motor voltage and revolutions per minutes (RPM)
obtained at different duty cycle rates. As the duty cycle increases, more voltage
is applied to the motor. This contributes to the stronger magnetic flux inside the
armature windings and the increasethe RPM. The characteristics and
performance of the DC motor speed control system was investigated. In this
paper, a PIC microcontroller and a DC-DC buck converter are employed in the
DC motor speed controller system circuit. The microcontroller provides
flexibility to the circuit by incorporating two push button switches in order to
increase and to decrease the duty cycle rate. The characteristics and
performance of the motor speed controller system using microcontroller was
examined at different duty cycle rate ranging from 19% to 99%.[2]
The speed control of direct current (DC) motor for various applications is very
important. In particular requirement, setting a speed DC motor as the driving
equipment must be performed remotely. Under that condition, conducted a
research on a DC motor speed control with pulse width modulation (PWM)
method of the infrared remote control. PWM is method that may be used as a
efficient DC motor speed control. Controller used TV remote control to send
data to ATmega16 microcontroller through the IR receiver. This command
controls the L293D driver IC to control the direction and speed of a DC motor.
To calculate the speed of a DC motor, perforated disk attached to the motor
shaft is used and placed between the photodiode as a sensor and the LED. The
results of the research are the direction and speed of a DC motor can be set from
the infrared remote control with PWM method using ATmega16
microcontroller. Furthermore, the results of these settings can be displayed on
the LCD every 7 seconds.[3]
 OBJECTIVES
Following are the few objectives for the project “ SPEED CONTROL
OF DC MOTOR USING PWM” -

● Study of DC motor.
● Operating principle of DC motor.
● Speed control using PWM technique.
● Figuring out which is the best way to manually change the speed of DC
motor.

WORKING PRINCIPLE
DC MOTOR :

 When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field it

experiences a force/torque and has a tendency to move
 This is known as motoring action
 The magnitude of the force is given by F=ilB
B:magnetic field, i:current,l:length of conductor
 If the direction of current in the wire is reversed, the direction of
rotation also reverses
 When magnetic field and electric field interact they produce a
mechanical force.
METHODOLOGY.
Pin 1 of 555 will be connected to GND. Pins 8 and 4 will get connected to +12V
Supply. 

Following that Pins 6 and 2 are short and a 100nF Capacitor is connected
between Pin 2 and GND. The wiper pin of the POT will be connected to Pin 3
of 555. Two Schottky diodes (1N5819) are connected to the other two pins of
the POT as shown in the circuit diagram. 

The common point of the diodes will be connected to Pin 2. Pin 7 is pulled high
with the help of a 10KΩ Resistor. The Gate terminal of the MOSFET is
connected to Pin 7 of 555. The motor will be connected between +12V Supply
and Drain of MOSFET while the Source of MOSFET is connected to GND. 

A PN Junction Diode will be connected across the Motor terminals to prevent

the back emf.

PROPOSED TIME PLAN:

S.No. MONTHS >> JAN T FEB MAR APR

ACTIVITY

1. Design of
Project Setup
2. Purchase of
Components
3. Assembling of
components on
basic structure
4. Review of
project
5. Installation

REFERENCES

1. https://www.ijarcce.com/upload/2016/april-16/IJARCCE%2078.pdf

2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317656759_EFFECT_OF_PUL
SE_WIDTH_MODULATION_ON_DC_MOTOR_SPEED

3. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7038740