MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 05

Exergy Balance – Closed Systems

For a closed system:

2
Energy Balance: E2 − E1 = dQ − W [1]
1

2
dQ
Entropy Balance: S2 − S1 = +σ [2]
1
T b

denotes boundary Entropy

production

where W and Q represent work and heat transfers between the

system and surroundings.

Multipling eq. [2] by To and subtracting it from eq. [1] gives,

2 2
dQ
E2 − E1 − To ( S 2 − S1 ) = dQ − To − W − Toσ [3]
1 1
T b

Recall that the change in exergy for closed system can be given
as:

Ex2 − Ex1 = ( E2 − E1 ) + Po (V2 − V1 ) − To ( S 2 − S1 ) [4]

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 05

Substituting [4] into [3] for E2-E1 gives the closed system
exergy balance:
2
To
Ex2 − Ex1 = 1− dQ − [W − Po (V2 − V1 )] − Toσ [5]
1
Tb

where: Ex2 − Ex1 is the exergy change;

2
To
1− dQ is the exergy transfer accompanying heat
1
Tb
transfer;

[W − Po (V2 − V1 )] is the exergy transfer accompanying work.

2
To
∴ 1− dQ − [W − Po (V2 − V1 )]
1
Tb

is the sum of the exergy transfers.

Toσ is the exergy destruction Ed

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 05

For the exergy transfer accompanying heat transfer:

If Tb > To, Q and exergy will be in the same direction (i.e.

both +ve or both –ve).

If Tb < To, (e.g., for refrigerators and heat pumps) the

opposite is true. This is because if, for example, a gas is
cooled below To (i.e., with a –ve Q), it is “moved” further
from the dead state, To, and entropy is increased (i.e., made
+ve).

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 05

This equation can also be expressed in a time dependent form

as the closed system exergy rate balance:

dEx To dV
= 1− Q j − W − Po − Ed [6]
dt j Tj dt

where j refers to points on the boundary where heat is

•
transferred and Ed accounts for the destruction of exergy due
to irreversibilities within the system. That is,
• •
Ed = To σ

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 05

The exergy transfer accompanying heat can be thought of as

the maximum work that could be developed by supplying heat
Q to a reversible power cycle operating between Tb and To.
Note that this is also the Wmax obtainable from a Carnot Power
Cycle, i.e.

Exergy Transfer To Wmax for a Carnot

Accompanying = 1− Q = Power Cycle
Tb
Heat
The exergy transfer accompanying work can be thought as the
maximum work that could be obtained were the system
interacting with the environment. For example, if a system
expands from V1-V2 due to an input of W, the system must do
work on the surroundings at Po equal to:

Work done = Po (V2 − V1 )

pushing against
surroundings

Thus,

Wmax = W − Po (V2 − V1 )
(net)

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 05

Example

Water in a piston cylinder assembly, initially in a saturated

liquid state (at 100oC), undergoes a process in which it ends up
as a saturated vapour. For each process noted below:

what is ∆e ?
what is ed ?
What is the exergy transfer accompanying work?
What is the exergy transfer accompanying heat?

The piston is allowed to move freely. To = 20oC and Po = 1.014

bar.

Process a: Change of state via Q addition at constant T, P and

without irreversibilities.

Process b: Change of state via stirring action (i.e. W input) and

adiabatically (i.e. no Q).

Solution

Assumptions
- Closed system
- ∆KE , ∆PE = 0

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 05

a) Q Addition

∆e = (u g − u f ) + Po (υ g − υ f ) − To ( s g − s f )

Note: There are no KE or PE terms due to assumptions.

f and g properties from Table A-2:

kJ N m3 1kJ
∆e = 2087.56 + 1.014 x103 2 1.672
kg m kg 103 N ⋅ m
kJ
− ( 293.15 K ) 6.048
kg ⋅ K

∆e = 484 kJ / kg

W
Exergy accompanying work = − Po (υ g − υ f )
m

(since constant P process) = Pυ fg − Po (υ fg )

= ( P − Po )υ fg

=0 (since P = Po)

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 05

Exergy accompanying To Q
heat transfer = 1 −
T m

Q kJ
= T ∆s = T ( sg − s f ) = (373.15 K )(7.3549 − 1.3069)
m kg ⋅ K

Q
= 2257 kJ / kg
m

Exergy accompanying 293.15 K

heat transfer = 1 − (2257 kJ / kg )
373.15 K
= 484 kJ / kg

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 05

ed = 0 (since reversible process)

This is consistent with the fact that, for this process, ∆e =

exergy accompanying Q.

b) Adiabatic W Addition

∆e = 484 kJ / kg (same as a) )

Exergy accompanying Q = 0 (no Q)

W
Exergy accompanying work = − Po (υ g − υ f )
m

W
To find , perform an energy balance:
m
0 0 0
∆U + ∆KE + ∆PE = Q − W

W
= −(u g − u f ) ug and uf in Table A-2
m

W kJ
= −(2506.5 − 418.94)
m kg

W kJ
= −2087.56
m kg

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 05

Thus,

Exergy accompanying work =

kJ N m3 kJ
−2087.56 − 1.014 x105 2 1.672
kg m kg 103 N ⋅ m

Exergy accompanying work = −2257 kJ / kg

Note: Since value is negative, exergy is transferred to the

system due to work.

To calculate the exergy destruction, Ed:

∆e = Exergy transfer with Q – Exergy transfer with work

– Ed
i.e.
Ed = - Exergy transfer with work - ∆e (since Q = 0)

Ed = −(−2257 kJ / kg ) − 484 kJ / kg
Ed = 1773 kJ / kg

Realistic since Ed must be greater or equal to 0.

Interpretation:

A total exergy of ∆e = 2257 kJ / kg is transferred into the

system accompanying work. Of this amount 1773 kJ / kg
is destroyed (Ed) due to irreversibilities. The net increase
in exergy is thus 484 kJ / kg .

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 05

Flow Exergy

Consider a flow across a boundary of a control volume:

Boundary of
control volume

Fluid
Flow

The specific flow exergy for this individual flow is:

v2
e f = (h − ho ) − To ( s − so ) + + gz [7]
2

h, s, v and z are for the fluid at the entrance or exit for the
control volume where the flow crosses the boundary. ho and so
are evaluated at the dead state, To, Po.

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 05

Exergy Rate Balance for Control Volumes

The closed system exergy balance (eq. [5]), and the flow exergy
for individual flows [eq. 7] can be used to develop the following
equation for the control volume exergy rate balance:

dEX cv To dV
= (1 − )Q j − (Wcv − Po cv ) + mi e fi − me e fe − Ed [8]
dt j Tj dt i e

dEX cv
the rate of exergy change
dt

mi e fi the flow exergy at inlets

i

me e fe the flow exergy at exits

e

Ed the rate of exergy destruction

To dV
(1 − )Q j − (Wcv − Po cv ) + mi e fi − me e fe
j Tj dt i e

the rate of exergy transfer

where,

i = inlet
e = exit
efi = flow exergy at inlet (evaluated with [7] )
efe = flow exergy at exit (evaluated with [7] )

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 05

Steady State Exergy Rate Balance

dEX cv dVcv
For steady state conditions, =0 , =0
dt dt

Equation [8] becomes:

To
0= (1 − )Q j − Wcv + mi e fi − me e fe − Ed [9]
j Tj i e

or, simply:

0= EX qj − Wcv + EX fi − EX fe − Ed [10]
j i e

For the particular case of one inlet and one outlet denoted as 1
and 2, respectively:

To
0= (1 − )Q j − Wcv + m(e f 1 − e f 2 ) − Ed [11]
j Tj
where,
2 2
v − v2
ef 1 − ef 2 = (h1 − h2 ) − To ( s1 − s2 ) + 1 + g ( z1 − z2 ) [12]
2

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 05

Example

Steam enters a turbine at 30 bar, 400oC and 160 m/s, and

leaves as saturated vapour at 100oC and100 m/s. wturbine = 540
kJ/kg of steam (at steady state). Q between turbine and
surroundings occurs at Tb = 350 K. ∆PE = 0 , To = 25oC and Po
= 1 atm.

Develop a full accounting of the exergy carried in by the steam

(per unit mass of steam).

30 bar
Wturb = 540 kJ/kg
400oC Turbine
160 m/s 1 Saturated vapour
2 100oC
100 m/s

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 05

Solution

We use the steady state exergy rate balance ([12] with only one
Q).

To
0 = (1 − )Q − Wcv + m(e f 1 − e f 2 ) − Ed [13]
Tb
Step 1

Solving first for net rate of flow exergy carried in:

2 2
v − v2
ef 1 − ef 2 = (h1 − h2 ) − To ( s1 − s2 ) + 1 + g ( z1 − z2 )
2

Evaluating properties:

Point 1: 30 bar, 400oC

Using Table A4: h1 = 3230.9 kJ/kg

s1 = 6.912 kJ/kgK

Point 2: Sat. vapour, 100oC

Using Table A2: h2 = 2676.1 kJ/kg

s2 = 7.3549 kJ/kgK

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 05

Thus,

e f 1 − e f 2 = (3230.9 − 2676.1) kJ / kg − 298 K (6.912 − 7.3549) kJ / kg ⋅ K

(160 m / s ) 2 − (100 m / s ) 2 kJ
+
(2)(1000) kg

e f 1 − e f 2 = 691.84 kJ / kg

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 05

Step 2

Q
Solve for by applying an energy balance:
m
2 2
Q W v − v1
= + (h2 − h1 ) + 2
m m 2

Q kJ kJ (160 m / s ) 2 − (100 m / s )2 kJ
= 540 + (2676.1 − 3230.9) +
m kg kg (2)(1000) kg

Q
= −22.6 kJ / kg
m

Step 3

EX q
Solve for the rate of exergy transfer accompanying heat,
m

EX q To Q
= 1−
m Tb m

EX q 298 K
= 1− ( −22.6 kJ / kg )
m 350 K

EX q
= −3.36 kJ / kg
m

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 05

Step 4

W
Evaluate [13], dividing all terms by m and noting that is
m
already given as Wturbine = 540 kJ/kg, to solve for Ed .

To Q W E
0 = (1 − ) − + (e f 1 − e f 2 ) − d
Tb m m m

Ed kJ kJ kJ
= −3.36 − 540 + 691.84
m kg kg kg

Ed kJ
= 148.48
m kg

Exergy Accounting

Net rate of Exergy flowing in: 691.74 kJ/kg (100%)

Disposition of Exergy Rates:

Exergy carried out with work: 540.00 kJ/kg (78.05%)

Exergy carried out with heat: 3.36 kJ/kg (0.49%)
Rate of Exergy Destruction: 148.48 kJ/kg (21.46%)
691.84 kJ/kg (100%)

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