Lipids

 Organic Biomolecule
 Formed through dehydration synthesis
o Dehydration synthesis is when the
monomers (a molecule that can be
bonded to other identical molecules
to form a polymer) combine with
each other via covalent bonds to
form larger molecules known as
polymers. In doing so, monomers
release water molecules as
byproducts. Thus, the monomers
that are joined together are being
dehydrated to allow for synthesis of
a larger molecule.
 Class of nutrients and include fatty acids,
phospholipids, steroids and cholesterol
 Produced by the human body and can be
obtained in our diet
 Have high percentage of C and H content
and also O
 Insoluble in water (because of this body
lipids are often found in combination with
other biomolecules) but are soluble in
nonpolar solvents
 SOME lipids are composed of fatty acids,
which serve as the basis for lipid
classification BUILDING BLOCKS OF FAT
FATTY ACIDS
Lipids serves as: Fatty Acids + Glycerol
1. Source of energy Consists of a long, Or glycerin is a sugar
2. Energy storage hydrophobic nonpolar alcohol – a simple
3. Cell membrane component hydrocarbon “tail” and trihydric alcohol in the
hydrophilic polar form of a clear,
Lipids are also for: carboxylic acid odorless viscous liquid
1. Protection and Insulation functional group at the and obtained as a co-
2. Digestion and absorption “head” product of fat splitting
3. Water-proofing
4. Temperature regulation NATURAL FATTY CONTENT IN
ACIDS CAN BE FATS/OILS IS
Sources: SATURATED OR APPROXIMATELY 9
 DAIRY AND POULTRY PRODUCTS UNSATURATED TO 13.5%
 GRAINS
 MEATS
 BAKED GOODS FORMATION OF FATS
 OILS
DS
RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCE
3 % ESSENTIAL BODY FAT FOR MEN
12 % ESSENTIAL BODY FAT FOR WOMEN
The OH group found in the glycerol molecule and CIS CONFIGURATION
the carboxyl group of the fatty acids are covalently Natural unsaturated fatty acids are cis
linked via an ester linkage. DEHYDRATION configuration
SYNTHESIS is needed in order to create this.

SATURATED
 no carbon-carbon double bonds
 higher melting points than unsaturated fatty
acids of the same size TRANS CONFIGURATION
 solid at room temperature  Partially hydrogenated oil produces fatty
 can be closely “packed” acids in trans configuration and are solid at
room temperature

UNSATURATED
 contain one or more double bonds in
hydrocarbon chain that cause twists or
kinks in their molecular structures, which CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS
prevent the tight “packing” of the molecules SIMPLE LIPIDS
 lower melting points and weaker  STEROIDS
intermolecular forces of attraction  CHOLESTEROLS
 Do not have fatty acids

COMPLEX LIPIDS
 TRIGLYCERIDES
 PHOSPHOLIPIDS
 WAXES
 Have fatty acids

STEROIDS
 Simple lipids that have a backbone
structure consisting of four fused carbon
rings
 Cholesterol belongs to this group of lipids

TRANS - FAT
 can be formed through a process called
hydrogenation, which makes the oil more
solid. Complete hydrogenation involves the
addition of hydrogen to convert the
unsaturated fatty acid in a liquid vegetable
oil into a completely saturated fatty acid
 USED IN FOOD PRODUCTS TO GIVE
LONGER SHELF LIFE, STABILITY AND
BETTER TEXTURE
Cholesterol
• Most abundant steroid in animal tissue
• Composed of steroid backbone structure
(hydroxyl group and a branch hydrocarbon
chain)
• Bases the male and female hormones,
Vitamin D, and bile acids
• C 27 H 46 O
• Cholesterol is essential
for normal membrane
functions because it keeps membranes fluid
Lipoproteins are complexes of proteins and lipids
- Transported into our bloodstream to
give a continuous supply of lipids
that provide energy and facilitate the
synthesis of membranes
- It is divided into two:
GOOD CHOLESTEROL (High Density
Lipoprotein)
• Transports excess cholesterol from body
tissues to liver and convert to bile that are
needed in digestion
• Higher levels offers greater protection as it
helps protect against heart disease
• Approximately 55% proteins – 45% lipids
BAD CHOLESTEROL (Low Density Lipoprotein)
• Transport cholesterol AWAY from the liver
and throughout the body thus distributing
cholesterol to the arteries
• Cholesterol build-up can block arteries and
help cause heart attacks
• 20-22% proteins – 78-80% lipids
Density of Proteins to Lipids
 Lipoproteins become denser as amount of
proteins relative to lipids increase
 Acceptable total cholesterol for adults:
o Fewer than 200 mh/dL
o LDL should be fewer than 100mg/dL
o HDL Should be greater than 40
mg/dL
Triglycerides
 Most abundant class of lipids in plants and
animals
 Composed of neutral lipid molecules
(created via esterification of three fatty acids
to a single glycerol molecule)
 Esterification – reaction between alcohol
and acid (produces ester and water)
 90% of lipids ingested by an adult person is
triglyceride
 Major lipid found in blood
 Solid triglycerides (at room temp) usually
from animals are called fats
 Liquid triglycerides usually from plants are
called oils
Phospholipids
• Made up of two fatty acids: glycerol,
phosphate and one simple organic molecule
like choline
• Fundamental building block of cellular
membranes
• TWO distinct parts: polar, substituted
phosphate head and the long hydrophobic
tail
• Dual nature is essential to their role in
holding the cells together and controlling the
materials that passes into and out of the
cells
• Lecithin is an example of phospholipid
 Major component of cell membrane
 Used as an emulsifying agent
 Present in egg yolk
• Cephalin is another example
 Found in the cell membranes of
brain and tissue in blood platelets
Waxes
• Water-insoluble, low-melting solids
• Consists of a long chain fatty acid and a
long chain monohydroxyl alcohol
• Presence of long nonpolar hydrocarbon
chain makes waxed insoluble in water
• Mainly function as a protective shield on
plants and animals
OVERINTAKE OF LIPIDS
 NIEMANN PICK DISEASE
o Autosomal recessive disorders
caused by an accumulation of fat
and cholesterol in cells of the liver,
spleen, bone marrow, lungs, and
brain
 HYPERLIPIDEMIA
o Elevated level of lipids – like
cholesterol and triglycerides - in your
blood. This is linked to
atherosclerosis and other serious
conditions
UNDERINTAKE OF LIPIDS
 GAUCHER DISEASE
o caused by a deficiency of the
glucocerebrosidase
IN SUMMARY,
Carbohydrates and lipids are essential for growth,
movement and other bodily processes. Together
with proteins, these substances are collectively
referred as biomolecules, which provide the body
energy that is measured in calories.