I B. Tech.

– I Semester
16BT10232: ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS WORKSHOP PRACTICE
(Common to EEE, ECE & EIE)

Int. Marks Ext. Marks Total Marks L T P C

50 50 100 0 0 3 2

PRE-REQUISITES: --

COURSE DESCRIPTION:
Identification and specifications of various Electrical and Electronic devices; analysis of various
series, parallel and series-parallel electrical circuits; develop various electrical circuits for domestic
and industrial applications.

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
CEO1. To introduce basic concepts of Electrical and Electronic devices.
CEO2. To design and analyze the electrical circuits.

COURSE OUTCOMES:
After successful completion of the course, student will be able to
CO1. demonstrate knowledge on various Electrical and Electronic Devices.
CO2. analyze various series and parallel electrical circuits.
CO3. design and develop various electrical circuits for domestic and industrial applications.
CO4. function effectively as individual and as member in a team.
CO5. communicate effectively both oral and written.

Course Program Outcomes Program Specific Outcomes

Outcome PO1 PO2 PO3 PO9 PO10 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
CO1 H - - - - H - -
CO2 M H - - - M H -
CO3 L M H - - L M H
CO4 - - - H - - L -
CO5 - - - - H - L -

Correlation Levels: H - High M - Medium L - Low

1
 List of Experiments
PART A: (Study Experiments)

1. Identification and Specifications of R, L, C Components (Colour Codes), Potentiometers,

Switches (SPST, DPST and DPI), Gang Condensers, Relays, Bread Boards, PCBs, Fuses,
MCBs, Earthing and Electrical Wiring accessories.
2. Identification and Specifications of Active Devices: Diodes, BJTs, Low-power JFETs,
MOSFETs, Power Transistors, LEDs, LCDs, Optoelectronic Devices, SCR, UJT, DIACs,
TRIACs, Linear and Digital ICs.
3. Study the operation of
 Multimeter (Analog and Digital)
 Function Generator
 Regulated Power Supplies
 CRO.

PART-B: (Any Eight of the following experiments is to be performed)

1. Measurement of Electrical Quantities (AC & DC) using: Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter.
2. Measurement of Resistivity of a conducting wire.
3. Circuit with one lamp controlled by one switch and provision of 2-pin or 3-pin socket PVC
surface conduit system.
4. Circuit with two lamps controlled by two switches with PVC surface conduit system.
5. Circuit for Stair case wiring and Go-down wiring.
6. Circuit connection for a Fluorescent tube
7. Solder simple electronic circuits.
8. B-H curve of a Magnetic material
9. I-V and P-V characteristics of a Solar panel
10. Design and Fabrication of a single-phase transformer
11. PCB preparation and design of a circuit on a PCB

2
 SREE VIDYANIKETHANENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
Sree Sainath Nagar, Tirupati – 517 102
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Rubrics for ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS WORKSHOP PRACTICE

Course Outcome
Poor (0) Average (1) Excellent (2)
On successful completion of the course,
student will be able to
Unable to recall and Able to identify Able to identify various
demonstrate knowledge on various identify various various resistors, devices and is able to
CO1
Electrical and Electronic Devices. resistors, capacitors capacitors and active enumerate their
and active devices devices functions
Able to analyse the
analyze various series and parallel Unable to analyse the Able to analyse the
series and parallel
CO2 electrical circuits. series and parallel series and parallel
circuits up to some
circuits. circuits.
extent
design and develop various Able to design the
Able to design some
electrical circuits for domestic and Unable to design the experimental circuit
CO3 parameters of the
industrial applications. experimental circuit based on domestic and
circuit
industrial applications
Able to work and
function effectively as individual
Unable to work in a Occasionally works execute the problem
CO4 and as member in a team.
group in a group individually as well as in
a group.
Poor (0 - 1) Average (2 - 3) Excellent (4 - 5)
Lab record is not Record is as per the
communicate effectively both oral Record is fully as per the
CO5 prepared according to specified format in
and written specified format.
the specified format. some portions

Faculty In-charge Chairman, BoS HOD, EEE

3
Electrical Symbols:

Component Name Symbol Meaning

Electrical Wire Conductor of electrical current

Connected Wires Connected crossing

Not Connected Wires Wires are not connected

SPST Toggle Switch Disconnects current when open

SPDT Toggle Switch Selects between two connections

Pushbutton Switch (N.O) Momentary switch - normally open

Pushbutton Switch (N.C) Momentary switch - normally closed

DIP switch is used for onboard

DIP Switch
configuration

SPST Relay
Relay open / close connection by an
electromagnet
SPDT Relay

Close connection by jumper insertion on

Jumper
pins.

Solder Bridge Solder to close connection

Used for zero potential reference and

Earth Ground
electrical shock protection.

Chassis Ground
Connected to the chassis of the circuit

Digital / Common Ground

Resistor (IEEE)
Resistor reduces the current flow.
Resistor (IEC)

4
 Component Name Symbol Meaning

Potentiometer (IEEE)
Adjustable resistor - has 3 terminals.
Potentiometer (IEC)

Variable Resistor /
Rheostat (IEEE)
Adjustable resistor - has 2 terminals.
Variable Resistor /
Rheostat (IEC)

Trimmer Resistor Preset resistor

Thermal resistor - change resistance when

Thermistor
temperature changes
Photoresistor / Light Photo-resistor - change resistance with
dependent resistor (LDR) light intensity change

Capacitor Capacitor is used to store electric charge.

It acts as short circuit with AC and open
Capacitor circuit with DC.

Polarized Capacitor Electrolytic capacitor

Polarized Capacitor Electrolytic capacitor

Variable Capacitor Adjustable capacitance

Coil / solenoid that generates magnetic

Inductor
field

Iron Core Inductor

Includes iron

Variable Inductor

Voltage Source Generates constant voltage

Current Source Generates constant current.

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 Component Name Symbol Meaning

AC Voltage Source AC voltage source

Electrical voltage is generated by

Generator
mechanical rotation of the generator

Battery Cell Generates constant voltage

Battery Generates constant voltage

Generates voltage as a function of voltage

Controlled Voltage Source
or current of other circuit element.
Generates current as a function of voltage
Controlled Current Source
or current of other circuit element.
Measures voltage. Has very high
Voltmeter
resistance. Connected in parallel.
Measures electric current. Has near zero
Ammeter
resistance. Connected serially.

Ohmmeter Measures resistance

Wattmeter Measures electric power

Lamp / light bulb

Generates light when current flows

Lamp / light bulb
through

Lamp / light bulb

Diode allows current flow in one direction

Diode
only - left (anode) to right (cathode).
Allows current flow in one direction, but
Zener Diode also can flow in the reverse direction
when above breakdown voltage
Schottky diode is a diode with low voltage
Schottky Diode
drop

Varactor / Varicap Diode Variable capacitance diode

6
 Component Name Symbol Meaning

Tunnel Diode

Light Emitting Diode LED emits light when current flows

(LED)
Photodiode
NPN Bipolar Transistor
PNP Bipolar Transistor
Darlington Transistor
through
Photodiode allows current flow when
exposed to light
Allows current flow when high potential
at base (middle)
Allows current flow when low potential at
base (middle)
Made from 2 bipolar transistors. Has total
gain of the product of each gain.

JFET-N Transistor N-channel field effect transistor

JFET-P Transistor P-channel field effect transistor

NMOS Transistor N-channel MOSFET transistor

PMOS Transistor P-channel MOSFET transistor

Motor Electric motor

Change AC voltage from high to low or

Transformer
low to high.

Electric bell Rings when activated

Buzzer Produce buzzing sound

Fuse The fuse disconnects when current above

threshold. Used to protect circuit from
Fuse high currents.

Contains several wires. Usually for data /

Bus
address.

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 Component Name Symbol Meaning

Bus

Bus

Optocoupler / Opto- Optocoupler isolates connection to other

isolator board

Loudspeaker Converts electrical signal to sound waves

Microphone Converts sound waves to electrical signal

Operational Amplifier Amplify input signal

Schmitt Trigger Operates with hysteresis to reduce noise.

Analog-to-digital
Converts analog signal to digital numbers
converter (ADC)
Digital-to-Analog
Converts digital numbers to analog signal
converter (DAC)
Used to generate precise frequency clock
Crystal Oscillator
signal

8
 PART-A

Experiment No. 1

AIM: To study and identify the specifications of R, L, C Components (Colour Codes),

Potentiometers, Switches (SPST, DPST and DPI), Gang Condensers, Relays, Bread Boards, PCBs,
Fuses, MCBs, Earthing and Electrical Wiring accessories.

RESISTORS

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a

circuit element. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the
resistor's terminals. This relationship is represented by Ohm's law. A device used in electrical
circuits to maintain a constant relation between current flow and voltage.

PROCEDURE:

9
CAPACITORS: A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical
component used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field. By contrast, batteries store
energy via chemical reactions. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least
two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one common
construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely
used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.

10
POTENTIOMETER:

Potentiometers are variable resistors. They normally have their value marked with the maximum
value in Ohms. Smaller trim pots may use a 3-digit code where the first 2 digits are significant, and
the 3rd is the multiplier (basically the number of 0′s after the first 2 digits). For example, code 104 =
10 followed by four 0′s = 100000 Ohms = 100K Ohms. They may also have a letter code on them
indicating the taper (which is how resistance changes in relation to how far the potentiometer is
turned). They are typically marked with an “VR” on a circuit board.

Circuit Diagram:

INDUCTORS:

An inductor, also called a coil or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component which
resists changes in electric current passing through it. It consists of a conductor such as a wire,
usually wound into a coil. When a current flows through it, energy is stored in a magnetic field in the
coil. When the current flowing through an inductor changes, the time-varying magnetic field induces
a voltage in the conductor, according to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, which by Lenz's
law opposes the change in current that created it.

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 SPST SWITCH:
A Single Pole Single Throw (SPST) toggle
switch connects or disconnects one terminal
either to or from another. It is the simplest
switch.
DPST SWITCH:
A Double Pole Single Throw (DPST) toggle
switch connects or disconnects two terminals
either to or from another at a time.
TPST SWITCH:
SPDT SWITCH:
A Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) toggle
switch connects a common terminal to one or
the other of two terminals. It is always
connected to one or the other. The two outside
terminals are never connected by the switch.
DPDT SWITCH:
A Double Pole Double Throw (DPDT) toggle
switch acts exactly like two separate SPDT
switches connected to the same switch bat. It has
two separate common terminals and each of those
is connected to one or the other of the other two
terminals on the same side of the switch.
A Triple Pole Single Throw (TPST) is suitable for
operation on 3-Ph, 415 V, 50 Hz, supply to turn
ON the three phase supply at a time.
12
GANG CONDENSER:

RELAY:

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching
mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is
necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between
control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.

Relays are typically enclosed in plastic, and many have their specs printed on them. They are
typically marked with a “K” on a circuit board.

13
BREAD BOARD:

A breadboard is used to build and test circuits quickly before finalizing any circuit design. The
breadboard has many holes into which circuit components like ICs and resistors can be inserted. A
typical breadboard is shown above.

The bread board has strips of metal which run underneath the board and connect the holes on the top
of the board. Note that the top and bottom rows of holes are connected horizontally while the
remaining holes are connected vertically.

To use the bread board, the legs of components are placed in the holes. Each set of holes connected
by a metal strip underneath forms a node. A node is a point in a circuit where two components are
connected. Connections between different components are formed by putting their legs in a common
node. The long top and bottom row of holes are usually used for power supply connections. The rest
of the circuit is built by placing components and connecting them together with jumper wires. ICs
are placed in the middle of the board so that half of the legs are on one side of the middle line and
half on the other.

PCB:

14
A Printed Circuit Board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic
components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper sheets laminated
onto a non-conductive substrate. Components like capacitors, resistors or active devices are
generally soldered on the PCB.

FUSE:

Fuse is a safety device that detects heavy currents in a circuit. A fuse often has a component that
melts and opens the circuit. A fuse consists of a metal strip or wire fuse element, of small cross-
section compared to the circuit conductors, mounted between a pair of electrical terminals, and
(usually) enclosed by a noncombustible housing. The fuse is arranged in series to carry all the
current passing through the protected circuit. The resistance of the element generates heat due to the
current flow. The fuse element is made of zinc, copper, silver, aluminum, or alloys to provide stable
and predictable characteristics. The fuse ideally would carry its rated current indefinitely, and melt
quickly on a small excess.

KIT-KAT FUSE:

15
MCB:

MCBs or Miniature Circuit Breakers are electromechanical devices which protect an electrical
circuit from an overcurrent. The overcurrent, in an electrical circuit, may result from short circuit,
overload or faulty design. An MCB is a better alternative to a Fuse since it does not require
replacement once an overload is detected. Unlike fuse, an MCB can be easily reset and thus offers
improved operational safety and greater convenience without incurring large operating cost.

MCB is a switch which automatically turns off when the current flowing through it passes the
maximum allowable limit. Generally MCB are designed to protect against over current and over
temperature faults (over heating).

There are two contacts one is fixed and the other moveable. When the current exceeds the predefined
limit a solenoid forces the moveable contact to open (i.e., disconnect from the fixed contact) and the
MCB turns off thereby stopping the current to flow in the circuit. In order to restart the flow of
current the MCB is manually turned on. This mechanism is used to protect from the faults arising
due to over current or over load.

To protect against fault arising due to over heating or increase in temperature a bi-metallic strip is
used. MCBs are generally designed to trip within 2.5 millisecond when an over current fault arises.
In case of temperature rise or over heating it may take 2 seconds to 2 minutes for the MCB to trip.

16
Electrical wiring Tools:

Cutting Pliers:

Used for holding or gripping, cutting, twisting and bending the wires.

Screw Driver:

Used to loosen or tighten or keep the screws in position.

Poker:

Used by carpenters for making the points it has a wooden handle.

Line Tester:

Used to find the supply in a live conductor or system and should not be
used as a screw driver except for small screws.

Standard Wire Gauge (SWG):

Used to measure the size of wires. The measurement is made in

numbers as 1, 2, 3,… etc. the lesser the number of wire, the thicker it
will be. The zero number is the thickest measurement of the wire.

Wire Cutter:

Used to peal the insulation of the wire and to cut the wires

Hack-Saw:

Used to cut metal pipes or PVC pipes.

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Earthing:

Purpose of Earthing:

1. Safety for Human life / Building /Equipment:

 To save human life from danger of electrical shock or death by blowing a fuse i.e. To provide
an alternative path for the fault current to flow so that it will not endanger the user
 To protect buildings, machinery & appliances under fault conditions.
 To ensure that all exposed conductive parts do not reach a dangerous potential.
 To provide safe path to dissipate lightning and short circuit currents.
 To provide stable platform for operation of sensitive electronic equipments i.e. To maintain
the voltage at any part of an electrical system at a known value so as to prevent over current
or excessive voltage on the appliances or equipment .

2. Over voltage protection:

Lightning, line surges or unintentional contact with higher voltage lines can cause dangerously high
voltages to the electrical distribution system. Earthing provides an alternative path around the
electrical system to minimize damages in the System.

Types of Earthing:

There are basically two types of earthing. They are

1. Plate Earthing

2. Pipe Earthing

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1. Plate Earthing:

Generally for plate type earthing normal Practice is to use

 Cast iron plate of size 600 mm X 600 mm X 12 mm. OR

Galvanized iron plate of size 600 mm X 600 mm X 6 mm. OR

Copper plate of size 600 mm X 600 mm X 3.15 mm

 Plate burred at the depth of 8 feet in the vertical position and GI strip of size 50 mm X 6
mm bolted with the plate is brought up to the ground level.
 These types of earth pit are generally filled with alternate layer of charcoal & salt up to 4
feet from the bottom of the pit.

19
2. Pipe Earthing:

 For Pipe type earthing normal practice is to use GI pipe [C-class] of 75 mm diameter, 10 feet
long welded with 75 mm diameter GI flange having 6 numbers of holes for the connection of
earth wires and inserted in ground by auger method.
 These types of earth pit are generally filled with alternate layer of charcoal & salt or earth
reactivation compound.

20
 Experiment No. 2

AIM: To study and identify the Specifications of Active Devices: Diodes, BJTs, Low-power JFETs,
MOSFETs, Power Transistors, LEDs, LCDs, Optoelectronic Devices, SCR, UJT, DIACs, TRIACs,
Linear and Digital ICs.

S.No Type of Device Circuit Symbol Features Applications

Simple Diode acts like a As a Power switch in
General
1 Switch a High Power
Purpose Diodes
Converter Circuits
 Very low reverse High frequency
recovery time (<< instruments and
5 micro sec), in Switching power
nano sec supplies
 I =1 Amp to
2 Schottky Diode 300Amps
 V= limited to
100Volts
 Metal to
Semiconductor
junction diode
 It is a current High power
controlled device converters
 It is bipolar device for f < 10 kHz
 It has unipolar
voltage withstand
capability
 It has
unidirectional
current capability
Power Bipolar
Junction  It requires
3 continuous base
Transistor
(BJT) signal for
remaining in the
ON state
 It has controlled
On & Off
characteristics
 Possibility of
secondary
breakdown
phenomenon
 Characteristics are
Junction Field
controlled by the
Effect
4 input Voltage
Transistor
(JFET)  Current
conduction is
21
 either by electrons
or holes
 It is controlled by
the electric field
between gate and
conduction
channel
 It is high input
impedance and
low noise level
 It is a voltage High speed power
controlled device convertors for f for
 It is unipolar and several tens of kHz
particularly
majority charge
carrier device
 It has unipolar
voltage withstand
Metal Oxide
capability
Semiconductor
5 Field Effect  It has
unidirectional
Transistor
current capability
(MOSFET)
 It requires
continuous base
signal for
remaining in the
ON state
 It has controlled
On & Off
characteristics
 It is a natural or As a Power switch in
line commutated a High Power
thyristor Converter Circuits
 It has
Unidirectional
current capability
Silicon
 Controlled turn-on
6 Controlled
and uncontrolled
Rectifier (SCR)
Turn-off
 Required pulse
gate
 It has bipolar
voltage withstand
capability

22
  A Unijunction •Adjustable light
Transistor (UJT) is dimmers.
a three-lead •Switching power
electronic supplies and battery
semiconductor chargers
Unijunction device with only • Adjustable motor
7 Transistor one junction that speed controllers.
(UJT) acts exclusively as
an electrically
controlled switch.
 UJT acts as a
relaxation
oscillator
 It is most  Useful for
commonly used in controlling-lamps,
conjunction with heaters, speeds of
TRIACs to provide small motors
DIode for AC
8 full wave control
(DIAC’s)
of AC signals
 Symmetrical i-V
characteristics

 Bidirectional  Low power

switching applications,
capability simple heat
 It has bidirectional control, motor
TRIode for AC current carrying controls & AC
9 (TRIAC’s) capability switches
 Residential lamp
dimmers, Speed
control of small
single phase
Induction Motors

23
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS:

An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a

microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small plate ("chip") of semiconductor material,
normally silicon. This can be made much smaller than a discrete circuit made from independent
components. Integrated circuits are used in virtually all electronic equipment today and have
revolutionized the world of electronics. Computers, mobile phones, and other digital home
appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the low
cost of producing integrated circuits.

LED AND LED DISPLAY:

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in
many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but
modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very
high brightness.

24
 Experiment No. 3

AIM: To study the operation of Multimeters, Function Generator, Regulated Power Supply and

CRO

Multimeter:

Multimeters are the general purpose meters

which can be used to measure
 Voltage – ac and dc
 Current – ac and dc
 Resistance
 Switches on the meter are used to select
both the function and the range of the
meter.
 Before measuring the resistance, check
the meter at zero resistance by shorting
the two leads and when the instrument is
not in use, always return the selection
knob to the normal “off” position to
avoid draining the battery.

25
Function Generator:

AIM: To get familiarization and study the operation of a function generator instrument and to
identify key function generator specifications.

A function generator is electronic test equipment used to generate different types of waveforms over
a wide range of frequencies. Function generators are capable of producing a variety of repetitive
waveforms, like Sine wave, Square wave, Pulse, Triangular wave and Saw tooth wave.

S.No. Control Name Function

1 Power Push button switch to power ON the instrument
2 LCD Display 20 x 4 Character bright back lit Liquid Crystal Display
3 Frequency Used for selection of frequency range step by step
4 Function Used for selection of Particular waveform.
5 Modulation Used for selection of Frequency Modulation
6 Attenuation Used for Selection of 20dB or 40dB attenuation
7 Menu Used for selection of Function Generator/Frequency counter mode
When pulse output function is selected, this controls the pulse duty
8 Duty Cycle
cycle from 15% to 85%
In conjunction with frequency range, selected by frequency key on
9 Frequency Variable
front Panel
10 Amplitude Variable In conjunction with attenuators, this varies the level of output
This control provides DC offset. Approximately ±5VDC is
11 DC Offset superimposed on the output. Keep the control off if DC offset is not
required
Output
12 Output of 10 MHz function generator i.e. 20Vpp (Open Circuit)
(BNC connector)
Input BNC connector for measuring the frequency of external signal
External Counter
13 when External Counter mode is selected by Menu key on the LCD
(BNC Connector)
display
14 Modulation Input Maximum modulation Input i.e. 6Vpp

26
Regulated Power Supply:

AIM: To study the function and operation of Regulated Power Supply.

A power supply is a device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. The term is most
commonly applied to electric power converters that convert one form of electrical energy to another,
though it may also refer to devices that convert another form of energy (mechanical, chemical, solar)
to electrical energy. A regulated power supply is one that controls the output voltage or current to a
specific value; the controlled value is held nearly constant despite variations in either load current or
the voltage supplied by the power supply's energy source.

DC POWER SUPPLY SPECIFICATION:

 Adjustable 0~30V/0~2A
 The design is limit the voltage overload The power supply input 220V, 230V, 240V AC
 Output voltage: 0-30V DC
 Work temperature: -10oC-40oC

MAIN FUNCTION:

 Output constant current adjustable.

 Output constant voltage adjustable.
 LCD voltage and current display.
 Constant voltage and current operation in individual.
 Over current protection.

27
CRO:

 Oscilloscope is the most versatile of the test instruments. It can be used for waveform analysis,
signal frequency measurement, peak to peak voltage measurement and the most important for
signal tracing.
 The heart of an oscilloscope is the cathode ray tube (CRT). The working of a CRT depends upon
generation of electrons by a heated cathode, focusing it to a thin beam and making it to travel
towards positively charged anode. The electron strikes on a glass screen, coated with phosphor
which gives off light, making spot on the screen.
 The brightness of the spot can be controlled and so its position. The spot can be deflected to any
part of the screen by applying a varying electric field to the deflection plates – four of them
arranged in pairs, called X-plates and Y-plats. The Y-plates deflect the spot vertically up or
down, while the X-plate move it from side to side.
 Thus, an oscilloscope can be routinely used to
 Display the waveforms
 Measure its frequency
 Measure its peak to peak amplitude.
 To use the oscilloscope, carefully observe all the controls on the front panel. The essential
controls are Intensity or Brightness control, Focus control, X and Y position control and Trigger
control.
28
Before using the instrument, make sure the following setting:

 Intensity control fully anticlockwise

 Trigger control to Auto
 Vertical and horizontal position controls to midway round
 Volts/cm control to highest value of the range
 Time/cm control to 1ms/cm or its nearest value
 Triggering is probably the most complicated function performed by the scope. To create a stable
image of a repetitive waveform, the scope must trigger its display at a particular voltage, known
as the trigger threshold. The display is synchronized whenever the input signal crosses that
voltage, so that many images of the signal occurring one after another can be superimposed in
the same place on the screen. The level knob sets the threshold voltage for triggering.
 You can select whether triggering occurs when the threshold voltage is crossed from below
(rising-edge triggering) or from above (falling-edge triggering) using the trigger control knobs
and switches. You can also select the signal source for the triggering circuitry to be channel 1,
channel 2, an external trigger signal, or the 240 V AC power line.
 For voltage measurement, count the number of centimeters on the vertical scale from negative
peak to the positive peak and then multiply this number by the settings of the volts per
centimeter switch. For example, if the volts/cm switch is set to 5V/cm, and the waveform
measures 4.8 cm from peak to peak, the waveform voltage is 4.8 x 5 = 24.0 V peak to peak.
 For frequency measurement, the method is to measure the time period of one complete cycle on
the screen i.e. the horizontal distance between two identical points on the neighbouring waves.
This distance multiplied by the setting of time/cm switch to calculate the period of one cycle.
The reciprocal of this time is the frequency of the waveform.
 For example, if the peaks of the waveform are 5 cm apart and time/cm switch is set to 200
ms/cm, the time of one cycle is 5 x 200ms = 1 s and the frequency is 1Hz.

29
 PART-B

EXPERIMENT No.1

Measurement of Electrical Quantities (AC & DC) using: Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter
AIM: To measure current, voltage and power for the given AC and DC circuits using ammeter,
voltmeter and watt meter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Type Range Quantity

MI (0-5)A 1
1 Ammeter
MC (0-100)mA 1
MI (0-250)V 1
2 Voltmeter
MC (0-60)V 1
3 Wattmeter EDM 250V, 5A, LPF 1
4 Auto-Transformer 1-Ph, Variable 230V/(0-270)V, 5A 1
5 Regulated Power Supply Dual type 30V/2A 1
6 Inductive load Variable 230V, 5A 1
7 Rheostat Variable (100Ω, 5A) 1
8 Resistor Fixed (1 KΩ)/ 1 W 5
As per
9 Connecting Wires - -
requirement

Circuit Diagram: For AC Circuit:

Fig. No. 1

30
Circuit Diagram: For DC Circuit:

Fig. No. 2

Precautions:
1) 1-Ph Variac should be in minimum output position before switching ON the supply
2) Connections must be neat and tight
3) Readings are to be taken without any parallelox error
4) Rheostat must be kept in minimum resistance position
Procedure:
For AC Circuit:
1) Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig. No. 1.
2) Keep the 1-Ph variac in minimum output position and switch ON the supply.
3) Apply a proper voltage by properly adjusting the variac and note down all meter readings
4) Repeat the above step for various voltages
5) Bring the variac to minimum output position and switch OFF the supply

For DC Circuit:
1) Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig. No. 2.
2) Apply 30 V to the circuit through RPS and note down the readings of voltmeter and
ammeter.
3) Now by varying the position of the rheostat note down voltmeter and ammeter readings.
4) Bring the rheostat to minimum resistance position and switch OFF the supply.

31
Tabulation:

For AC Circuit For DC Circuit

P= V*I
S.No. V (volts) A (amps) W (watts) S.No. V (volts) A (amps)
(watts)
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5

RESULT:

32
 EXPERIMENT No.2

Measurement of Resistivity of a conducting wire

AIM: To measure the resistivity of the material of a wire.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Length of wire (Nichrome, Manganin), Micrometer, Ohmmeter, Metre stick or Scale

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. No. 1

PROCEDURE:

1) Note the resistance of the leads by using multimeter when the crocodile clips are connected
together.
2) Tie a length (1 or 2 metres) of Nichrome/Manganin between the bars of the two stands as shown
in Fig. No.1. Stretch the wire enough to remove any kinks or ‘slack’ in the wire.
3) Connect the crocodile clips to the wire some distance ‘L’ apart.
4) Read the resistance of the leads plus the resistance of wire between the crocodile clips from the
ohmmeter. Subtract the resistance of the leads to get the resistance R of the wire.
5) Measure the length ‘L’ of the wire between the crocodile clips, with the metre stick or scale or
tape.
6) Increase the distance between the crocodile clips. Measure the new values of ‘R’ and ‘L’.
7) Make a note of the zero error on the micrometer.
33
8) Use the micrometer to find the diameter of the wire at different points, taking the zero error into
account.
9) Find the average value of the diameter ‘d’.
𝑅 𝜋𝑑2
10) Calculate the resistivity, 𝜌 = ( 𝐿 ) 𝐴 where 𝐴 = 4

11) Repeat this procedure for a number of different lengths.

12) Calculate the average value for ρ

TABULATION:

For Nichrome Wire:

𝑹
S.No. Resistance (Ω) Length (m) ( ) Ω𝒎−𝟏 Resistivity Ω-m
𝑳
1
2
3
4
5
6
Average value of Resistivity

For Manganin Wire:

𝑹
S.No. Resistance (Ω) Length (m) ( ) Ω𝒎−𝟏 Resistivity Ω-m
𝑳
1
2
3
4
5
6
Average value of Resistivity

34
Note:

 Safety glasses should be worn as the wire could snap when stretched.
 Use a micrometer with a slip-screw.
 If clamps are unavailable, two students may hold the stands to keep the wire stretched
enough to avoid kinks.
 Alternatively stretch the wire between two nails, which are positioned one to two metres
apart on a piece of wood.
 The resistivity of Nichrome is 100 × 10–8 Ω m (at 20 °C).
 The resistivity of Manganin is 48 × 10–8 Ω m (at 20 °C).
 The resistivity values given depend on composition of the alloys used.

35
 EXPERIMENT No.3

Circuit with one lamp controlled by one switch and provision of 2-pin or 3-pin socket PVC
surface conduit system
AIM: To make the wiring connection for one lamp controlled by one switch as per the wiring circuit

with provision for plug socket with switch control.

TOOLS REQUIRED:

S.No. Name of the tool Quantity

1 Insulated cutting plier 1
2 Insulated screw driver 1
3 Hack-saw 1
4 Poker 1
5 Wire cutter 1
6 Ball peen hammer 1
7 Line Tester 1

MATERIAL REQUIRED:

S.No. Name of the Material Rating/Size Quantity

1 Drawing board 1
2 Incandescent lamp 60 Watts 1
3 Lamp Holders Batten 1
4 One-Way Switch 5A 2
5 3-Pin Socket 5A 1
6 PVC pipe 3/4 inch As per requirement
7 PVC Junction box 3-way, 3/4 inch 1
8 Clamps 19mm 3
9 Screws 1/2 inch, metal 8
10 Gang Box 2+1 1
11 Insulated copper Wire 1/18 wire As per requirement

36
LAYOUT DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PRECAUTIONS:

1) Switches must be in OFF position, before giving supply.

2) Avoid loose connections and wrong connections.
3) Switch should be connected in phase only.

PROCEDURE:

1) Draw the connection diagram on the work board as per the layout diagram.
2) Select the PVC pipes and fix on the working board with screws.
3) Fix the switches and socket to the junction box and place the junction box on the working board
4) Connect the switches, socket and lamp with the insulated copper wire as per the circuit diagram
5) Switch ON the supply and verify the circuit

RESULT:
37
 EXPERIMENT No.4

Circuit with two lamps controlled by two switches with PVC surface conduit system

AIM: To make the wiring connection for two lamps controlled by two switches as per the wiring

circuit.

TOOLS REQUIRED:

S.No. Name of the tool Quantity

1 Insulated cutting plier 1
2 Insulated screw driver 1
3 Hack-saw 1
4 Poker 1
5 Wire cutter 1
6 Ball peen hammer 1
7 Line Tester 1

MATERIAL REQUIRED:

S.No. Name of the Material Rating/Size Quantity

1 Drawing board 1
2 Incandescent lamp 60 Watts 2
3 Lamp Holders Batten 2
4 One-Way Switch 5A 2
5 PVC pipe 3/4 inch As per requirement
6 PVC Junction box 3-way, 3/4 inch 1
7 Clamps 19mm 3
8 Screws 1/2 inch, metal 8
9 Gang Box 2 1
10 Insulated copper Wire 1/18 wire As per requirement

PRECAUTIONS:
1) Switches must be in OFF position, before giving supply
2) Avoid loose connections
38
3) Switch should be connected in phase only

LAYOUT DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

39
PROCEDURE:

1) Draw the connection diagram on the work board as per the layout diagram.
2) Select the PVC pipes and fix on the working board using clamps with screws
3) Fix the switches to the junction box and place the junction box on the working board
4) Connect the switches and lamp with the insulated copper wire as per the circuit diagram
5) Switch ON the supply and verify the circuit

RESULT:

40
 EXPERIMENT No.5

Circuit for Stair case wiring and Go-down wiring

AIM: To make the Stair case wiring connection and Go-down wiring connections.

TOOLS REQUIRED:

S.No. Name of the tool Quantity

1 Insulated cutting plier 1
2 Insulated screw driver 1
3 Hack-saw 1
4 Poker 1
5 Wire cutter 1
6 Ball peen hammer 1
7 Line Tester 1

MATERIAL REQUIRED:

S.No. Name of the Material Rating/Size Quantity

1 Drawing board 1
2 Incandescent lamp 60 Watts 3
3 Lamp Holders Batten 3
4 One-Way Switch 5A 1
5 Two-Way Switch 5A 3
6 PVC pipe 3/4 inch As per requirement
7 PVC Junction box 3-way, 3/4 inch 4
8 Clamps 19mm 7
9 Screws 1/2 inch, metal As per requirement
10 Gang Box 1 4
11 Insulated copper Wire 1/18 wire As per requirement

PRECAUTIONS:
1) Switches must be in OFF position, before giving supply
2) Avoid loose connections

41
3) Switch should be connected in phase only

STAIR CASE WIRING:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

LAYOUT DIAGRAM:

42
GODOWN WIRING:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

LAYOUT DIAGRAM:

43
PROCEDURE:

1) Draw the connection diagram on the work board as per the layout diagram.
2) Select the PVC pipes and fix on the working board using clamps with screws.
3) Fix the switches to the junction box and place the junction box on the working board.
4) Connect the switches and lamp with the insulated copper wire as per the circuit diagram
5) Switch ON the supply and verify the circuit

RESULT:

44
 EXPERIMENT No.6

Circuit connection for a Fluorescent tube

AIM: To construct and study the working of a fluorescent lamp circuit.

TOOLS REQUIRED:

S.No. Name of the tool Quantity

1 Insulated cutting plier 1
2 Insulated screw driver 1
3 Wire cutter 1
4 Line Tester 1

MATERIAL REQUIRED:

S.No. Name of the Material Rating/Size Quantity

1 Tube Light holders 2
2 Tube Light frame 1
3 Choke 220 V, 5A 1
4 Starter 20 W 1
5 Tube Light 40 W 1
6 Connecting wires - As per requirement

PRECAUTIONS:

1) Switches must be in OFF position, before giving supply

2) Avoid loose connections
3) Twisting of wires should be avoided.

THEORY:

The fluorescent tubes are usually available in lengths of 0.61 m and 1.22 m. The various parts of
fluorescent tube include Glass tube, Starter, Choke, Fluorescent materials and Filaments.

The inside surface of the fluorescent tube is coated with a thin layer of fluorescent material in the
form of powder. The tube also contains low pressure argon gas and one or two drops of mercury.

45
The two filaments are coated with electron emissive material. The starter (initially in closed
position) puts the filaments directly across the supply mains at the time of starting, there by initiating
emission of electrons. After 1 or 2 seconds the starter switch gets opened. The interruption of current
makes the choke to act like ballast providing a voltage impulse across the filaments. Due to this,
ionization of argon takes place. Mercury vapour arc provides a conducting path between the
filaments. The starter used may be of thermal starter or glow starter whose function is to complete
the circuit initially for preheating the filaments (to initiate emission of electrons) and then to open
the circuit for high voltage across choke for initiating ionization.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1) Fix the choke, starter and tube light holders to the tube light frame
2) Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram
3) The output is verified by switching ON the supply.

RESULT:

46
 EXPERIMENT No.7

Solder simple electronic circuits

AIM: To solder simple electrical and electronic circuits with active and passive components on

PCB using soldering iron.

TOOLS REQUIRED:

S.No. Name of the tool Quantity

1 Wire cutter 1
2 Soldering iron 1
3 Soldering stand 1
4 Lead As per requirement
5 Flux As per requirement

MATERIAL REQUIRED:

S.No. Name of the Material Rating/Size Quantity

1 Resistors 1 KΩ 6
2 Diode OA79 1
3 PCB - 1
4 Connecting wires - As per requirement

Circuit Diagram:

47
Soldering:

1. Solder needs a clean surface on which to adhere.

o Buff the copper foil of a PC board with steel wool before soldering.
o Remove any oil, paint, wax, etc. with a solvent, steel wool, or fine sandpaper.
2. To solder, heat the connection with the tip of the soldering iron for a few seconds, then apply
the solder.
o Heat the connection, not the solder.
o Hold the soldering iron like a pen, near the base of the handle.
o Both parts that are being soldered have to be hot to form a good connection.

3. Keep the soldering tip on the connection as the solder is applied.

o Solder will flow into and around well-heated connections.
o Use just enough solder to form a strong connection.

48
4. Remove the tip from the connection as soon as the solder has flowed where you want it to be.
Remove the solder, then the iron.
5. Don't move the connection while the solder is cooling.
6. Don't overheat the connection, as this might damage the electrical component you are
soldering.
o Transistors and some other components can be damaged by heat when soldering. A
crocodile clip can be used as a heat sink to protect these components.

7. Soldering a connection should take just a few seconds.

o If it is taking longer, see the troubleshooting section below.
8. Inspect the joint closely. It should look shiny.
o If you are soldering a wire (called the lead) onto a PC board (on the track), it should
have a volcano shape. See Figure 3.
o If the connection looks bad, reheat it and try again.

9. Wipe the tip of the iron on a damp sponge to clean it. The tip should now be shiny.
10. Unplug the soldering iron when it is not in use.

49
 EXPERIMENT No.9

I-V and P-V characteristics of a Solar panel

AIM: To determine and draw the I-V and P-V characteristics of a Solar panel.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1 Photovoltaic panel BP Solar (10W, 12V)
2 Multimeter Digital - 2
3 Rheostat Variable 100Ω, 2A 2
4 Connecting Wires - - As per requirement

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1) Connect the circuit as shown in fig without rheostat

2) Begin with short-circuit: Short the output terminals of the PV panel with a wire. Measure the
short circuit current and panel output voltage. Record both the voltage and current in a table.
3) Connect the variable rheostat to the panel, starting from lower resistance position to higher
one so that the panel voltage increases from zero toward open circuit in steps of
approximately 2~3V.
4) Measure the voltage and current for each resistance value and record them in the table. ƒ
5) Measure the voltage and current when the panel is open-circuit. Record the panel voltage and
current in the table. ƒ
6) Use the data recorded in the table to plot I versus V manually.
50
 7) Repeat step 1 in two very different sunlights, i.e. different weathers or different time of a day.

MODEL GRAPH:

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.No. V (volts) A (amps) P=V*I (watts)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

RESULT:

51
 EXPERIMENT No.10

Design and Fabrication of a single-phase transformer

AIM: To design and fabricate single phase transformer.

COMPONENTS USED IN CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMER:-

1) Silicon steel core ( Iron core) It made off silicon coated Steel stampings (E & I Shaped )(The
capacity will decide the core size)
2) In centre of the core a bob in is fixed, In this primary & secondary windings wire are wound.
3) Winding wire made of super enameled copper wire we have to select the size according to the
capacity of primary & secondary current & voltage Standard wire size & current will be
available in Tables.
4) No of turns are calculated according to the size of centre Limp area of the core (8 turns / 1 square
inch / Volt) my old thumb rule (According to the quality of core it will change)
5) If you want to design 240/ 12 volts x 48VA If your core centre limp size is 2 square Inch Primary
winding Approximately 960-1000 turns. Secondary 48-50 turn.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

52
DESIGN PROCEDURE:

Identify Technical Specifications of the Transformer:

1) Input voltage V1
2) Output voltage V2
3) Rated output apparent power S (VA) or output current (S=V2*I2)
4) Rated frequency (Hz)
5) Number of phases (single-phase or three-phase)
6) Voltage regulation ΔV% (%)

Core size estimation

1) Select current density J (2.5 - 4 A/mm2).

2) Select voltage regulation ΔV% (5% - 20%).

53