National University of Modern Languages, Lahore

SUBJECT: PRODUCTION OPERATION

MANAGEMENT

Name: Mehar Ali

Roll No.# L-1194

Class: M.Com-IV (Evening)

Submitted to: Prof. Samee Ullah

 (1) NEWSPAPER
A printed publication (usually issued daily or weekly) consisting of folded unstapled sheets and
containing news, articles, advertisements, and correspondence.
There are certain basic functions that must be carried out in the operation of all newspapers, regardless
of their size or frequency. These functions include editorial, advertising, circulation, photography and
graphics, business, and production activities.

OPERATIONS OF NEWS PAPER

1. Editorial Operations:
The editorial operations of the newspaper include creating, acquiring, and preparing the non-advertising
content of the newspaper, which includes the news, sports, business, features, editorials, opinion pages,
and comics portions.
News Services and Syndicates:

Syndicates developed through efforts of newspaper groups to cut their costs by sharing the expense of
materials among members of the group. Soon these groups began offering materials to non-competing
papers in other markets.

2. Photography And Graphics Operations:

In most papers photography functions are served by a photography division of the editorial department.
This office serves news and feature needs through photo journalism and provides photo services needed
for ads by the advertising department.

3. Advertising Operations:

The advertising operations of newspapers involve the selling and creating of display, insert, and
classified advertising. Display ads are those ads found throughout the paper that include information
and, often, illustrations and photographs for various goods and services.

4. Circulation Operations

Circulation departments are responsible for selling and delivering the newspaper product to readers.
The duties of circulation departments include a wide variety of marketing activities, including
advertising, sales promotion, and telemarketing, designed to sell subscriptions and boost single-copy
sales.
 Circulation Operations:

5. Business Operations:
Business operations include those administrative and general business operations not delegated to
specific departments. In most newspapers, the business offices handle accounting, billing, insurance for
the company and its employees, payroll, personnel matters, and general promotional activities.
6. Production Operations
Production operations of the newspaper include all those activities occurring after content materials
have left the editorial and advertising departments, including composition, camera work and plate
making, printing, and inserting and bundling.
7. Subsidiary Operations

Although the primary business of newspapers is producing newspapers, many operate subsidiary
operations that including total market coverage free circulation papers, specialized advertising
publications for homes and autos, audio-text services, on-line services, general advertising services, and
public printing services.

Cash Collection Types:

In order to avoid collection issues, some newspaper managers have been promoting paid-in-advance
subscriptions or credit card payments for subscriptions, but those practices have not been significantly
embraced by subscribers.
 (2) DRUG STORE
INTRODUCTION OF DRUG:

a) A drug is a chemical substance that affects processes of body and mind.

b) Any chemical compound used or administered to humans and/ or animals in the process of diagnosis,
treatment or prevention for relief of pain or sufferings or to control or improve a physiological process
or pathological state.
c) A substance used recreationally for its effects on Central Nervous System.

DRUG STORE
OPERATIONS FINNACE / ACCOUNTING MARKETING
 Procurement of drugs  Account Receivable  Marketing to
 Drug distribution  Accounts Payable Doctors
 Preparation of drug store  Cash Collection  Marketing to
 Ordering supplies  Discount offers Wholesalers
 Receiving supplies  Marketing in
 Organizing supplies and Hospitals
storage  Marketing in Public
 Inventory management  Marketing in TV
 Record keeping

DRUG STORE OPERATIONS:

Drug selection process
 Procurement of drugs
 Drug distribution
 Preparation of drug store
 Ordering supplies
 Receiving supplies
 Organizing supplies and storage
 Inventory management
 Record keeping
1. Drugs Selections process:
Drugs selection process include
a. Selection of narcotics/ scheduled drugs
b. Selection of hazardous drugs
c. Selection of expiry drugs
d. Disposal methods
e. Special handling of flammables and corrosives.

2. Drug Store procurement practices:

a) Procurement by generic names

b) Procurement limited to essential drugs
c) Procurement in bulk
d) Procurement supplier quantification
e) Competitive procurement
f) Order quantities based on reliable consumption needs
g) Reliable payment and good financial mechanism
h) Transparency and written procedures
i) Separation of key functions
j) Product quality assurance
k) Annual audit
l) Regular reporting on procurement performance

3. Drug Distribution:
The primary management goal is to maintain a steady supply of drugs and supplies to facilities
where they are needed while ensuring that resources are being used in the most effective way. A
 well-managed
a) Maintain a constant supply of drugs
b) Keep drugs in good condition
c) Minimize drug losses due to spoilage and expiry
d) Rationalize drug storage points
e) Use available transport as efficiency as possible
f) Reduce theft and fraud
g) Provide information for forecasting drug needs.

4. Reordering
Calculation of re-order is based on consumption data which is taken as average consumption
over a period of time as in some months the health facility will use more as compared to others.
Receiving supplies
1. Ensure there is sufficient storage space.
2. Prepare and clean the areas used for receiving and storing the products.
3. Inspect packages for damaged or expired products.

5. Inventory Management
Inventory control can be viewed as the attainment of a cost balance between shortage and excess
of stock.

There are two methods of undertaking this:

a. Annual stock taking method:
b. Perpetual inventory method:

6. Keeping record of drugs and supplies

a) What items are available
b) How much is available of each item
c) How much is used on a regular basis
d) When and how much of an item should be reordered

FINANCE / ACCOUNTS OPERATIONS

a)Stock keeping records
b) Transaction records
c) Consumption records.
d)Accounts receivable
e) Accounts Payable
 (3) LIBRARY
A building or room containing collections of books, periodicals, and sometimes films and recorded music
for use or borrowing by the public or the members of an institution

OPERATIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF LIBRARY:

LIBRARY
FINNACE /
OPERATIONS MARKETING
ACCOUNTING
 Develop, organize and  Library Subscription  Library Newsletters
maintain a collection of fee  Current Awareness
Books  Library Card Fee Bulletin
 Government documents,  Library life Time  Exhibits and
Maps Membership Fee Displays
 Pamphlets  Account Receivable  Library Posters
 Newspapers clippings  Accounts Payable  Library Logo
 Computer files  Cash Collection
 Machine readable
databases

THREE BASC LIBRARY OPERATIONS:

 To provide materials and information services that are responsive to the needs of the academic
and non-academic community and ensure their maximum accessibility and expeditious delivery

 To provide pleasant, safe, accessible and well maintained building and facilities which enhance
the use of the library’s resources.

 To develop and maintain an effective staff committed to the provision of quality service.
To facilitate public access to library collection and services and improve the efficiency of library
operations through the appropriate application of automated systems for information retrieval,
management and support services.
General operations of library:
a. To develop, organize and maintain a collection of books, government documents, maps, pamphlets,
pictures, photographs, newspapers clippings, computer files, machine readable databases, videotapes,
audiotapes, and other materials needed to meet the information, research, instructional and related
needs of the students, faculty and administrative staff.

b. To support college research and instruction programs by the preparation and dissemination of
bibliographic and reference guides and appropriate information services.

c. To publicize and promote awareness and use of the library’s resources and services to students,
faculty and administrative staff through public relations programs and staff participation to campus
activities.
d. To stimulate and encourage students to develop lifelong habits of good learning, reading, study and
research.

Other Specific functions:

To achieve these objectives, the library must constantly strive for:

a. Effective administration and competent staff;

b. Adequate financial support;
c. Adequate staffing;
d. Efficient organization of library materials;
e. Efficient services to customers;
f. Clean, safe and adequate facilities;
g. Continuing staff development and training.

ADVERTISEMENT AND PUBLICITY

Annual Report.
Emphasizes the major aspects of library services, the collection, personnel, individuals and groups
served, special events and activities.
Library Newsletters:

Newsletter sometimes called house organ, are useful publications. Ideally, they should be issued
frequently or at least regularly, in an attractive format with useful, mostly shorter items of interest.

Current Awareness Bulletin:

This may include general library publicity and announcements (new members of library staff, new
services; general news items; details of those contents of recently received documents, which are of
interest to clients, typically and especially of periodical articles.
Exhibits and Displays:
These are accepted useful promotion tools because of their tested ability to attract people’s interest.
They serve as attractive, decorative show pieces, as well as educational aids. Most important, they bring
people to the library.
Library Posters.
They are used for display to draw attention to materials, services and events both inside and outside the
library.
Library Logo.

The primary purpose of the library logo is to serve as an identification mark for the library’s external
communications, on flyers and stationary and on bookmobiles, signs and exhibits.
 (4) SUMMER CAMP OPERATIONS

1. Finding the right physical location:

It is first operations of summer Camp to find right physical location that suit all campers. It is
difficult operations.

2. Registration forms:
The registration form is the first step toward fostering a sense of organization at your camp.
Saving time by using online forms that are easy to customize, fill out, save, share, classify, and
track.

3. Risk Management and Waiver Forms:

The most important thing to remember when running your camp is the amount of trust parents
are putting in you and your staff. That’s why safety has to be your number-one priority — and
why you need to take so many precautions before getting your camp up and running.

4. Guarantee the Well-Being and Safety of Campers:

It include in operations of summer camp to guarantee the well being and safety of campers.
Organizers do safety measures to ensure safety and avoid any unpleasant event.
When you collected registrations before camp began, you gathered medical forms that outlined
your campers’ medical conditions and allergies.

5. Laws and regulations:

Running a summer camp is a massive responsibility. That’s why it’s imperative that you complete
the correct legal procedures and fill out the appropriate paperwork before getting your camp up
and running.
The documentation required and procedures you need to follow as your start you camp vary on a
state by state level.

6. Summer camp activities:

One of the most important parts of camp management is thorough planning. Going in with a plan
can take the stress off you and your staff and keep the days moving so that campers are always
engaged and having fun. And careful scheduling ensures that you’re pacing activities
appropriately, which makes for a well-functioning camp.
  Behavior modification:
Summer camp offers a new sense of freedom and exploration for children. Policy should respect
the freedom of camp, treat children fairly, and promote better behavior for all campers.

 Developing a sense of independence:

For some children, going away to camp presents their most extended time away from home ever.

 Self-discovery opportunities:
Camp can present a powerful escape from the difficulties of school and allow a young person the
opportunity to slow down and get a better sense of who they are.

FINACE / ACCOUNTS OPERATIONS OF SUMMER CAMP

1. Profitability of a summer camp:

Beyond considering budget, you also must decide how profitable you want your camp to be.
Assuming your camp isn’t a non-profit, you’ll need to have hard numbers and profit margins —
and then settle on a fee that helps you hit them.

2. Set the price for Camp:

Once you’ve developed a solid business plan for your camp, make sure you’re pricing your camp
fairly, but don’t forget to consider the market you’re in and the affluence of the area where you’re
drawing potential campers.

MARKETING CHANNELS AND OPTIONS:

Market to busy parents:

We’ve already discussed this a bit, but it bears repeating. Busy parents see summer camp as a huge
boon. It keeps their children busy in a safe way while they are at work. Once you zero in on busy parents
as your audience, you’ll have an easier time deciding which marketing channels to use.

Pay attention to SEO:

In general, parents will discover your camp while researching camps online —they will rarely go directly
to your site unless they’re a returning customer. So it’s important to optimize your site to gain search
engine traffic. Using specific keywords and phrases that describe your services will help your site rank
as high as possible and drive more traffic to it.

Develop a branding strategy:

Branding is a major part of your summer camp marketing plan. All of your ad materials should convey a
consistent tone and aesthetic.

Market year-round:

Your camp may run in the summer, but your marketing plan should be running at all times. This can be
as simple as uploading pictures of last summer onto Instagram throughout the year. This helps you stay
engaged with past campers, and potentially encourage them to return, and keeps your camp visible
beyond just the summer months.
Digital ads:
While this is a slightly more expensive option, having eye-catching digital summer camp advertisements
can go a long way toward driving attention to your camp.

Physical ads:
With all of these newfangled advertising options, it’s easy to forget how effective a good physical ad can
be in terms of drawing attention to your camp.

Keep in Touch with Campers During Postseason to Retain Them:

Regularly update customers about your plans and developments after the camp, and keep in touch.
 5. COSTUME JEWELRY FACTORY
Operations:

COSTUME JEWELRY FACTORY

OPERATIONS FINNACE / ACCOUNTING MARKETING

 Obtaining an order  Account  POTENTIAL

 Jewelry Designing Receivable TARGET
 Refining and Mixing  Accounts Payable CUSTOMERS /
of Raw Materials  Cash Collection MARKETS
 Transfer of Design /  Customers
Pattern Making belonging to elite
 Finishing and middle-
 Deburring income family
 Polishing and
Buffing:
 Selling

1. Obtaining an order:

The production process flow starts from obtaining an order from the customer. As the proposed
venture comprises of its own manufacturing facility, therefore, orders obtained from customers
in the retail shop are sent to production supervisor / lead craftsmen in the workshop.

2. Jewelry Designing :

Before starting the manufacturing of items, designs are developed and get approved from the
clients.
The main sources of jewelry designs mainly includes:
 Copy of designs from jewelry magazines and catalogues
 New designs from the professional jewelry designers
 Provided by the clients.

3. Refining and Mixing of Raw Materials:

The jeweler commissioning the manufacturing of costume jewelry first purchases raw materials.
The mixed ores and metals are molded into small bars and given to the craftsman who
manufactures the order. If the jewelry design requires setting of gems / stones, they too will have
to be bought.

4. Transfer of Design / Pattern Making:

 In this step ores, metals or refine raw materials put into design or patterns which then gives semi
finish jewlry.

5. Finishing :
Once the design has been transferred, engraved and design pieces are soldiered to form one item,
the craftsman gives the piece a finish technically called “deburring” before the item is sent for
polishing.

6. Deburring:

Deburring is the removal of all sharp edges, air bubbles and burrs on a piece.

7. Polishing and Buffing:

Polishing is the use of abrasives to get general surface finish improvement.

Buffing is the step to get a smooth, bright, high luster final finish. This process may take one to
three days depending on the item being polished and buffed.

8. Selling:

When costume jewlry is ready it sell to potential customers and clients.

MARKETING FUNCTIONS

 POTENTIAL TARGET CUSTOMERS / MARKETS:

Target customers for the proposed project would be females of age 20 years and above.

 Customers belonging to elite and middle-income family:

Customers belonging to elite and middle-income family groups of urban cities stated above.
However, potential target clients particularly for Designer Jewelry will be the elite class, who
generally prefer to buy the jewelry with unique designs.