Integral Calculus 1

1 Walli’s formula:
Statement: If n is positive integer then
Z π/2 Z π/2
n
I= sin xdx = cosn xdx
0 0
(n − 1)(n − 3)(n − 5)...5.3.1 π
= . when n = even
n(n − 2)(n − 4)...6.4.2 2
(n − 1)(n − 3)...6.4.2
= when n = odd
n(n − 2)(n − 4)...5.3.1

Example 1. Evaluate by Walli’s formula:

R π/2
1. 0 sin7 xdx
R π/2
2. 0 cos6 xdx
R π/2 (7 − 1)(7 − 3)(7 − 5) 6.4.2 16
Solution (1): 0
sin7 xdx = = =
7(7 − 2)(7 − 4)(7 − 6) 7.5.3.1 35
R π/2 5.3.1 π 15π 5π
Solution (2): 0 cos6 xdx = . = =
6.4.2 2 96 32

2 Reduction Formula for Definite Integral:

R π/4 1
Question: If In = 0
tann xdx then prove that In + In−2 = and hence evaluate
n−1
I5 . Solution: Given,
Z π/4
In = tann xdx
0
Z π/4
tann−2 x sec2 x − 1 dx


=
0
Z π/4 Z π/4
n−2 2
= tan x sec xdx − tann−2 xdx
0 0
Z π/4
= tann−2 xd (tan x) − In−2
0
π/4
tann−1 x

= − In−2
n−1 0
1
∴ In + In−2 =
n−1

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Integral Calculus 2

Second part: We know,

1
In + In−2 = (1)
n−1
Putting n = 5, 3 in equation (1) we get
1
I5 + I3 = (2)
4
1
I3 + I1 = (3)
2
R π/4 R π/4 √
Since In = 0 tann xdx, then I1 = 0 tan xdx = [ln sec x]π/4
0 = ln 2.
From equation (2) and (3) we obtain,
1 1 √
(2) ⇒ I3 = − I1 = − ln 2
2 2
1 −1 √
(3) ⇒ I5 = − I3 = + ln 2
4 4
−1 √
∴ I5 = + ln 2
4

R π/4
Question 2: If In = 0
tann xdx then prove that n (In+1 + In−1 ) = 1 and hence evaluate
I8 .
Solution: Given,
Z π/4
In = tann xdx
0
Replace n by (n + 1)
Z π/4
∴ In+1 = tann+1 xdx
0
Z π/4
= tann−1 x tan2 xdx
0
Z π/4
tann−1 x sec2 x − 1 dx


=
0
Z π/4 Z π/4
n−1 2
= tan x sec xdx − tann−1 xdx
0 0
Z π/4
= tann−1 xd (tan x) − In−1
0
π/4
tann x

= − In−1
n 0
1
∴In+1 + In−1 =
n
∴n (In+1 + In−1 ) = 1

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Integral Calculus 3

Second Part:
We know,

n (In+1 + In−1 ) = 1 (4)

In equation(4) put n = 7, 5, 3, 1

I8 = (1/7) − I6 (5)
I6 = (1/5) − I4 (6)
I4 = (1/3) − I2 (7)
I2 = 1 − I0 (8)

∴ (8) ⇒ I2 = 1 − (π/4)
∴ (7) ⇒ I4 = (1/3) − I2 = (−2/3) + (π/4)
∴ (6) ⇒ I6 = (1/5) − I4 = (13/15) − (π/4)
∴ (5) ⇒ I8 = (1/7) − I6 = (π/4) − (76/105)

More Examples for practice:

3 Improper Integrals:
Definition 1. If the range of integration [a, b] is not finite or if f (x) is not defined or not
bounded at one or more points of [a, b], then the integral of f (x) over this range is called
an improper integral.

3.1 Infinite limits of integration:

Definition 2. The improper integral of f over the interval [a, +∞] is defined as
Z ∞ Z c
f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx.
a c→∞ a

If the limit exists, the improper integral is said to be convergent. If the limit does not exist,
the improper integral is said to be divergent.
Definition 3. The improper integral of f over the interval [−∞, b] is defined as
Z b Z b
f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx.
−∞ c→−∞ c

If the limit exists, the improper integral is said to be convergent. If the limit does not exist,
the improper integral is said to be divergent.

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Integral Calculus 4

Definition 4. The improper integral of f over the interval [−∞, +∞] is defined as
Z ∞ Z a Z ∞
f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx.
−∞ −∞ a

Where a is any real number. The improper integral is said to be converge if both terms
converge and diverge if either term diverges.

3.2 Integrand infinitely discontinuous at a point:

Definition 5. If f (x) is infinitely discontinuous at the end point a, then the improper
integral of f over [a, b] is defined as
Z b Z b
f (x)dx = lim+ f (x)dx
a c→a c

The integral is convergent if the limit exists and diverge if it does not. At the point b,
Z b Z c
f (x)dx = lim− f (x)dx
a c→b a

Definition 6. If f (x) is infinitely discontinuous only at an interval point c, (a < c < b),
then the improper integral of f over [a, b] is defined as
Z b Z c Z b
f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx
a a c
Z b Z u Z b
∴ f (x)dx = lim− f (x)dx + lim+ f (x)dx
a u→c a u→c u
The improper integral is said to be converge if both terms converge and diverge if either
term diverges.

3.3 Numerical Problems:

R0
Example 2. Test the convergence −∞
ex dx.
Solution: By definition,
Z 0 Z 0
x
e dx = lim ex dx
−∞ ∈→−∞ ∈
= lim [ex ]0∈
∈→−∞

= lim (e − e∈ ) 0
∈→−∞
−∞
=1−e =1−0=1

Since the value of the given integral is finite so that it is convergent.

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Integral Calculus 5

R∞ dx
Example 3. Test the convergence 0 x2 +2
.
Solution: By definition,

Z ∞ Z ∈
dx dx
2
= lim √
0 x + 2 ∈→∞ 0 x2
+ ( 2)2
 ∈
1 −1 x
= lim √ tan √
∈→∞ 2 2 0
1 ∈
= lim √ tan−1 √
∈→∞ 2 2
1 π π
=√ . = √
2 2 2 2

Since the value of the given integral is finite so that it is convergent.

Z ∞
dx
Question 1: Show that is divergent.
2 ln x
Solution: We know,

Z ∞ Z c
dx dx
= lim
2 x c→∞ 2 x
= lim [ln x]c2
c→∞
= lim [ln c − ln 2] = ∞
c→∞

R ∞ dx 1 1
∴ 2
is divergent. Since x > ln x, x ≥ 2 ⇒ > , x ≥ 2.
x Z ∞ ln x x
dx
Therefore, by comparison test we can say, is divergent.
2 ln x
R∞ dx
Question 2: Test the convergence of −∞ x .
Z ∞ e + e−x
x
R∞ dx e
Solution: Here, −∞ x = .dx
e + e−x −∞ e
2x + 1

Therefore, by definition

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Integral Calculus 6

∞ 0 Z ∞
ex ex ex
Z Z
.dx = .dx + .dx
−∞ e2x + 1 −∞ e
2x + 1
0 e2x + 1
Z 0 Z ∈2
ex ex
= lim .dx + lim .dx
∈1 →−∞ ∈ e2x + 1 ∈2 →+∞ 0 e2x + 1
1
0 ∈
= lim tan−1 ex ∈1 + lim tan−1 ex 0 2
 
∈1 →−∞ ∈2 →+∞

= lim tan e − tan−1 e∈1 + lim tan−1 e∈2 − tan−1 e0

−1 0



∈1 →−∞ ∈2 →+∞
−1 −1 −∞
+ tan e − tan−1 1
−1 ∞



= tan 1 − tan e
π   π
−1 −1
= − tan 0 + tan ∞ −
π4  π π  4
= −0 + −
4 2 4
π π π
= + −
4 2 4
π
=
2
Since the value of given integral is finite, so it is convergent.
Question 3: Test the convergence :
Z ∞
1. e−|x| dx
−∞
Z 1
dx
2.
0 x(1 + x)
Z 1
dx
3. √
0 x+ x
Z 1
dx
4. p
0 x(1 − x)
Z 5
dx
5.
0 (x − 1)5
Note: Book Reference:
Integral Calculus -I
Dr. Md. Kamrujjaman,
Dr. Md. LLias Hossain

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Department of Sc and Hum, MIST