MARKET INTEGRATION

 occurs when prices among different locations or 5. EUROPEAN UNION (EU)

related goods follow similar patterns over a  unified trade and
period of time monetary body of 28
 groups of good often move proportionally to each member countries
other and when this relation is very clear among  to be more competitive
different markets it is said that the markets are in the global market place
integrated  Euro – currency of the EU area
 Schengen Area – guarantees free movement to
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL those legally residing within its boundaries
INSTITUTIONS
6. NORTH AMERICAN FREE
1. GENERAL AGREEMENT on TARIFF and TRADE TRADE AGREEMENT
(GATT) (NAFTA)
- eliminates tariffs and increases international  trade pact between U.S.,
trade Canada and Mexico
- restores economic  to be more competitive in the global
health to the world marketplace
after the depression  largest free trade agreement in the world
and WWII
HISTORY OF GLOBAL MARKET INTEGRATION
2. WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO) A. AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
- 164 members B. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
C. INFORMATION REVOLUTION
- an independent
multilateral organization
that became responsible
for trade in services,
nontariff related barriers
to trade
- based on the idea of neoliberalism

3. ORGANIZATION for
ECONOMIC
COOPERATION and
DEVELOPMENT (OECD)
- to promote the
economic welfare of its members
- club of the richest countries in the world
- 35 member-states as of 2016
- conducts the Programme for International
Student Assessment

4. ORGANIZATION of
PETROLEUM EXPORTING
COUNTRIES (OPEC)
- an organization of 14 oil-
producing countries
- 3 Goals:
a. To keep prices stable
b. To reduce oil price
c. To adjust the world’s oil supply
- 13 active members (Saudi Arabia – the largest
producer)

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GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
HISTORY!
Treaty of
Westphalia of 1648
 established the
notion of the nation-
state and the idea of
state sovereignty
TODAY!
 The globalization of politics created an atmosphere
where the ideas of the nation-state, state
sovereignty, government control, and state
policies are challenged from all sides.
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN THE TWENTY-FIRST
CENTURY
 If states themselves were “highly contingent and in
flux” (Cerny, 2007, p. 854), it would open the
possibility of the emergence of some form of
global governance to fill the void.
o Contingent – depending on something
else that might or might not happen.
o Flux – a series of changes; continuous
change.
o VOID- not valid or legally binding
 The vast flows of all sorts of things that run into
and often right through the borders of nation-
states (flow of digital information of all sorts
through internet)
 Mass migration of people and their entry, often
illegally, into various nation-states (the flow of
drugs, laundered money, those bought and sold in
sex trafficking, etc.) (Levy and Sznaider, 2006)
Effects of Globalization to Governments
1. TRADITIONAL CHALLENGES
• External Intervention - invasion by other countries
 Ex. - When Saddam Hussein take over the
oil fields of Kuwait - Russia’s external
intervention into the affairs of Ukraine
• Internal Intervention
 Ex. Arab Spring in Egypt 2.
2. Challenges from National/Identity
Movements
 different people with different identities can
live in different states
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 Ex. Kurds residing in different countries
including Iraq, Iran, Turkey
 Catalans live primarily in Spain but can also
find some of them in France
3. Global Economics
 demands the states to conform to the rules of
free-market capitalism
 Ex. Neoliberal/Neoliberal Capitalism
 focuses on free trade and
dismantling trade barriers
 requires a state to cooperate in the global
market through the flow of capital, the
privatization of services, and fiscal austerity or
constraint
 Seen as a treat, in general, because a state
cannot protect its own economic interest as a
sovereign state
4. Global Social Movements
 are movements of people that are spontaneous
or that merge through enormous grass roots
organization
 Example:
 Human rights movement –
 Environmental movement – related to
public policy
 Rights of personal autonomy – issues on
homosexuality, same-sex marriage, and
gender equality
THE RELEVANCE OF STATE AMID
GLOBALIZATION
4 major sources of collective insecurity:
1. Terrorism
2. Economic globalization
3. Threats to national identity due to
immigration
4. Global diseases such as AIDS
• Accdg. To Beland (2008), he argued that “the role
of the state is enduring- and even increasing- in
advanced industrial societies”.
• Economic globalization – leading problems such as
outsourcing and downsizing.
• The state does not only respond to these threats,
but may also exaggerate or create dangers,
thereby making its citizens more insecure
(Glassner, 2000)
 EX. : US and British gov’t arguments prior to
the 2003 war with Iraq that Saddam
Hussein had WMDs that posed a direct
threat to the US and UK.
 The US even claimed that Iraq could kill millions by  “three of the most cutting-edge aspects of the
using offshore ships to lob canisters containing social world in general and globalization in
lethal chemical or biological material into particular” (Ritzer, 2015, p. 134)
American cities.
 The collective insecurity created by such claims Informationalism
helped foster public opinion in favor of invading  associated with computer science, modern
Iraq and overthrowing Saddam Hussein. telecommunication that replaces industrialism
(Castells, 2004)
GLOBALIZATION and GLOBALISM
 Is there a difference? Internet
GLOBALISM GLOBALIZATION  mark of the contemporary world
• Refers to the network • The increase or decline
of connection that in the degree of INFORMATIONALISM:
transcends distances of globalism  The creation of the world’s first container ship in
different countries in the • The speed in which 1956
world they become linked with  The founding of Federal Express (FedEx) in 1970s
• The links among one another  The invention of MRIs, Ultrasound, CT scan
countries and people • As it becomes thicker,  The launching of satellites for military
• Thin (Nye, 2002) globalization happens surveillance, GPS

o Global trade – Silk road served as the trade
routes among countries in Europe and in Asia.
o Even before the Industrial Revolution, the world
was already connected. Through the conquest of
different empires.
o Today, the contemporary world is characterized by
being connected through internet, modern
transportation, advanced technologies. Therefore,
in the world always been connected. What makes it
different is the type and speed of connection that
people and societies experience.
4 Distinct Dimension of Globalism (Nye,
2002)
1. Economic Military
 the enormous speed of potential conflict and
threat of nuclear war
2. Environmental Globalism
 global warming continues to accelerate
3. Social and Cultural Globalism
 involves movements of ideas, information,
images and of people who carry ideas and
information with them
 religious ideas have spread throughout the
world at greater scope and speed
 religious teachings are delivered today through
the mass media, such as televisions, radio and
the internet
Technology, Media, Internet
INTERNATIONALISM
 A political principle which transcends nationalism
and advocates a greater political or economic
cooperation among nations and people
 The principle of cooperation among nations, for
the promotion of their common good, sometimes
as contrasted with nationalism , or devotion to
the interests of a particular nation
3 Types of Internationalism (Fred Halliday)
Liberal Internationalism
 Liberal internationalism is the belief that
through interaction and cooperation, common
goals can be achieved within nations and
nation-states
 Ex. Peace and Prosperity
 Liberal states should intervene in other
sovereign states in order to pursue liberal
objectives
 Ex. Military intervention and
Humanitarian aid
 Nation-states create regional trading bloc, and
encourage free trade Hegemonic
Internationalism
Hegemonic internationalism
 is the belief that the world is being integrated
based on unequal terms with the dominance
of one nation or nation-state over others
 Ex. Britain’s colonies for 200 years
 English is now the language of power, and this
is due to international communication

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  Ex. Colonization and globalization
 Many people believe you achieve security and
prosperity when hegemonic internationalism
occurs and a few nations take the leading role
Revolutionary Internationalism
 founded in 1967 by the five Southeast
Asian nations of Indonesia, Malaysia,
Philippines, Singapore and Thailand
 ASEAN Plus Three Forum in 1997 which
included China, South Korea, and Japan

Revolutionary internationalism C. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

 is the belief that international factors and
alliances determine conflicts within society
 Revolution can be radical or extreme change
but it doesn’t need to be violent
 Ex. Environmentalism or feminism may
exemplify revolutionary
internationalism
 is a regional economic forum established in
1989 to leverage the growing interdependence
of the Asia-Pacific and aim to create greater
prosperity for the people of the region by
promoting balanced, inclusive, sustainable,
innovative and secure growth and by
accelerating regional economic integration

INSTITUTION THAT GOVERN INTERNATIONAL APE’s 21 Members

RELATIONS APEC Members Date of Joining
Australia 6-7 Nov 1989
A. NATO(North Atlantic
Brunei Darussalam 6-7 Nov 1989
Treaty Organization)
 it is a defensive treaty or Canada 6-7 Nov 1989
a military alliance Chile 11-12 Nov 1994
between the United People's Republic of 12-14 Nov 1991
States, Canada, and 25 European Countries China
 based on the idea of collective security Hong Kong, China 12-14 Nov 1991
 created after the 2nd World War, mostly during Indonesia 6-7 Nov 1989
the beginning of the Cold War Japan 6-7 Nov 1989
Republic of Korea 6-7 Nov 1989
B. Association of Southeast Asian Nations Malaysia 6-7 Nov 1989
(ASEAN) Mexico 17-19 Nov 1993
 Is an intergovernmental New Zealand 6-7 Nov 1989
organization aimed primarily Papua New Guinea 17-19 Nov 1993
at promoting economic Peru 14-15 Nov 1998
growth and regional stability The Philippines 6-7 Nov 1989
among its members. Russia 14-15 Nov 1998
 10 ASEAN member states Singapore 6-7 Nov 1989
Chinese Taipei 12-14 Nov 1991
Thailand 6-7 Nov 1989
The United States 6-7 Nov 1989
Viet Nam 14-15 Nov 1998

  Why was it set up?

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  Consists of 26 sovereign states and several
territories.
 Includes all the Portuguese and Spanish- speaking
GLOBAL DIVIDES: The Global North nations
 Colonized either by Spain and Portugal
and Global South

G

lobal Stratification
 the hierarchical arrangement of individuals
and groups in societies around the world.
 Stratification
 refers to the range of social classes that result
from variations in socioeconomic status.

 the term “Global North”

and “Global South” are a
way for countries in the Global
South to make a stand South
Globa about the common • The
l issues, problems, and Carribean,
North Latin America,
even causes in order to
• First South America,
have equality all
world Africa and
countries throughout the world parts of Asia
 The differences between (Third World
them are shaped by Countries
migration and
globalization
MAP of LATIN AMERICA

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