HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF HELICOPTER

PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK PENERBANGAN & TEKNIK AERONAUTIKA

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI KEDIRGANTARAAN
UNIVERSITAS DIRGANTARA MARSEKAL SURYADARMA Created by: Tri Susilo, ST, MT
Introduction

Between the mid 1700's until the early 1900's, quite a large number of
designs and proposals were put forward for helicopters. The majority of
these designs and proposals, some of which were very grandiose,
never progressed beyond the initial concept. Additionally, because of
the lack of an engine with a suitable power to weight ratio, all
helicopters built up till 1907 were essentially toys, or large models which
were not capable of lifting more than their own weight.

Power was derived from a number of sources such as electric motors,

clock-springs and elastic bands. In some cases, the rotors were turned
by 'steam-jets' at the end of each rotor blade. The first successful
steam-driven model was built by an Englishman named Phillips in 1842;
the model managed an uncontrolled flight across two fields.

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Introduction

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Era – 1400

The earliest attempts at helicopter design can

be traced back to the days of Leonardo da
Vinci in 1486, although some people attribute
it to the Chinese Flying Top designed by Ko
Hung around 320 AD.

Davinci's notes and drawings of the 'Helical

Screw' appear on the right. He had the idea
that a large helical screw would literally pull his
flying machine into the air as it turned.
Although we now know that his design would
not work, except perhaps under water (hardly
the right place for a flying machine), his
perception that vertical flight was a possibility
was, as always, very correct and way ahead of
his time.

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Era – 1700

A drawing from 1809 by Sir George Cayley,

sometimes referred to as "The Father of British
Aeronautics". The design is based on an original
concept drawn up by Launoy and Bienvenu in
France in 1784.

Launoy and Bienvenu based their idea on the

Chinese Flying Top, using four feathers for each
rotor at either end of a short stick. The device was
rotated by means of a bow string. Several
'designers' tried variations on this theme, but the
machines did not progress beyond the toy stage.

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Era – 1800

Steam-Propelled Helicopter

Viscomte Gustave de Ponton

d'Amecourt (France, 1863) built
a small steam-driven model.

Paul Cornu (1907)

First man to fly in helicopter mode.

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Era – 1900

Between 1909 - 1910, Igor Sikorsky

built two machines, one of which was
powered by a 24 hp Anzani engine.

Marquis de Pescara, an Argentinian

working in Paris. He designed and
built a helicopter with two contra-
rotating bi-plane rotors which were
powered by a 170 hp La Rhone
engine.

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Era – 1930

In 1928, using one of his C-30 Autogiro's,

Cierva became the first rotary-wing pilot to
cross the English Channel.

A German aeronautical engineer

named Anton Flettner became
interested in helicopter design. The
first models were powered by a 160
horsepower, Siemens Halske SH 14A,
radial engine. The B-model had a top
speed of 93 mph and a service ceiling
of 10,800 feet.

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Era – 1940

The picture on the below shows Igor Sikorsky at the controls of the first
successful prototype VS-300 in 1940. The VS-300 was powered by a 75hp
Lycoming engine and had two tail-rotors; one for anti-torque and directional
control, the other to aid horizontal stability. Later versions of the VS-300 were
powered by a 90 hp Franklin engine and the second tail-rotor was dispensed with.

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Era – 1944

The Sikorsky R-4, pictured right, as used in the earliest recorded helicopter
rescue which took place in Burma in 1944. The R-4 was derived directly from
the VS-300 and was powered by a 180 hp Warner Scarab engine. It had a
maximum gross weight of 2,503 lb (1130 kg) carrying a payload of one
passenger at a maximum speed of 82 mph.
The R-4 was the first helicopter to be manufactured in substantial numbers. It
had side-by-side seating for two pilots and was and was extensively used as for
pilot training.

Igor Sikorsky concept

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Era – 1945

It was not until 1943 that the name

of Lawrence Bell appeared in the
history books with his first successful
helicopter. The stabilizer bar,
exclusively employed on Bell
helicopters was designed by Arthur
Young who had initially worked on
electrically driven model helicopters.

Although the Bell Aircraft Corporation was formed in 1935, it was not until 1943
that the first Bell Helicopter, the Model 30, was successfully flown. Several
modified versions of the Model 30 were built, including Ship 3 which sported
the open latticework tail boom more familiarly connected with the arrival of the
Model 47 in 1945.

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Era – 1960

Sikorsky - S61R
1959

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Era – 1965

CH47 - Chinook
1961

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Era – 1967

Bell - 206
1962

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Era – 1970

Bolkow - 105
1967

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Era – 2005

Mi - 35
1969

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Era – 1972

Bell - 214
1970

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Era – 1976

Agusta – A109K
1971

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Era – 1982

Kamov K-32T
1973

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Era – 1980

AS 365N - Daupin
1975

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Era – 1986

AH64 - Apache
1975

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Era – 1980

Sikorsky - S76
1977

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Era – 1980

AS 332 - Super Puma

1978

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Era – 2000

Agusta – AW101
1987

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Era – 1995

Bell - 430
1994

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Era – 1995

EC - 135
1994

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Era – 1998

EC 120 - Colibri
1995

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Era – 2003

Agusta – 609 (Tilt Rotor)

2003

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Era – 2009

Bell - 429
2007

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Era – 2000

RTXSQAV
2008

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Era – 2010

Sikorsky X-2
2008

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Daftar Pustaka

1) FAA, “Helicopter Flying Hanbook”, U.S. Department of Transportation, USA,

2012.

2) FAA, “Helicopter Instructors Hanbook”, U.S. Department of Transportation,

USA, 2012.

3) J. Seddon, “Basic Helicopter Aerodynamics”, BSP Professional Books, Oxford,

1990.

4) Prouty, R.W. “Helicopter Performance Stability and Control”, PSW Engineering,

Boston, 1986.

5) Donald M. Layton, “Helicopter Performance”, Matrix Publishers. Inc.,

Beaverton, Oregon, 1984.

6) Jacob Shapiro, “Principles of Helicopter Engineering”, McGraw-Hill Book

Co.Inc, New York, USA, 1956.

7) http ; www.helicopter.com.

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