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TECHNICAL REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE I
SCHEME (SIWES) TRAINING PROGRAMME
A TECHNICAL REPORT
ON
STUDENTS’ INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)
(MAY 2018 – NOVEMBER 2018)
AT
ADDAX PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT (NIGERIA) LIMITED
SUBMITTED TO
Your Dept
AS WAS UNDERTAKEN BY
Name
Mat. number
NOVEMBER, 2018
TECHNICAL REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE II
DEDICATION
This report is dedicated to God Almighty for his endless grace and blessings i n my l i fe , and
for the privilege to have gained my SIWES experience in this prestigious company.
TECHNICAL REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE III
Acknowledgement
Firstly, my thanks go to my Heavenly Father for the opportunity to develop pe rsonally and
professionally through this programme. It has been quite a journey.
My immense gratitude goes to the management of Addax Petroleum Development Ni geri a

Limited for the privilege to have undergone my industrial training in the company.
My appreciation also goes to the General Manager of the Drilling Department, Mr. Horace
Awi, for accepting me into the department and his words of encouragement throughout the
duration of my internship.
And, to my supervisor, my mentor, Mr. Ugochukwu Okoli for his genuine interest in my
development as a person and an engineer, I say a heartfelt thank you, for everything and
more. God bless you sir.
A separate paragraph of thanks also has to go to Mr. Chike Nwagu for his immeasurable
impact in my life professionally throughout my stay. I worked directly with him and he
taught me a whole lot of things.
To the entire Drilling Department team, Mr. Greg Ntiwunka, Mr. Emmanuel Ifediora, Mrs
Hassannah Salami, Miss Eleanor Okubor, Mr. Prince Aigbedion, Mr Otokini Numbere, Mrs.
Eniola Kartey, Mr. Babatunde Babs-Farouk, Mr Bukky Rabiu, and Mr John Wuche, thank you
all for everything. Your contributions in one way or another have made a huge positive
impact in my life and I am leaving better than I came.
Also, I would like to use this opportunity to thank e veryone who has imparted some
knowledge in me throughout my period here. My time here in Addax Petroleum
Development Nigeria Limited has been a golden chapter in my life’s book.
TECHNICAL REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE IV
ABSTRACT
The Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a programme specially designed
to give students of higher institutions the opportunity to apply the theoretical knowledge
gained in the four walls of their schools in the relevant industry. Essentially, SIWES serves as
an avenue for bridging the gap between the school and the industry. The SIWES helps to
accelerate the personal and professional development of the students by instill ing i n the m
the relevant skills high in demand in their various disciplines.
This SIWES was undertaken in Addax Petroleum Nigeria Development Company duri ng the
2017/2018 session in my penultimate year. APDNL, headquartered in Lagos, operates
majorly in the upstream sector of the oil and gas industry, commonly known as the
exploration and production (E&P) sector. Addax is currently producing from one onshore
field and various offshore fields.
The experienced gained in the company was majorly centred on drilling as that was the
department I was assigned to during my time here. I learnt about well planning, drilling a
well, drill string and completions design, well schematics, drilling reports to me nti on but a
few.
This report is an overview of skills and knowledge acquired throughout my stay here and
some recommendations that can make the SIWES even better for subsequent students.
TECHNICAL REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE V
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION ................................ ................................ .......................... II
DEDICATION ................................ ................................ .............................III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................ ................................ ..................IV
ABSTRACT................................ ................................ ................................ .V
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................ ................................ ...................VI
LIST OF FIGURES................................ ................................ ........................ VII
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................ ................................ ........1
1.1 ABOUT SIWES ………………………………………………………………………………………….1
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES ..................................................................................... 1
1.3 ABOUT ADDAX PETROLEUM CORPORATION (CORPORATE DETAILS) ................... 2
1.4 LOG BOOK ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1.5 ABOUT DRILLING DEPARTMENT........................................................................ 5
CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE GAINED FROM THE DEPARTMENT ........8
2.2 TYPES OF DRILLING RIGS ................................................................................. 8
2.3 DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS ................................................................................. 17
2.4 WELL CONTROL SYSTEM ................................................................................ 18
2.5 WELL DESIGN ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2.6 DRILLING FLUID DESIGN ………………………………………………………………………………………
CHAPTER THREE: PROGECTS AND ACCOMPLISHMENT................................ ............. 49
3.1 PROJECTS & ACCOMPLISHMENT ………………………………………………………………….…49
CHAPTER FOUR: EXPERIENCE GAINED ................................ ............................... 52

TECHNICAL REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE VI
4.1 DRILLING AND COMPLETIONS DEPARTMENT ………………………………………52
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS …………………………………….
5.1 CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………………………………………53
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ……………………………………………………………………………..53
REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………………………………. 55
TECHNICAL REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE 1
Table of Figures
Figure 1.1: Map showing APD(N)L assets (Source: APD(N)L, 2015) .........................................................1
Figure 1.5.1: Drilling Departmental Organogram (Source: APD(N)L, 2015) ..............................................3
Figure 1.5.2: Student on Correct PPE for particular job..........................................................................4
Figure 1.4: Stop Card...........................................................................................................................5
Figure 1.5: Addax 12 Life Saving Rules..................................................................................................5
Figure 2.2.1 An Onshore Rig ................................................................................................................7
Figure 2.2.2 Posted-Barge Submersible Rig showing pontoons ..............................................................8
Figure 2.2.2 Artic Submersible Rig
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..8
Figure 2.2.2 Inland/Swamp Barge Rig

…………………………………………………………………………………………………8
Figure 2.2.3 Jack-Up with Truss Legs ....................................................................................................2

Figure 2.2.4 Semi-Submersible Rigs (L-R: Column type, Bottle type) ..................................................... 10
Figure 2.2.5 Drillship ...........................................................................................................................2
Figure 2.3.1 Hoisting System (Source: www.oilngasdrilling.com, 2015) ................................................ 12
Figure 2.3.2 Gear Driven Draw-works................................................................................................. 13
Figure 2.3.3 Crown Block (Source: Schlumberger, 2016) ........................................................................2
Figure 2.3.4 Travelling block and hook (Source: ENI, 2005) .................................................................. 24
Figure 2.3.5 Rotary table assembly showing Gear Mechanism ............................................................. 25
Figure 2.3.6 Swivel Head .....................................................................................................................2
Figure 2.3.7 Kelly and Drive Bushing .................................................................................................. 16
Figure 2.3.8 Top Drive System ........................................................................................................... 17
Figure 2.3.9 Mud Circulatory System.................................................................................................. 18
Figure 2.3.10 Shale Shaker ................................................................................................................ 19
Figure 2.3.11 De-sander and De-silter (Hydro cyclones) ...................................................................... 19
Figure 0.3.12 Decanting centrifuge scheme) ……………………………………………………………………………………19
Figure 0.3.13 Degasser ………………………………………………………………………………..19
Figure 2.4.1 Annular BOP .................................................................................................................. 21
1
TECHNICAL REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE
Figure 2.4.2 Ram type preventer ....................................................................................................... 21

Figure 2.4.3 BOP Control System ....................................................................................................... 22
Figure 2.4.4 Schematic for mechanical driven Rigs .............................................................................. 23
Figure 2.4.5 Schematic for Electric power rig systems ......................................................................... 24
Figure 2.5.1 Well Trajectory (Courtesy: Addax Petroleum) ………………………………………………………………26
Figure 2.5.2 Examples of well trajectory ……………………………………………………………………………………... 27
Fig. 2.5.3 Types of Bits …………………………………………………………………………………………………………............28
Figure 2.5.4 PDC Bit (Courtesy: Addax Petroleum) ………………………………………………………………………….29
Fig 2.6.1 Drilling Fluid Systems

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………30
Figure 2.7.1 Circulating system showing pressure losses (Source: Rabia, 2004) ………………………………31
2.8.1 Casing Point Selection Using Pore Pressure and Fracture Gradient
………………………………………….32
Figure 2.8.2 Well chematic showing different casing (Courtesy: Intern)................................................ 33

Figure 2.8.3 Shows Addax Petroleum’s casing design procedure which begins with determination of
optimum casing size for each hole section
……………….......................................................................34
Figure 2.8.4 Burst Casing................................................................................................................... 34

Figure 2.8.5 Collapsed Casing ............................................................................................................ 34
Fig 3.1.1 Commission of Izombe Flow Station on 6th June, 1975 ………………………………………………………35
Fig 3.1.2 Entrance of IFS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………35
Fig. 3.4.1 Cross-Over for Xmas tree change .......................................... 36Error! Bookmark not defined.
Fig. 3.4.2 Lubricator for installing and removing BPV
………………………………………………………………………..36
Fig. 3.4.3 Back Pressure Valve

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….37
Fig. 4.1.1 Well Schematics using Excel38……………………………………………………………………………
ii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
In response to the criticisms by employers that graduates of Nigeria’s tertiary institutions lacked the
appropriate technical skills in demand by employers in the industry, the Industrial Training Fund (ITF)
initiated the Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) in 1973 with the principal
objective of diminishing the gap that may exist between the theoretical knowledge of graduate s of
tertiary institutions studying professional courses and the relevant skill needed to forge a care e r i n
that industry. SIWES training program forms part of the approved Minimum Academic Standard in
the various degree programs for all the Nigerian tertiary institutions.
1.1 BRIEF BACKGROUND OF SIWES
Students' Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) i s coordinated by the National Board for
Technical Education (NBTE) for students in the university, Polytechnics, and Colleges of Educati on.
This program is coordinated and sponsored by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) for Federal
Universities and Polytechnics. It is expected to last for a period of six months for University students,
running through the Second semester of the penultimate year, four months before OND 2, and one
year after OND 2 in the case of the Polytechnic students. The essential purpose of SIWES is to imbibe
relevant production skills (RPS) required by future graduates for effective participation i n i ndustry.
SIWES achieves this by serving as a means to marry practical operations with the theoretical work
taught at school.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES
The major objectives of Industrial Training to students who participate actively in the training are the
skills and experience acquired. Also, it is key in providing a broader knowledge about the ir chose n
disciplines.
Objectives of SIWES include the following:
iii
i. ]To create an opportunity for students in Nigerian institutes of higher learning (Universitie s and
Polytechnics) to gain industrial skills and work experience for their course of study.
ii. To prepare the students for the work situation they are likely to come across after graduation.
iii. To show the students the various work practices and technicalities in the handling of equipment
and machinery that are not available in the universities.
iv. To make the transition from the university to the outside world of work much easi e r, and thus
enhance the students' contacts for later job placement.
v. To provide the student with an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge into real life
situations, thereby creating a “handshake” between theoretical uni versity work and practical
experience.
vi. To enable students assess interest and suitability for their chosen profession.
1.3 LOG BOOK
The daily report of the routine work done including lessons learnt, project updates and progre ss on
learning are contained in the logbook. The logbook was inspected, cross examined and signed by
both the Industrial based supervisor and the College based supervisor.
1.4 BACKGROUND OF THE ORGANIZATION
Addax Petroleum was created in 1994 and since August 2009 has been a subsidiary of the Sinopec
Group, one of the largest oil and gas producers in China, the biggest oil refiner in Asia and the thi rd
largest worldwide. Addax Petroleum was founded in 1994 upon leading petroleum industry
expertise and a deep-rooted understanding and respect for African culture.
iv
TECHNICAL REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE 1
Over the years, Addax Petroleum has evolved from a young pioneer into an established international
oil and gas, exploration and production company focused on Africa, the Middle East and the North
Sea. In May 1998, Addax Petroleum purchased the Nigerian oil assets and signed two new producing
sharing contracts (PSCs) with the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) after it took ove r
from Ashland Oil (an American owned company).
The PSCs were signed for producing blocks; OPL 98 (offshore) and OPL118 (onshore), which are now
OML 123 and 124 respectively; they were also signed for exploratory blocks; OPL 90 and OPL 225
(both offshore), which are now OMLs 126 & 137. These blocks are shown in Figure 1.1.
Globally, Addax Petroleum has its largest license area in terms of reserves & production i n Ni ge ri a.
OML 123 is located offshore, about 60km south of Calabar in South East Nigeria. It covers an area
367 km2 . The company’s only onshore asset is OML 124 located in Imo state.
Figure 0.1: Map showing APD(N)L assets (Source:

APD(N)L, 2015)
1
The company is divided into two groups; Operations and Support services. The operations is
subdivided into the
Asset Management Department : This department generally manages operational functi ons for
the exploration, evaluation and development of hydrocarbon accumulations. The department
prepares and executes detailed technical programmes, which are required to maximize oil recovery.
Production Department : The primary task of this department is to ensure maximum oil and gas
production. This is achieved by optimising the operation and maintenance of all production,
processing and storage facilities, and making sure that the integrity of all crude delivery lines is
preserved.
Facilities Department : This department ensures that construction and maintenance, both onshore
and offshore, are designed and implemented to meet project, safety and environmental
requirements and specified standards.
Logistics Department : This department is responsible for the safe and timely movement of
personnel and materials to and from field locations, drilling rigs and offshore terminal and for
managing the materials stocks.
Health, Safety, and Environment Department : This department ensures that the company
operates in a safe and secure environment, with the best occupational he alth standards, based on
statutory and industry guidelines and standards.
1.5 DRILLING DEPARTMENT
This department is responsible for all drilling, completion, and work-over ope rations onshore and
offshore, while ensuring safety and efficiency at all times, with minimal impact on the environment.
2
i. Business Services
ii. Management Information System
iii. Human Resources
iv. Admin
v. Community Fig. 1.5.1 Departmental Organogram Relations
vi. External and Government Affairs
vii. Security
viii. Legal
Safety Equipment and Precautions
3
Safety is accident prevention and proactive management of identified hazards by mitigation or

elimination. Addax Petroleum boasts of strong Health, Safety, Environment and Security policies and
industry compliance.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

These are equipment used to help reduce the impact of accidents in any event of casualties. They
are as follow:
i. Goggles for eye protection during machining.

ii. Earplugs for hearing protection around compressors and other heavy machinery.
iii. Filter respirators for respiratory protection against hydrocarbon fumes.
iv. Steel toe boots for foot protection against dropped objects
v. Coveralls for body protection.
Figure 0.5.2 Student on Correct PPE for a particular job
4
HSE Principles and Regulations at Addax Petroleum

Generally speaking, methods of controlling hazards may either be engineering or admini strati ve as
shown below:
a. Engineering
i. Elimination method (removes hazards at initial design stage)
ii. Substitution method
iii. Isolation method (putting a barrier to a potential hazard)
b. Administrative
i. Adjusting work schedule
ii. Rotating job assignment
iii. Medical care/ pre-job health assessment.
iv. Training
v. House keeping
At Addax Petroleum however, both methods are employed alongside various regulations de signed
to enhance HSE compliance. HSE statistics and compliance are monitored in the company usi ng the
14 caution signals (Figure 1.4), stop card (Figure 1.5), and the companies stop-work policy which
empowers every employee to stop-work which the individual has assessed to be un-safe.
Figure 0.5.4 Addax 12 Life Saving Rules

Fig. 1.5.3 Stop Card
5
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE GAINED FROM THE DEPARTMENT
There are basic things that need to be understood by a Drilling Engineer to effectively plan and dri l l
an oil well. This knowledge was imparted in me by my supervisor in my first three months at Addax,
they are outlined below;
Drilling Rigs and Rig Systems
Drilling Rigs are powerful machines used to produce holes in the earths subsurface. The se hol es or
well bores are used both to verify and extract hydrocarbons (oil and gas) from reservoir rock
formations usually buried over 5000 feet beneath the earth’s surface.
2.2 TYPES OF DRILLING RIGS

Drilling Rigs are majorly classified as either onshore or offshore. Most deep wells are posi tioned i n
offshore location. The different rig types and their applications are explained below:
Onshore Rigs
Onshore rigs are those used on land to perform drilling operations. They can be classified as light
duty, medium duty, heavy duty and very heavy duty depending on their maximum drilling dep th
(Baker, 2001). Land rigs are quite portable and can easily be disassembled and transported from one
site to another. Onshore rigs as shown below either use a fixed derrick or a mast which can be
assembled on-site and disassembled after operations.
6
Figure 0.2.1 An Onshore Rig (Derrick-type)
Offshore Rigs
These are also called Mobile Offshore Drilling Units- in short: MODUs. Given their location (away
from stable land), they must be larger and able to quickly mobilize - while maintaining enough
stability to ensure the safety of the rig and all personnel on board.
Broadly, offshore rigs are divided into two: floaters (floating rigs) and bottom supported rigs.
Bottom Supported Rigs

Bottom supported rigs include submersibles and jack-ups as they contact the ocean floor directly
when drilling. The lowest parts of the submersibles lie on the ocean floor, while only the legs of the
jack –up are driven into the ocean bed.
a. Submersibles: These use pontoons or caisson structures submerged for bottom support in
shallow inland (swamp) or artic regions
i. Posted-Barge Submersibles
ii. Bottle-type Submersibles
iii. Arctic Submersibles
iv. Inland-Barge Submersibles
Figure 0.2.2 Posted-Barge Submersible Rig showing pontoons
7
Figure 0.2.2 Artic Submersible

Figure 0.2.2 Inland/Swamp Barge Rig
Rig
b. Jack-up Rigs
A jack-up rig is an offshore structure composed of a hull, legs and a lifting system that al l ows i t
to be towed to its site, lower its legs into the seabed and elevate its hull to provide a stable work
deck capable of withstanding the environmental loads. Providing a very stable drilling
environment, in comparison to other types of offshore drilling rigs, jack-ups can drill in waters up
to 350 feet deep (Baker, 2001).
When their legs are not deployed, jack-ups float, which makes these types of MODUs quite
easily transported from one drilling location to another. While some are capable of self -
8
propulsion and do not need an outside source for movement, most jack-ups are transported vi a
tug boats or submersible barges.
While towing is easily performed, barges are the transportation of choice when the jack -up
needs to be moved quickly or over a longer distance. Jack-up Rigs can be Mat-supported or have
independent legs supported by spud cans. The design of their legs can be columnar or truss -
type.
Floating Rigs
Floating rigs include semisubmersibles and drill ships. Semisubmersibles are more stabl e than dri l l
ships because of their design. Drill ships however can carry more drilling equipment and supplies and
hence there are preferred in remote or deep water applications. It is also important to note that drill
ships are self-propelled while most semi-submersibles must be towed using towboats, tugs or barges
from one location to another.
a. Semi-Submersibles
Semi-Submersibles are so named due to the

fact that their pontoons do Figure 0.2.3 Jack-Up Rig with Truss Legs not get to the
contact the sea bottom during drilling. Instead, rig personnel carefully submerge the pontoons
as shown Figure 2.7 only a few feet below the water surface - thus the rig is semi-submerged.
The design of partially submerging the rig lessens both rolling and pitching on semisubmersibles.
While in transit, semisubmersibles are not lowered into the water. Only during drilling
operations are semisubmersibles partially submerged. Because semisubmersibl es can fl oat on
the top of the water, transporting these
Figure 0.2.4 Semi-Submersible Rigs (L-R: Column type, Bottle type)

rigs from location to location is made easier.
In addition to being good on rough waters, semi-submersible rigs are capable of drilling in waters
which are thousands of feet deep. While many semi -submersibles work in water depths ranging
from 1000 to 3500ft, the latest can drill in depths up to 800ft. Semi -submersibles can drill wellbores
which are up to 30000ft.
b. Drillship
A Drill ship is also a floating rig. They are mobile and self -propelled, with large deck space
capable of carrying significantly more supplies and drilling equipment. These characteristics
make them desirable for remote drilling activities which typically take place in deep water si te s.
While many drill ships operate in water depth between 1000 and 3000 feet, the latest can
operate in water depths up to 10000 feet. They can drill wellbores up to 30000 feet deep.
Drill ships as shown in Figure 2.8 are equipped with a drilling derrick and moon pool.
Additionally, drill ships have extensive mooring or positioning equipment, as well as a helipad to
receiv
e
suppli
es and
transp
ort
staff.
Figure 0.2.5 Drillship
10
2.3 DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS

Rigs are heavy and complex machinery; their aim is simple- to effectively drill wellbores in the
earth’s subsurface. To achieve this feat, various systems must work simultaneously to pe rform ke y
operations. These systems include:
i. Hoisting System
ii. Rotating System
iii. Circulatory System
iv. Well control System
v. Solids Control and Waste Management
vi. Power System
vii. Rig Safety Systems
Hoisting System
A major system on the Rig is the hoisting system. As shown in Figure 2.9 below, it is basical l y a ve ry
large block and tackle system, consisting of draw-works or hoist, a mast or a derrick, the crown
block, the travelling block and the wire rope (drilling line).
Figure 0.3.1 Hoisting System (Source: www.oilngasdrilling.com, 2015)
11
The draw-works shown in Figure 2.10 is one of the most important equipment on the drilling rig. The
unit supplies hoisting power and the draw-works spools the drilling line as pipe is run into and pulled
out from the well. The drilling line spools out under gravity and is reeled in by an electrical or die se l
engine (ENI, 2005).
Figure 0.3.2 Gear Driven Draw-works
The crown block (Figure 2.12) is a fixed set of pulleys, also called sheaves which are located at the
top of the derrick or mast over which the drilling line is threaded. The companion block to this is the
travelling block (Figure 2.11). By using two sets of blocks in this fashion, greater mechanical
advantage is gained, enabling the use of a relatively small drilling line (3/4 to 1 ½ in. diame te r ste e l
cables) to hoist heavy loads of drill pipe and casing. The hook is attached to the bottom of the
travelling block and provides a way to pick up heavy loads with the traveling block.
12
Figure 0.3.4 Travelling block and hook

Figure 0.3.32 Crown Block (Source:(Source: ENI, 2005)
Schlumberger, 2016)
Rotary System
The Drilling Rig also has a Rotary system. This is the system that ensures the pipe and bit effecti ve ly
rotate in order to drill a formation. The rotary system consists of the swivel, Kelly, rotary dri ve and
rotary table. The rotary system shown in Figure 2.13 works on the principle of transmission of
rotational power. In this the Kelly which is connected to the drill pipe is driven by the rotary tabl e or
top drive and the whole drill string can be rotated.
Before the introduction of Top drive technology, the rotary table was used to drill difficult wells. The
rotary table when used as the major rotary device had two main functions:
i. To transmit rotation to the BHA (Bottom hole assembly) through the Kelly bushing
ii. To collect and support the weight of all the tools to be RIH (Run-in-hole)
13
Figure 0.3.5 Rotary table assembly showing Gear Mechanism
Master bushings and bushing adapters are then used on the rotary table to handle different size s of
tubulars.
The Kelly and drive bushing (Figure 2.15) transmits rotation and torque to the drilli ng bottom hol e
assembly. Kelly’s are manufactured as either hexagonal or square. The square Ke l ly howe ve r i s no
more utilized due to inherent advantages realized in the hexagonal system, such as maximum
surface contact with the Kelly bushing and
greater
strength
due to its
structural
design.
14
Figure 0.3.7 Kelly and Drive Bushing
The swivel (Figure 2.14) enables the drill stri ng to

Figure 0.3.6 Swivel Head
be rotated as it is connected to the travelling
block for hoisting. It bears the string load and allows circulation through the rotary drilling hose. The
more modern technology for the rotary system however is the top drive system. It consists of one or
more motors (electric or hydraulic) connected with appropriate gearing to a short section of pipe
called a quill, that in turn may be screwed into a saver sub or the drillstring itself. The top drive is
suspended from the hook, so the rotary mechanism is free to travel up and down the derrick.
The top drive system as shown in Figure 2.16 consists of an intergrated swivel, counterbalance
system, guide dolly assembly, motor housing, controller system, pipe handler and auxilliary tools
(ENI, 2005).
The top drive boasts of various operational advantages including:
i. Ability to drill stands of pipe rather than a single pipe for each connection made
ii. Ability to back-ream while pulling out of hole.
15
iii. Contains remote-controlled Inside BOP’s which can be operated at a distance from the rig
floor.
Figure 0.3.8 Top Drive System
Circulatory System
To effectively drill a well, cuttings (displaced rock fragments) have to be removed from the wellbore
as we drill deeper.
To do this, drilling fluids (also called Mud) are pumped down hole through the rotary hose, stand
pipes, swivel and down the drill string to the drill bit. The mud then jets out through nozzl e s on the
drill bit.
Using the fluids Hydraulic horsepower or Jet impact force as the case may be, cutting as transporte d
out of the hole via the annulus and to a mud return line at surface. The circulatory system i s shown
in Figure 2.17.
16
Figure 0.3.9 Mud Circulatory System
Solids Control and Waste Management System

Critical to the functioning of the circulatory system is the Solid control system. It is a syste m put i n
place to separate cuttings of all sizes from the drilling fluid (mud). Shale shake rs are the first phase of
a solids control system on a drilling rig, and are used to remove large solids (cuttings) from the
drilling fluid ("Mud").
The returning mud containing cuttings is then deposited on a vibrating screen called a Shal e Shake r
as shown in Figure 2.18 which removes larger cuttings. The mud is then passed to a de -si l te r, a de -
sander (to remove sand-sized particles), a centrifuge and then a de-gasser to remove any gas
content from the mud before it is added to the Mud Pits for re -conditioning and re-use.
17
Desanders and Desilters (Figure 2.19) are hydro cyclones used in drilling for sand control i n the
drilling fluid (Mud). Desanders are used to remove solids above 74 microns (sand) and the de si l te r
removes fine solids (silt).
Figure 0.3.10 Shale Shaker

Figure 0.3.11 Desander and De silter (Hydro cyclones)
A mud centrifuge removes fine particles generated from the cuttings in transport under we ar. The y
are rotating equipment that rotate the mud until the fine but denser particles have be en re moved
from the drilling fluid. It is also called a decanter centrifuge.
Figure 0.3.12 Decanting centrifuge scheme) Figure 0.3.13 Degasser
The figure above shows a typical scheme for a decanting centrifuge. A degasser as shown above
18
removes small amounts of gas or air that enter the drilling mud as it circulates past a formation that
contains gas pockets or minimal gas reserves. A degasser is usually utilized when the amount of gas
is not enough to make it a producer- but enough to contaminate the drilling fluids (Mud). If thi s gas
is not removed, the mud weight measured in the pits may be misleading.
2.4 WELL CONTROL SYSTEM

The well control system helps prevent the uncontrolled flow of formation fluids from the we l lbore .
Te physical equipment on the rig serves as a secondary well barrier against sudden influx of
formation fluids. An influx of fluids (oil, gas or water) typically referred to as a kick is possi bl e when
the pressure of the formation fluids in the rock pores exceeds the hydrostatic head of the drilling
fluid column in the wellbore.
The well control system is designed to: Detect a kick, Close -in the well at surface to avoid
uncontrollabe influx of fluids (called a blowout), remove the formation fluid which has fl owed i nto
the well and make the well safe. They make the well safe by regaining primary well control which is a
greater hydrostatic pressure of drilling mud against formation pressure. The well control system on a
typical rig includes:
i. Blowout Preventers (BOP) also called a BOP Stack

ii. Choke & Kill Lines
iii. BOP Accumulators
iv. BOP Control System
v. Choke & Kill Manifold
vi. Mud gas separators
vii. Internal BOP’s
On land rigs or fixed platforms the BOP stack is located directly beneath the rig floor. On floating rigs
the BOP stack is installed on the sea bed. In either case the valves are hydraulical ly ope rated from
the rig floor. There are two basic types of BOP.
a. Annular Preventer: Annular preventer as shown below is designed to seal off the annul us
between the drillstring and the side of hole (may also seal off open hole if kick occurs whi l e
19
the pipe is out of the hole). These are made of synthetic rubber which, when expanded, wil l
seal off the cavity
Figure 0.4.1 Annular BOP
b. Ram type preventer : Ram type preventer as shown below is designed to seal off the
annulus by ramming large rubberfaced blocks of steel together. Types include:
a. Blind ram: This seals off an open hole
b. Pipe rams: This seals off around drillpipe. It is either a fixed pipe ram or variable.
c. Shear rams: This severs drillpipe and is used in conjunction with the Blind rams to
seal off the well bore after cutting off the drill pipe.
Figure 0.4.2 Ram type preventer
20
The kill and choke lines are high pressure rated lines that help regain primary well control . The ki l l
line is used to pump down heavy weight mud known as Kill fluid that effectively ove rbalances the
further influx of formation fluids. The choke line is used to circulate the high pressure formation
fluids out of the well bore during a kick or subsequent blowout.
The BOP Accumulators produce and store hydraulic energy to be used when the Blowout Preventers
must be closed rapidly because of emergency well conditions. The accumulators are composed of:
i. A tank containing hydraulic fluid (oil) at atmospheric pressure

ii. One or more high-pressure pumping units to pressurize fluid
iii. Nitrogen pre-charged bottle to store pressurized fluid
The BOP Control System as shown in Figure 2.24 is equipped with necessary controls to actuate
BOP’s and hydraulic valves during drilling and in case of a blowout. The BOP control system must
provide a minimum pre-determined pressurized volume to operate all BOP function in emergencie s
and must provide reasonable accumulator recharge time.
Figure 0.4.3 BOP Control System
21
The choke manifold is a set of valves and high-pressure rated lines that prevents further i nfl ux and
allows hazardous fluids to be disposed of safely. The mud gas separator is used during we l l control
events (kicks or blowouts) to remove excess gas in the dri lling fluid used to regain primary well
control. The mud from the choke manifold enters the mud gas separator and the excess gas is
extracted and either stored or flared off.
Power System
Electric Power is typicallay used to actuate the mud pump, hoist the drill string and to run critical
machinery on the rig. Electric power is typically delivered by a electrical power generators driven by
diesel powered internal combustion engines (prime movers). Electricity is then supplie d to e l e ctric
motors connected on the drawworks, rotary table and is then used to power the mud pumps for the
circuatory system. The rig may have, depending on its size and capacity, up to 4 prime movers,
delivering more than 3000 horsepower.
Older rigs as shown in the schematic below used steam power and mechanical transmission systems
but modern drilling rigs use electric transmission since it enables the driller to apply power more
smoothly, thereby avoiding shock and vibration. The drawworks and the mud pumps are the major
users of power on the rig, although they are not generally working at the same time.
In older mechanical rigs, power is developed by diesel engines and is connected directly to the l oad
(draw-works for hoisting system, mud pumps for circulating system etc.) Power for the lighting
system and smaller loads (shale shakers, agitators) are provided by a dedicated electric generator.
Figure 0.4.4 Schematic for mechanical driven Rigs
22
The electrical rigs typically use a diesel engine and a power generator (AC for AC drive syste ms, DC
for DC drive systems). It also consists of important controls like the electric current control panel and
the driller’s console. A schematic for the more modern electric rigs is shown below.
Rig Safety Systems

It is important to note that every Drilling rig features various integrated de vices and specialized
systems that maintain and ensure Rig safety. This is critical in operations as failure to re gai n safe ty
after hazardous events can lead to loss of life and severe damages to the environment. We have
already discussed some components of the safety system, for example the well control system for
regaining primary well control after a kick or blowout. Other safety systems are more specialized for
example the hazardous gas and fire alarm systems.
Figure 0.4.5 Schematic for Electric power rig systems
23
2.5 WELL DESIGN

To access oil and gas reserves, a wellbore must be drilled using a drilling rig. The wellbore’s
trajectory in 3-dimensional space, the kind of drill bit used to excavate the rock formation, the fluids
to ensure that the wellbore is cleaned, the tubular casing that ensures that the well does not cave i n
on itself alongside the drill string used in drilling and the completions that will be used to access and
produce the reservoir are all taken into consideration.
It is important to note however that a wellbore is designed using a bottom-up approach. The
reservoir properties including pore pressure, fracture gradient and required completions for the
smallest hole section are first considered and then the well is engineered upwards.
It is also important to know that they are broadly three types of wells drilled;
i. exploratory wells to determine if oil and gas is present at a given location in a

formation/reservoir rock.
ii. appraisal wells to confirm and estimate the extent of predicted reserves in a known
reservoir.
iii. development wells to access known and proven (confirmed) reserves.
Required data for well design are provided in a Well data sheet put together by Reservoir engineers,
Petrophysicist and Geologists are listed below:
i. Surface and Target co-ordinates

ii. Pore pressure and fracture gradient data
iii. Shallow gas hazards and their predicted depths
iv. Formation lithology
v. Required or Suggested completions type
Trajectory Design
24
The wellbore’s trajectory i.e. its path (inclination and azimuth) must be properly designed to e nsure
for proper cuttings removal, avoidance of difficult formations (e.g. salt domes) and also consider the
wellbore completions- if the well is to be produced with a horizontal hole section, vertical or
deviated.
Figure 2.5.1 Well Trajectory (Courtesy: Addax Petroleum)
Deviated wells (wells with inclination between 10 – 90 degrees) are utilized in place of vertical we lls
(inclination between 0 – 10 degrees) for a number of reasons including:
i. Salt dome exploration

ii. Avoidance of shallow gas hazards
iii. Avoidance of loss circulation zones e.g. sloughing shale, faults
iv. Relief well drilling
v. Ability to drill multiple wells from single location
25
vi. Ability to avoid aquifer rock zones and drill beneath residential areas.
Figure 2.5.2 Examples of well trajectory
Drill Bit Selection

Drill bits are cutting tools used to excavate material via mechanical cutting action (impact or
shearing). Drill bits can be Fixed cutter bits or Roller cone bits.
Types of fixed cutter bits include:
i. Polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bits

ii. Thermally stable PDC bits
iii. Diamond bits
26
Fig. 2.5.3 Types of Bits
Types of roller cone bits include:
i. Mill-tooth bits
ii. Tungsten carbide insert (TCI) bits
Factors influencing drill bit selection include:
i. Formation Strength : Roller cone bits are majorly used in softer formations (surface hol e
sections) as they cut rock via impact. Tungsten carbide insert bits can also be used for
medium strength formations (8000 – 16000Psi Compressive strength).
Fixed cutter bits are used for high and very high strength formations with compressive
strengths up to 32,000Psi.
Figure 2.5.4 PDC

27 Bit (Courtesy: Addax
Petroleum)
i. Cost Per Foot: Generally speaking, fixed cutter bits are more expensive than roller cone
bits. A typical diamond bit can cost an excess of $50,000. Hence proper analysis must be
done using offset data (nearby wells drilled in similar formations) to determine if a give n bi t
is cost effective in a particular formation.
ii. Lithology: Weaker formations like sandstone can be drilled using Mill tooth bi ts, howe ve r
more compact formations like shale may be drilled more effectively using Fixe d cutte r bi ts
by shear cutting action (scraping instead of gouging).
i. Length of section to be drilled : Every bit is rated to perform at maximum a fixed numbe r
of effective revolutions (depending on the type and quality of bits) known as K revs . This must
be taken into consideration alongside data on expected rate of penetration.
ii. Mud properties: The drilling fluid (mud) must also be taken into consideration for factors
like corrosion, lubricity.
iii. Available bit design
iv. Offset data and well objectives
2.6 DRILLING FLUIDS DESIGN

A drilling fluid is any fluid that is pumped from the surface, down the Drillstring, through the bi t and
back up to surface via the annulus (space between wellbore and drillstring). Drilling fl uids pe rform
multiple function but are primarily used to provide hydrostatic pressure that will overbalance
formation pressure due to the hydrocarbons in the rock’s pore spaces.
The overbalance prevents sudden and uncontrollable influx of formation fluids (kicks and bl owouts
respectively). Other important but secondary functions of drilling fluids include:
i. Cleaning the bottom hole during drilling by effectively transporting cuttings out of hole
ii. Transmission of hydraulic horsepower
iii. Data transmission via pulse telemetry
iv. Wellbore stability and borehole wall support
v. Reducing friction and lubricating the bit
vi. Protection against corrosion of Drillstring
28
Fig 2.6.1 Drilling Fluid Systems
To achieve these functions carried out by the fluids rheological properties various additive are use d.
The most common additives in water-based and oil-based mud include:
i. Weighting Material e.g. barite, iron oxides, calcium carbonate etc.

ii. Viscosifiers e.g. Bentonite, Polyanionic cellulose (PAC), Xanthan Gem, synthetic polymers
etc.
iii. Filtration control materials e.g. PAC, Bentonite, starches etc.
iv. Alkalinity and pH control additives e.g. Caustic soda, Potassium hydroxide etc.
v. Lost Circulation control additives
vi. Lubricating materials e.g. mineral oils and surfactants, glass beads, polymers, etc.
2.7 HYDRAULICS DESIGN

Hydraulic power is required to overcome the frictional resistance to flow posed to the drilling fluid in
the circulating system. To ensure proper circulation and hole cleaning, proper hydraulic design must
be carried out. It is important to note that hydraulic horse power is suitable for hole cleaning in
softer sand-prone formations (e.g. in Niger Delta) while Jet Impact force is more suitable in more
compact formations.
29
In hydraulics design, we must rate our mud pumps in such a way that it has the capacity to
overcome circulating pressure loses and provides enough power for required flow rate. The vari ous
pressure losses P1 to P5 are calculated from the sections as shown in Figure 3.8 below.
Figure 2.7.1 Circulating system showing pressure losses (Source: Rabia, 2004)
For proper design, 60% of mud pump pressure should be transmitted to the bottom hole. Various
rheological models are used for hydraulic modelling. These include:
i. Power law (used for modelling Inhibited sea water)

ii. Bingham Plastic (used majorly for modelling Water-based mud)
iii. Hershey Buckley
iv. Modified Bingham Plastic
v. Carrey’s model
vi. Sisiko’s model
vii. Robertson Stiff Model
30
2.8 CASING DESIGN

Choosing the correct size, type, and amount of casing for well construction is of utmo st importance .
Casing must be of
sufficient
strength and
must allow target
formations to
be reached and
produced.
2.8.1 Casing Point Selection Using Pore Pressure and Fracture

Gradient
Types of casing include:
i. Conductor casing, used to protect initial weak formation (20” in Figure 3.9)
ii. Surface casing, used to protect surface aquifer rocks (13-3/8” in Figure 3.9)
31
iii. Intermediate or technical casing (13-3/8” in Figure 3.9 also serves this purpose)
iv. Production casing, used in contact with target reservoir section (9-5/8” in Figure 3.9)
32
Figure 2.8.2 Well schematic showing different
casing (Courtesy: Intern)
Figure 2.8.3. shows Addax Petroleum’s casing design procedure which begins with determination
of optimum casing size for each hole section.
Depending on the operating environments then, the metallurgical grade and special tre atme nts to
be carried out are highlighted. Then very importantly, the design burst, collapse and tension rati ngs
are calculated and the casing grade, weight and connection is selected based on these. Shown below
are representations of casings failures.
Figure 2.8.4 Burst Casing Figure 2.8.5 Collapsed Casing
CHAPTER 3
33
FIELD EXPERIENCE
This chapter deals with the account of the work done during my field experience. The field
experience was undertaken at Izombe Flow Station.
3.1 HISTORY OF IZOMBE FLOW STATION
OML 124, Addax Petroleum’s onshore lease in Nigeria, is located at Izombe in Imo State near Owe rri.
Izombe Flow station (also known as IFS) was commissioned on 6 th June, 1975 (as shown in Fig 3.10).
Fig 3.1.2 Entrance of IFS
Fig 3.1.1 Commission of Izombe Flow Station

on 6th June, 1975.
34
3.2 OML-124
OML 124 currently operates at a daily production rate of about 3,000 BOPD. Production from a thi rd
field, the Njaba field commenced in August, 2018, with a projected peak production rate of about
6,000 BOPD. OML-124 houses the IFS (Izombe Flow Station) which is in Imo state, South-Eastern
Nigeria. It is approximately 100miles Northwest of Port Harcourt and 100miles Northeast of Warri.
It is a complete self-sufficient facility containing oil and gas processing systems, safety systems,
office buildings, crew quarters, required utilitie s, kitchen, mess hall and recreational facilities.
Adjacent to Izombe field is Seplat-operated OML 53, the Jisike field. The IFS (as shown in Fig 3.11)
was originally designed to receive about 37,000bpd of well fluids from Izombe, Ossu and Jisike fields.
The main process area is operated by Addax staff while the Seplat section of the flow station is
operated by Seplat staff. The IFS is self-sufficient requiring only the receipt of diesel fuel , gasoli ne ,
provisions and mechanical parts from external sources. The well fluids are separated into their 3
components: oil, gas and water; and each stream is processed for final dispatching i.e. oil for export;
gas for compression to be used as fuel, lift gas and reinjection gas; and produced water for di sposal
via injection to the available injector wells.
Addax compresses majority of her produced gas using Exterran Compressors, however, Seplat’s
produced gas is flared. The produced oil is pumped via a 10-inch pipeline to the Ebocha Metering
Station from where it is subsequently transferred to Brass terminal for export. Apart from Seplat, the
IFS houses Exterran (a company that handles gas compression, gas lift and gas injection for the fl ow
station). The compressed gas is used as fuel/instrument gas for the IFS and to gas-lift Ossu/Izombe
Gas Lift wells. Some of the compressed gas is also re-injected into some gas injector wells for storage
and to maintain reservoir pressure. The Ebocha Metering Station is approximately 15mi l es we st of
the IFS from Rivers State.
3.3 WELL INTERVENTION OPERATION AT IFS
Once a well has been completed and has produced for some time, it must be monitored, maintained
and, in many cases, mechanically altered in response to changing conditions. Well workovers, or
interventions, are performed by inserting tools in wellbores to conduct maintenance or remedial
actions. This discipline covers various technologies that range in complexity from running basic
slickline-conveyed rate or pressure control equipment to replacing completion equipment.
2
Although, both terms are usually used interchangeably, there are differences betwe en the m. We ll
interventions are rig-less operations while workover operations are rig based. Well interventions can
be non-invasive; when only a pump is required to carry out the operation. However, the ope rati on
becomes an invasive one when wireline or coiled tubing is employed to enter the well.
Workover implies the removal and replacement of the production tubing string after the well has
been placed on location. Through-tubing workover operations, using coiled-tubing, snubbing or
slickline equipment, are routinely conducted to complete treatments or well service acti viti es that
avoid a full workover where the tubing is removed. Generally, well interventions/workover are
operations carried out to alter, manage or diagnose well performance to maintain optimum
operational conditions.
My field experience was primarily gained at Izombe 12 (well head) where a well intervention
operation was carried out. The job was to improve the de liverability and productivity of the well.
Addax’s old wells were not completed with gravel packs and as a result, produce a lot of sand al ong
with the hydrocarbon fluid at the surface equipment. This sand often caused pitting of the
production tubing and also, wax deposits were formed on the tubing walls thereby clogging the
tubing and christmas tree valves during production. The waxes needed to be removed.
There were three contractors on the rig:
 Oil Quest (Wireline Services)

 Cameron (Christmas Tree)
 Weafri (Dewaxing and Pressure Pumping)
Oil Quest ran a slickline through the opening on the swab valve to know the depth of the wax
formed. The slickline comes to a stop at the depth where the wax starts to form in the tubing.
Samples of the wax were taken and brought to the surface for analysis. A laboratory analysis was
carried out to determine which chemical would be best to dissolve and remove the wax in the
production tubing.
After the analysis, it was concluded that a solution of surfactant and xylene was best to remove the
wax due to its properties as observed in the laboratory.
3
Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension (or interfacial tension) between two
liquids, between a gas and a liquid, or between a liquid and a solid. Xylene is a highly flammable,
colourless liquid with a sweet smell. It can be used as a solvent.
Weafri pumped the surfactant down the well bore using their standby machine. We had to wai t 24
hours for the wax to be completely dissolved. The following day, the worn out christmas tree was to
be removed by Cameron.
Fig. 3.4.2 Lubricator for installing

Fig. 3.4.1 Cross-Over for Xmas tree
and removing BPV
change out
Some necessary steps were taken by the Cameron team before the Christmas tree was removed
from the wellhead. First, two downhole plus were installed at different depths i n the we l l bore to
plug the well. That is, to prevent fluid from migrating to the surface. Also, a Back Pressure Valve
(BPV) was installed just below the base of the christmas tree to stop back pressure flow. The BPV
was installed using a tool known as a lubricator. The lubri cator was held above the christmas tree
using a sling attached to a crane. The distance from the top of the swab valve to where the BPV was
set was about 6 feet as read from the gauge on the lubricator. The lubricator is a hydraulically
controlled tool.
To remove the christmas tree, a tool known as a crossover was used. It consisted of a threaded body
which can fit into the opening at the top of the christmas tree. The crossover was employed in
4
replacing the old christmas tree with a new one. The operation was quite demanding physically and
mentally, but the job was expertly done by the personnel.
Removing the downhole plus so that the well can be produced again was the next phase of the
operation. The Cameron team handled the lubricator, which was used to remove the BPV. When this
was done, some residual gases kept back by the BPV were bled off. To remove the downhole pl ugs,
Weafri had to pump pressure into the well bore to equalize the pressure coming the formation. The
shut-in pressure was (1600psi), so a pressure of 1500psi was pumped to maintain pressure.
Simultaneously, a slickline was run into the well by Oil Quest. The slickline was a thin diameter highly
tensioned wire run down-hole to retrieve the two plugs. There is a weight indicator attached t o the
slickline wheel which helps to measure the pressure as the slickline is run -in-hole. The weight
indicator is connected to the Martin-Decker Gauge kept in the truck. It is connected to the indi cator
by a wire.
The slickline retrieved the two plugs. The christmas tree valves were closed and the flowlines
reattached to the tree.
Concerning safety issues, there was one stop card incident on site. During the removal of the BPV,
residual oil that was held back under pressure gushed out and splashed into the eyes of two
personnel. The oil was washed off using water. It was noted that this could have been avoided if eye
goggles had been worn.
Fig. 3.4.3 Back Pressure Valve
5
Chapter 4
PROJECTS/ACCOMPLISHMENTS
4.1 DRILLING & COMPLETIONS
During the period of attachment considerable time was spent gaining knowledge from the Dri l l i ng
Engineers and Completions Engineers. Major practical input was in the aspect of well sche mati cs. I
helped to draw the well schematics for some of the wells in the upcoming offshore project.
6
Fig. 4.1.1 Well Schematics using Excel

Spreadsheet
Fig. 4.1.2. Well Schematics of a Pilot Well with a

Side-track drawn for the Adanga Development
Project by Leo Iseguan
7
Contract Documentation
I created a number of documents used in contracting, for the completions engineer, which incl uded
schedule of rates, commercial evaluation templates, completions questionnaires, and technical
evaluation templates.
Inventory Management
I created excel documents containing the drilling equipment present in various warehouses and the n
included the prices of each of the equipment from the information gotten from the schedule of rates
in each of the contracts made by Addax with contractors supplying the equipment. It involved me
working with the addax drilling contractor, to get schedule of rates and contracts usually with
addenda, for the sake of costing, and with the drilling accountant as I had to compare costs from
contracts with previously gotten costs (if any).
Lessons Learnt Database

I updated to an extent, the lessons learnt database which shows details of challenges faced by drilling
engineers while drilling various Addax wells and the actions taken to counter these challe nges. These
records help to give ideas of proper steps to be taken in some situations and actions that ought not
to be taken at all.
8
Fig. 4.1.3. Drilling Lessons Learnt Database
4.2 ACCOMPLISHMENT
I enrolled in a Well Control Awareness course named the International Well Control Forum level 1
training.
The International Well Control Forum (IWCF) is the only independent body focused on oil and gas
well control training and accreditation. IWCF launched the Level -1 well control awareness course
following recommendations in Report 476 from the International Association of Oil and Gas
Producers (IOGP) after the Macondo tragedy. Level -1 supports IWCFs drive to increase the
understanding of how well control incidents can occur, their consequences and prevention
methods. Level-1 contains 7 modules including:
9
i. Overview of Oil and Gas

ii. Life Cycle of a Well
iii. Drilling Rigs
iv. Well Control During Drilling Operations
v. Well Intervention and Workover
vi. Pressure Control During Well Intervention
vii. Conclusion
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATIONS
5.1 CONCLUSION
My internship with Addax Petroleum Development Nigeria has been an eye opener into the
upstream sector and the administrative operations of the Oil and Gas Industry. I learnt interpersonal
skills and work ethics of a corporate organisation. It was also an exposure to the practical drilling
aspect of petroleum engineering, where I have been familiarised with the various operations
involved in drilling and completing a well.
With this, the Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) indeed bridges the gap betwee n
the classroom and the industry and a firm foundation for my career has been built.
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
The main objective of the SIWES programme is to give students a practical knowledge of theoreti cal
courses they offer in school. The following recommendations are made to conclude thi s report.
i. The school should try and partake in the task of securing placements for students for the
SIWES programme to ensure prompt training and compliance with the school calendar
required for the training.
ii. Coordinators of SIWES should organize Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) training
sessions and draw up a form of insurance policy for students, so as to orient them and
encourage the companies with which they are attached give them practical and field
experience.
10
iii. Private and public establishments should be mandated by the government on the
importance of the SIWES scheme so as to reduce cases of refusal of intending IT students by
companies.
iv. The University needs to improve industry relationships to keep students abreast with
happenings in the industry, conferences e.t.c and to ensure the industry is aware of
the untapped raw talent in the universities for easy acceptance.
v. Laboratory works in tertiary institutions should be targeted at solving industrial problems.
REFERENCES
i. API (1998) API Standard 2000, Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks (Non-
refrigerated and Refrigerated), fifth edition. Washington, DC: API.
ii. Baker, R. (1998) A Primer of Offshore Operations. pp 4-8. Austin: Petroleum Extension
Service.
iii. Baker, R. (2001) A Primer of Oilwell Drilling. pp 19-30. Austin: Petroleum Extension Service.
iv. CIC Inc. (2015) Storage tank venting for conservation, safety and environmental protection.
Retrieved 09/08/2016 from: http://www.cicpro.com/products/tank-vents-flame-arrestors/
v. Drilling Formulas (2016) What are differences between Mast and Derrick? Accessed
11/04/2016 from http://www.drillingformulas.com/what-are-differences-between-mast-
and-derrick/
vi. ENI Corporate University (2005) Drilling Rigs. ENI: Milan.
vii. Hussain Rabia (2004). Well Engineering & Construction. Aramco: Riyadh.
viii. Rigzone. How Do Semisubmersibles Work? Accessed 10/04/2016 from

http://www.rigzone.com/training/insight.asp?insight_id=338#sthash.H9ZRsLC8.dpuf
ix. Oil and Gas Drilling Engineering (2015) Drilling Rig Hoisting System. Accessed 11/04/2016
from http://www.oilngasdrilling.com/drilling-rig-hoisting-system.html
11

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TECHNICAL REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE I

SCHEME (SIWES) TRAINING PROGRAMME

STUDENTS’ INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

(MAY 2018 – NOVEMBER 2018)

ADDAX PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT (NIGERIA) LIMITED

My immense gratitude goes to the management of Addax Petroleum Development Ni geri a

CERTIFICATION ................................ ................................ .......................... II

DEDICATION ................................ ................................ .............................III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................ ................................ ..................IV

ABSTRACT................................ ................................ ................................ .V

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................ ................................ ...................VI

LIST OF FIGURES................................ ................................ ........................ VII

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................ ................................ ........1

1.1 ABOUT SIWES ………………………………………………………………………………………….1

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES ..................................................................................... 1

1.3 ABOUT ADDAX PETROLEUM CORPORATION (CORPORATE DETAILS) ................... 2

1.4 LOG BOOK ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1.5 ABOUT DRILLING DEPARTMENT........................................................................ 5

CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE GAINED FROM THE DEPARTMENT ........8

2.2 TYPES OF DRILLING RIGS ................................................................................. 8

2.3 DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS ................................................................................. 17

2.4 WELL CONTROL SYSTEM ................................................................................ 18

2.5 WELL DESIGN ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2.6 DRILLING FLUID DESIGN ………………………………………………………………………………………

CHAPTER THREE: PROGECTS AND ACCOMPLISHMENT................................ ............. 49

3.1 PROJECTS & ACCOMPLISHMENT ………………………………………………………………….…49

CHAPTER FOUR: EXPERIENCE GAINED ................................ ............................... 52

4.1 DRILLING AND COMPLETIONS DEPARTMENT ………………………………………52

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS …………………………………….

5.1 CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………………………………………53

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ……………………………………………………………………………..53

Figure 2.2.2 Inland/Swamp Barge Rig

Figure 2.2.3 Jack-Up with Truss Legs ....................................................................................................2

Figure 0.3.12 Decanting centrifuge scheme) ……………………………………………………………………………………19

Figure 0.3.13 Degasser ………………………………………………………………………………..19

Figure 2.4.1 Annular BOP .................................................................................................................. 21

Figure 2.4.2 Ram type preventer ....................................................................................................... 21

Figure 2.5.1 Well Trajectory (Courtesy: Addax Petroleum) ………………………………………………………………26

Figure 2.5.2 Examples of well trajectory ……………………………………………………………………………………... 27

Fig. 2.5.3 Types of Bits …………………………………………………………………………………………………………............28

Figure 2.5.4 PDC Bit (Courtesy: Addax Petroleum) ………………………………………………………………………….29

Fig 2.6.1 Drilling Fluid Systems

Figure 2.8.2 Well chematic showing different casing (Courtesy: Intern)................................................ 33

Figure 2.8.4 Burst Casing................................................................................................................... 34

Fig 3.1.2 Entrance of IFS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………35

Fig. 3.4.3 Back Pressure Valve

Fig. 4.1.1 Well Schematics using Excel38……………………………………………………………………………

1.1 BRIEF BACKGROUND OF SIWES

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

Objectives of SIWES include the following:

1.3 LOG BOOK

1.4 BACKGROUND OF THE ORGANIZATION

Figure 0.1: Map showing APD(N)L assets (Source:

1.5 DRILLING DEPARTMENT

Safety Equipment and Precautions

Safety is accident prevention and proactive management of identified hazards by mitigation or

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

i. Goggles for eye protection during machining.

Figure 0.5.2 Student on Correct PPE for a particular job

HSE Principles and Regulations at Addax Petroleum

Figure 0.5.4 Addax 12 Life Saving Rules

2.1 THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE GAINED FROM THE DEPARTMENT

Drilling Rigs and Rig Systems