TASK 3

Introduction

All the equipment must be design at suitable operating condition to avoid any incidents that
can happen such as explosion, leaking when overpressure or corrosion and equipment can
burst in flames. Selection of construction material is important in estimating the cost for
plant building, heat resistance and corrosion resistance and shelf-life. It is also necessary to
have suitable thickness of the equipment in order to bear with high temperature and high
melting point. Autodesk autoCAD is one of the software that can be used to draw the
equipment design. The sizing dimensions such as radius, length, diameter and shape can be
easily illustrated using this software. There are four types of equipment designs which are
mass transfer design, heat transfer design, reactor design and auxiliary design.

3.1 Mass Transfer Equipment Design

There are four type of mass transfer equipment used which are, mixer, absorption column,
stripping tower and quench tower.

3.1.1 Absorption Column

Material Balance:

Gm(y1 – y2) = Lm(x1 – x2)

1
Flow rate of gas entering, Gm= 2215.88 kmol/hr
Flow rate of solvent entering, Lm=1945 kmol/hr
Mole fraction of butadiene + 1-butene in entering gas streams, Y1= 0.0995
Mole fraction of butadiene + 1-butene in leaving gas streams, Y2= 0.0001
Mole fraction of butadiene + 1-butene in entering solvent stream, X1= 0 (pure oil)
Mole fraction of butadiene + 1-butene in leaving solvent stream, X2= 0.6961

as
Gm (y1 – y2) = Lm(x1 – x2)

y1 – y2 = ( )( x1 – x2) y = mX + 0

From Figure 3.1.1, NOG can be determined using and mGm/Lm. Where ‘m‘is slope of

equilibrium line.

Colburn (1939) suggested that the economic range for mGm/Lm lies from 0.7 to 0.8.
Taking an approximate value for this system (Sinnott, 1993)
m = 0.65
Gm/Lm = 2215.88/1945 = 1.1
mGm/Lm = 0.72

From the graph,

Area Under the curve= NOG=20

2
Figure 3.1: Number of transfer unit NOG as a function of y1/y2 with mGm/Lm as parameter

3
Calculation of Diameter of Column:

Flow rate of entering gases, G =43890 kg/hr

Flow rate of entering solvent, L= 350000 kg/hr
Temperature of entering gas, Tg =38 oC =311K
Temperature of entering Solvent, TL=38 oC =311K
Pressure of entering gases, P= 2 atm

Average molecular weight of entering gases=

Density of gas mixture, ρg = PM /RTg

= (2×19.8) /(0.08205×311)
=1.59 kg/m3

API of liquid solvent (oil) is approximated to be 20 since heavy hydrocarbons are used.

Hence, using

Specific gravity = 0.9336

Density of liquid solvent, ρL= 933.6 kg/m3
Viscosity of liquid solvent, µL =1.4 Cp (From Appendix-9 (L.McCabe et al., 1993))
Viscosity of Gaseous mixture, µg = 0.103 Cp

Abscissa of Figure 3.1.2

√ =0√ .33

For pressure drop 42 mm of H2O/m of packing

From Figure 3.1.2 (Sinnott, 1993), K4 = 1.5
Also from Table 3.1.1 (Sinnott, 1993)
Packing factor for 3.5-inch pall rings metals, Fp= 52

4
Figure 3.2: Generalised pressure drop correlation, adapted from a figure by the Norton Co.
with permission (Sinnott, 1993)

5
 Table 3.1: Design data for various packing (Sinnott, 1993)

From Coulson & Richardson volume-6 (Sinnott, 1993)

G* = [k4× ρg × (ρL-ρg) / 13.1×Fp× (µL /ρL) 0.1] ½

G*= [1.5×1.59× (933.6-1.59) /13.1×52× (1.4×10-3 /933.6)0.1]1/2

G*=9.53 kg/m2-sec.

Flow rate of gas entering =G =43890 /3600

=12.19 Kg/sec.
As
Area =A= G / G* =1.23 m2
Diameter of column=D= 4[A] ½
[3.14] ½
So Diameter of column= 2.5 m

6
Calculation of Height of Transfer Units:

From Coulson & Richardson volume-6

Equation for calculation of effective interfacial area is given as.

aw   
0.75
 Lw 
0.1
 Lw 2 a 
0.05
 Lw 2 
0.2

 1  exp  1.45 c        
  2g    a
a 
 l   a L   L   L L  


Where
aw = effective interfacial area of packing per unit volume m2/m3
Lw = liquid mass velocity kg/m2s
a = actual area of packing per unit volume m2/m3
σc = critical surface tension for particular packing material
σL = liquid surface tension N/m
a = 92 m2/m3
Lw = 1.85 kg/m2s
σc = 61 x 10-3 N/m
σL = 70 x 10-3 N/m
µL=1.4 CP
ρL =933.6 kg /m3

aw  0.75
 61   10.66   10.66  92 
0.1 2 0.05
 10.66 2  
0.2

 1  exp  1.45   3  
   3
 
 70   92 1.4 10   933.6  9.8   933.6  70  10  92  
2
92 

aw = 50.7 m2/m3

Calculation of Liquid Film Mass Transfer Coefficient:

1 2 1

  3  L  3  L 
ad 
2
K L  L   0.0051 w    0.4

 L g   aw  L    L DL
p


KL = liquid film coefficient m/s

dp = packing size = 76 x 10-3 m (from Table 3.1.1)
DL = diffusivity of oil = 1.7 x 10-9 m2/sec (Sinnott, 1993)

7
 Then, by substituting the values,
KL = 8.05 x 10-5 m/s

Calculation of Gas Film Mass Transfer Coefficient:

1
0.7
V   g 3
 ad p 2
K G RT g
 K5  w  
aDg  a   D 
 g   g g 

Where KG = Gas film coefficient, kmol/m2s.bar

VW= Gas mass velocity = 43890/ (3600x1.23)=9.92 kg m2/sec
K5= 5.23 (For packing size above 15mm,(Sinnott, 1993))
Dg =Diffusivity of gas = 1.81 x 10-5 m2/sec (L.McCabe et al., 1993)

Then, by substituting the values,

KG =1.46 x 10-3 kmol/m2s.bar
Now, G
H  m
G K a P
G w
Where,
HG = Gas-film transfer unit height
Gm = Vw/MW = 9.92/ 19.8
= 0.50 kmol/m2.sec
Then,
HG = 0.50/ (1.07 x 10-2 × 53.5 ×2.5)
= 0.35 m

L
H  m
L K a C
L w t
And
HL= Liquid-film transfer unit height
Lm= 1946/ (3600x1.23) = 0.44 kmol/m2.sec
Concentration of oil, Ct = 72 kmol/m3

8
Then,
HL = 0.44/ (6.94 × 10-4 × 53.5 ×30)
= 0.40 m

Calculation of Height of Transfer Units:

As,
mGm
H oG  H G   HL
Lm

HG = 0.35 m
HL = 0.40 m
So,
Height of transfer units=HOG = 0.35 + (0.72 × 0.40)

HOG = 0.64 m (From (Sinnott, 1993), range is 0.6 to 1m,

topic 11.14.3)

Calculation of Height of Tower:

Total height of packing =Z= NOG × HOG

Z = 20 × 0.64 = 12.8 m
Allowances for liquid distribution = 1m
Allowances for liquid Re-distribution =1m
Total height of tower = 12.8 + 1 + 1
Zt = 14.8 m
Total height of tower = 14.8 m

Confirmation
According to(ICARUS Refernce, 1998), towers are, however, normally much taller than
vertical process vessels. Typically the length to diameter ratio of a tower ranges from 3:1 to
20:1. Towers typically range in diameter from 3 to 20 ft and in height from 20 to 150 ft.

9
From previous calculation,

Length, L = 15m and Diameter, D = 2.5m

Ratio,
L/D = 15/2.5 = 6 = 6:1

Therefore, this design for the tower is accepted as it falls in the typical range as it is proven it
is feasible and applicable for a chemical plant.

Calculation of number of streams for liquid distribution at top of the packing:

Number of liquid distribution streams at the top of the packing

Ns= (D/6)2

D = Diameter of the absorption column in inches = 2.5m x = 98 in

Putting values in above equations, we get, Ns = 267

Mechanical Engineering Design

Design Pressure
The operating pressure of the column is 1 atm. Design pressure is taken as 10% above and
therefore,

Design pressure, P1 =1.1 x 1 atm

= 1.1 atm x x

=0.11

10
Design temperature
For the column operates at temperature of 38 ºC. For design temperature, 10 ºC is added to
maximum operating temperature.
ºC

Material of Construction
Similar with reactor, Stainless steel 304L is chosen due to its properties of corrosion
resistant, good combination of strength and fabric ability. The typical design stress,
f = 90 N/mm2 (Sinnott, 1993)

Wall Thickness
For internal diameter, Di = 2.5m = 2500mm
Using a double welded butt with join efficiency, J = 0.85, (Sinnott, 1993)

= = 1.79mm

= 2 mm

Taking corrosion allowance of 9mm, the wall thickness = 11mm

11
12
3.1.2 Complete specification sheet

Specification sheet for Hydrocarbons Absorption Column V-102

Hydrocarbons Absorption Column V-102

Identification: Item: Packed Absorption Column Date: 3/5/2011
Item no.: V-102 By: Group 6
No. required: 1
Function: To separate light hydrocarbons (1-butene and butadiene) from gas mixture
Operation: Continuous
Upstream: C-102 blower
Operating Data
Materials Handled: Inlet Outlet
Stream 17 Stream 27 Stream 19 Stream 20
(gas) (solvent) (solvent) (gas)
Quantity (kg/hr) 43890 350000 362255 31644
Composition (kg/hr)
Butadiene 12310 0 12186 123
1-Butene 70 0 69 1
Oxygen 1480 0 0 1480
Nitrogen 27580 0 0 27580
Carbon dioxide 2460 0 0 2460
Oil 0 350000 350000 0
Temperature (°C) 38 38
Pressure (atm) 1 1
Design Data
No. of transfer unit, NOG (m): 20 Height of Packing Section (m): 12.8
Height of transfer unit, HOG (m): 0.62 Total height of the column, (m): 14.8
Diameter of Column, D (m): 2.50 Material of construction: Stainless steel 304
Liquid density (kg/m3): 933.6 Design Temperature (°C): 48
Vapor density (kg.m3): 1.59 Design Pressure (atm): 1.1
Packed Bed Specification
Type of packing: Pall rings metal
Packing size (in): 3.5 or 76mm
Packing Arrangement: Random and Dumped
Type of packing support: Simple grid & perforated support

Mechanical Design Data

External diameter (m): 2.51
Wall thickness (mm): 11
Vessel support: Conical skirt
Insulation: Mineral wool
Insulation thickness (mm): 75
Corrosion allowance (mm): 2

13
 Specification sheet for Quench Tower V-101

Quench Tower V-101

Item Quenching Tower

Item # V-101
Type Spray Type
No. of item 1
Function

Quenching the reactor outlet stream

Design specification
o
Gas inlet Temperature 200 C
o
Gas outlet Temperature 80 C
o
Liquid inlet Temperature 25 C
o
Liquid outlet Temperature 80 C
Operating Pressure 103 kPa
o
Design Temperature 350 C
Design Pressure 022 kPa
Diameter 5.84 m
Height 12.63 m
Material Carbon Steel
3
Volume 338.40 m
Quenching mechanism

Quenching media H2O

Quenching Systems Nozzles

14
 Specification sheet for Mixer M-101
Mixer M-101
Identification :
Item : Static mixer
Code : M-101
Function : Mix all the output from H-101(boiler), C-101(blower) and H-102 (boiler) before
entering R-101
Operation : Continuous
Material of construction : Carbon steel
Inlet (ton/hr)
Composition From H-101 From C-101 From H-102
Trans-2-butene 8.73
Cis-2-butene 4.70
1-butene 0.07
Oxygen 7.43
Nitrogen 27.58
Carbon dioxide 0.35
water 135.00
Total 13.50 35.36 135.00
Total 183.86
Pressure, atm 1 2 1
Temperature, 650 25 650
Outlet (ton/hr)
Composition Mass flowrate
Trans-2-butene 8.73
Cis-2-butene 4.70
1-butene 0.07
Oxygen 7.43
Nitrogen 27.58
Carbon dioxide 0.35
water 135.00
Total 183.86
Pressure, atm 2
Temperature, 650
Mechanical Design
Design pressure, atm 1.5 Diameter, m 0.2
Design temperature, 600 Length, m 3
Number of mixing element 4
Angle of mixing element corrugated plates 45
Length of mixing element, m 0.2

15
 Specification sheet for Stripping Tower V-103
Stripping Tower V-102
Item : Stripping column, Build-in flash drum
(condenser) and reboiler
Code : V-102, E-104 and H-103
No. required : 1 set
Function : To separate the butadiene and 1-butene from the
solvent (oil)
Operation :Continuous
Type :Sieve tray column
Operation Conditions
E-104 V-102 H-103
Temperature (°C): 50 130 130
Pressure (atm): 1 1 1
Design temperature (°C): 200
Design pressure (atm): 1.1
Mechanical Design
E-104
Function : to separate and condense the liquid (oil) form of
the solvent and then recycle back to the stripper
V-103 and thus vent product gas from top to
storage.
Operation : Continuous
Type : Flash drum
2
Size (m ) : 2.8
H-103
Heat Duty : 106.59 MW
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient : 856 W/m2K
Material of construction : Stainless steel
Utilities : Solid fuel
Reflux & Stage Calculation
Method of Calculation :Gilliland correlation (Wankat,2011)
V-102
Tower height, H (m): :7.60
Outer diameter, OD (m): :1.89
Inner diameter, ID (m): :1.88
Wall thickness (mm): :10
Corrosion allowance (mm): :3
Tray material: :Carbon steel
Number of tray: :7
Tray Spacing (mm): :600

16
3.2 Heat transfer equipment design

There are three types of heat transfer equipment which are heat exchanger, condenser and
boiler.

3.2.1 Heat exchanger

The E-101 is used to cool down the outlet stream from reactor (R-101) from 500 to 100
before this stream enter the quench tower (V-101) at 1.2 atm. This stream consists of 1-
butene, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water and butadiene.

Design parameters:

 Outside diameter (OD) and inside diameter (ID) for tubes

 Number of tubes required in heat exchanger
 Number of tube passes and shell passes
 Diameter of tube bundle, DB
 Diameter of shell, DS
 Baffle spacing, lB
 Overall heat transfer coefficient
 Tube side pressure drop, ∆Pt

Specification

This heat exchanger is destined to reduce the temperature of the outlet product stream from
reactor (R-101) from 500 to 100 at 1.2 atm using cooling water which at room
temperature at 1 atm.

From energy balance calculation,

Heat duty = -136839.38 MJ/hr

= -38010.939 kJ/s
The typical operating range for the coolant is 30 to 140 . The heat capacity (Cp) of
cooling water in this temperature range is 4.1855 kJ/kgK.

17
Amount of cooling water needed,

Physical Properties

Physical properties of gas mixture at 300

Table 3.2: Physical properties of gas mixture at 300

Species Mass flow, Mole flow,

ton/hr kmol/hr
1-butene 0.07 1.18
Oxygen 1.48 46.12
Nitrogen 27.58 1969.90
Carbon dioxide 2.46 56.01
Water 139.97 7775.87
Butadiene 12.31 227.90

18
Overall Coefficient

By referring Table 3.7, with organic solvents as hot fluid and water as cold fluid, the
overall coefficient (U) is in the range of 250 to 750 W/m2 . To start with, the overall
coefficient (U) is taken to be 750 W/m2 .

Table 3.3: Typical overall coefficients (Sinnott, 1993)

Shell and tube exchangers

Hot fluid Cold fluid U (W/m2 °C)
Heat exchangers
Water Water 800-1500
Organic solvents Organic solvents 100-300
Light oils Light oils 100-400
Heavy oils Heavy oils 50-300
Gases Gases 10-50
Coolers
Organic solvents Water 250-750
Light oils Water 350-900
Heavy oils Water 60-300
Gases Water 20-300
Organic solvents Brine 150-500
Water Brine 600-1200
Gases Brine 15-250
Heaters
Steam Water 1500-4000
Steam Organic solvents 500-1000
Steam Light oils 300-900
Steam Heavy oils 60-450
Steam Gases 30-300

19
Dowtherm Heavy oils 50-300
Dowtherm Gases 20-200
Flue gases Steam 30-100
Flue Hydrocarbon vapours 30-100
Condensers
Aqeous vapours Water 1000-1500
Organic vapours Water 700-1000
Organics (some non-condensable) Water 500-700
Vacuum condensers Water 200-500
Vaporises
Steam Aqueous solutions 1000-1500
Steam Light organics 900-1200
Steam Heavy organics 600-900
Air-cooled exchangers
Process fluid
Water 300-450
Light organics 300-700
Heavy organics 50-150
Gases, 5-10 bar 50-100
10-30 bar 100-300
Condensing hydrocarbon 300-600
Immersed coils
Coil Pool
Natural circulation
Steam Dilute aqueous solution 500-1000
Steam Light oils 200-300
Steam Heavy oils 70-150
Water Aqueous solution 200-500
Water Light oils 100-150
Agitated

20
Steam Dilute aqueous solution 800-1500
Steam Light oils 300-500
Steam Heavy oils 200-400
Water Aqueous solution 400-700
Water Light oils 200-300
Jacketed vessels
Jacket Vessel
Steam Dilute aqueous solution 500-700
Steam Light organics 250-500
Water Dilute aqueous solution 200-500
Water Light organics 200-300
Gasketed-plate exchangers
Hot fluid Cold fluid
Light organics Light organics 2500-5000
Light organics Viscous organics 250-500
Viscous organics Viscous organics 100-200
Light organics Process water 2500-3500
Viscous organics Process water 250-500
Light organics Cooling water 2000-4500
Viscous organics Cooling water 250-450
Condensing steam Light organics 2500-3500
Condensing steam Viscous organics 250-500
Process water Process water 5000-7500
Process water Cooling water 5000-7000
Dilute aqueous solution Cooling water 5000-7000
Condensing ateam Process water 3500-4500

21
True Mean Temperature Difference

Figure 3.3: Temperature correction factor: one shell pass; two or more even tube passes
(Sinnott, 1993)

By referring to Figure 3.3 (Temperature correction factor: one shell pass; two or more even
tube passes), the value of the Ft is found to be 0.85.

( )

22
 ( )

Heat Transfer Area

( )

*As first estimation, the heat transfer area needed was laid in the normal area of a shell and
tube exchanger, which is 3-1000m2, thus a shell and tube heat exchanger is chosen.

Layout and Tube Size

Based on the mass and energy balance of the process, the system is exceeding 80 , heat
exchanger of fixed tube sheet type cannot be used. However, split-ring floating-head
exchanger is used in order to obtain higher efficiency and ease of cleaning for maintenance
of the equipment.

Most common material of construction for heat exchanger is carbon steel. This is because
the carbon contents in steel raises the ability of steel to become harder and stronger through
heat treating and also raises the melting point of the steel.

By allocating the more viscous material to the shell side, higher heat transfer coefficient
will be obtained. Therefore, for this system, the more viscous mixture of gas stream is
allocated to the shell side while cooling water with lower allowable pressure drop is flow
through the tube side.

In order to design a more cheaper and compact heat exchanger, the preferred tube diameter
for most duties will be from 5/8 to 1 inch (16 to 25mm). The outside diameter and inside
diameter will be 16mm and 14 mm respectively. While the most popular length of tube is
set to be 12 feet (3.66m) long.

23
We assumed that there is no presence of heavily fouling fluids in our system. A triangular
pattern of tube arrangement is suitable for the heat exchanger because it gives a higher heat
transfer rate.

The recommended tube pitch (distance between tube centers) is 1.25 times the tube outside
diameter and therefore 20mm of pitch is employed.

Number of tubes

= 0.184m2

Heat exchanger with one shell pass and two tube passes is chosen. So, tube per pass is 915.

At mean temperature, the density of cooling water is 934.01 kg/m3.

The value of tube side velocity is m/s which not acceptable. The velocity should laid
between (1 and 2) m/s which is suit the satisfactory fluid velocity by using two tube passes.

24
In order to make use of the allowable pressure drop, four tube passes is tried.

Finally, it shows up that a satisfactory fluid velocity can be obtained by using four tube
passes.

Bundle and Shell Diameter

Table 3.4: Constants for use in equation 3.1 (Sinnott, 1993)

Triangular pitch, pt = 1.25do

No. passes 1 2 4 6 8
K1 0.319 0.249 0.175 0.0743 0.0365
n1 2.142 2.207 2.285 2.499 2.675
Square pitch, pt = 1.25do
No. passes 1 2 4 6 8
K1 0.215 0.156 0.158 0.0402 0.0331
n1 2.207 2.291 2.263 2.617 2.643

From Table 3.4, the value of constants for four tube passes,

K1 = 0.175

n1 = 2.285

( )

Where Nt = number of tubes

do = tube outside diameter (mm)

( )

25
 Figure 3.4: Shell-bundle clearance (Sinnott, 1993)

By referring to the Figure 3.4, when Db is 0.92m, the difference between shell inside
diameter, Ds and bundle diameter, Db is 70mm.

TEMA standard Ds is max 1520mm. so, Ds is within the acceptable range.

Tube-side Heat Transfer Coefficient

Tube side mass velocity,

26
Reynolds number,

Prantl number,

Figure 3.5: Tube-side heat-transfer factor (Sinnott, 1993)

Form Figure 3.5, heat transfer factor, jh = 4 10-3

27
Neglect

Shell-side Heat Transfer Coefficient

Baffle spacing,

Table 3.5: Typical baffle clearances and tolerances (Sinnott, 1993)

Shell diameter, Ds Baffle diameter Tolerance

Pipe shells
6 to 25 in. (152 to 635 mm)
Plate shells
6 to 25 in. (152 to 635 mm)
27 to 42 in. (686 to 1067 mm)
Ds – 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) + 1/32 in. (0.8 mm)
Ds – 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) + 0, - 1/32 in. (0.8 mm)
Ds – 3/16 in. (4.8 mm) + 0, - 1/16 in. (1.6 mm)

From Table 3.5,

The recommended tube pitch (distance between tube centers) is 1.25 times the tube outside
diameter and therefore 20mm of pitch is employed.

28
For an equilateral triangular pitch arrangement equivalent diameter can be calculated using
formula as below:

( ) [ ]

Shell side mass velocity,

Reynolds number,

Prantl number,

( )

29
Baffle cut = height of the segment removed to form the baffle, expressed as a percentage of
the baffle disc diameter. Generally, a baffle cut of 20 to 25 percent will be the optimum. A
25% baffle cut is chosen in Figure 3.6.

Figure 3.6: Shell-side heat-transfer factors, segmental baffles (Sinnott, 1993)

From figure above, heat transfer factor, jh = . By neglecting the viscosity

correction,

30
Overall Coefficient

( )

Where,

Uo = the overall coefficient based on the outside area of the tube

ho = outside fluid film coefficient

hi = inside fluid film coefficient

hod = outside dirt coefficient (fouling factor)

hid = inside dirt coefficient

Kw = thermal conductivity of the tube wall material

di = tube inside diameter

do = tube outside diameter

The carbon steel as the material of construction has a thermal conductivity of Kw of 43

W/m .

( )

The value of assumed is in between 0% - 30%. Hence, = 750 W/m is acceptable.

31
Pressure Drop

Tube side

1830 tubes, 4 tube passes, tube diameter, = 14mm, ut = 1.254 m/s

Reynolds number,

From Figure 3.6, = 4.0

For isothermal flow,

[ ( )( ) ]

Neglecting( ) ,

[ ( ) ]

It is lower than maximum pressure of 1 atm.

Shell side

Res = , Ds = 988.677mm, lB = mm,

The pressure drop in the shell is predicted using Kern’s method.

32
 Figure 3.7: Tube-side friction factors (Sinnott, 1993)

From Figure 3.7, =

Neglecting the viscosity correction term,

( )( )( )

( )( )( )

This result is well within specification as the allowable pressure drop for this stream is 0.8
atm.

33
Mechanical Design

Tube Plate Design

General requirements (AS1210)

Tube pitch must more than 25% larger than tube diameter.

Tube pitch = 20mm, tube diameter = 14mm

Tube pitch requirement fulfilled.

Tube holes: machined finish required

Nozzle Diameter

The Harker equation (1978), modified for SI units, for the optimum pipe (and nozzle)
diameter is:

Where

= optimum diameter, mm

W = mass flow rate, kg/hr

= fluid density, kg/m3

For this system, the nozzle diameter at the outlet and inlet of the tube and shell can be taken
as there is no phase change occurs and density change is negligible.

34
Tube

Therefore, a 131mm diameter nozzle was specified for the tube-side.

Shell

A nozzle size of 977mm diameter is selected for inlet and outlet at the shell side of the
exchanger.

Support Design

For horizontal vessel, it is usually mounted on two saddles supports.

Foundation: Concrete slab

Insulation

The fiber glass is used for insulator of the heat exchanger.

Kfiber glass = 0.04 W/m.K, h = 232.7766 W/m2.K

35
36
3.2.2 Complete specification sheet

Specification sheet for Heat exchanger E-101

Heat Exchanger E-101
Identification Item : Heat Exchanger Date : 9/5/2017
Item Code : E101 By : G6
No. Required : 1 set
Function : The E-101 is destined to further cool down the outlet stream from reactor (R-
101) from T=500 to T=100 at 1.2 atm, which consists of trans-2-butene, cis-2-
butene, 1-butene, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water and butadiene before this
stream enter the quench tower (V-101)
Operation : Continuous
Type : Split-ring floating-head shell and tube exchanger
Heat Duty : -136839.38 MJ/hr
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient : 750
Tube side Tube
Fluid handled : Cooling Water Outside diameter : 0.016m
Flow : 13.81 Inside diameter : 0.014m
Length : 3.66m
Temperature : 30 - 140
No. of tubes : 1830
Pressure : 1 atm
No. of passes :4
Pressure drop allowable : 1 atm
Arrangement : Triangular
Pressure drop calculated : 0.07875 atm
Pitch : 0.020m
M.O.C : Carbon Steel
Nozzle : 1 inlet × 0.131m
: 1 outlet × 0.131m
Shell side Shell
Fluid handled : Outlet from reactor Bundle diameter : 0.919m
(R102) Shell diameter : 0.989m
Flow rate : 46.332 No. of passes :1
Baffle spacing : 0.197m
Temperature : 500 - 100
Baffle diameter : 0.984m
Pressure : 1.2 atm
Baffle cuts : 25%
Pressure drop allowable : 0.8 atm
Type : TEMA type 1
Pressure drop calculated : 0.265 atm
Nozzle : 1 inlet × 0.977m
M.O.C : Cast Iron
: 1 outlet × 0.977m
Insulation
Type : Fiber glass
Thickness : 0.0172 m
Vessel
Wall thickness : 0.01m

37
Tube-plate thickness : 0.02m
Corrosion allowance : 0.02m
Support and Foundation
Supports : Steel saddles (2 sets)
Concrete piers (2 sets)
Foundation : Concrete slab
Utility : Cooling water (1 atm, 30 )
Tolerances : Tubular Exchangers Manufacturers Association (TEMA) Standards

38
 Specification sheet for Heat exchanger E-103
Heat Exchanger E-103
Identification Item : Heat Exchanger Date : 9/5/2017
Item Code : E103 By : G6
No. Required : 1 set
Function : The E-103 is destined to further cool down the outlet stream from stripping
tower (V-103) T=130 to T=38 at 1 atm, which consists of lean oil before this stream
enter the pump (P-102)
Operation : Continuous
Type : Split-ring floating-head shell and tube exchanger
Heat Duty : -119.00 MJ/hr
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient : 300
Tube side Tube
Fluid handled : Brackish Water Outside diameter : 0.016m
Flow : 13.81 Inside diameter : 0.014m
Length : 3.66m
Temperature : 25 - 40
No. of tubes : 20
Pressure : 1 atm
No. of passes :6
Pressure drop allowable : 1 atm
Arrangement : Triangular
Pressure drop calculated : 0.019 atm
Pitch : 0.020m
M.O.C : Carbon Steel
Nozzle : 1 inlet × 0.131m
: 1 outlet × 0.131m
Shell side Shell
Fluid handled : Outlet from reactor Bundle diameter : 0.150m
(R102) Shell diameter : 0.200m
Flow rate : 2.520 No. of passes :1
Baffle spacing : 0.040m
Temperature : 130 - 38
Baffle diameter : 0.197m
Pressure : 1 atm
Baffle cuts : 25%
Pressure drop allowable : 0.8 atm
Type : TEMA type 1
Pressure drop calculated : 0.39 atm
Nozzle : 1 inlet × 0.000763m
M.O.C : Cast Iron
: 1 outlet × 0.000763m
Insulation
Type : Fiber glass
Thickness : 0.0172 m
Vessel
Wall thickness : 0.01m
Tube-plate thickness : 0.02m
Corrosion allowance : 0.02m

39
Support and Foundation
Supports : Steel saddles (2 sets)
Concrete piers (2 sets)
Foundation : Concrete slab
Utility : Brackish water (1 atm, 25 )
Tolerances : Tubular Exchangers Manufacturers Association (TEMA) Standards

40
 Specification sheet for Condenser E-102
Condenser E-102
Identification:
Item : Fixed heat exchanger
Item code : E-102
Function : to condense portion of top product from quench tower V-101
Operation : Continuous
Type : Fixed heat exchanger
Heat Duty : -3.5153 MW
(negative value represent cooling process or cooling duty)
Heat transfer area : 182.10 m2
Overall heat transfer coefficient : 504.48 W/m2.K
Tube side Tube

Fluid handled Cooling water Outside diameter, mm 18

Flow rate, kg/s 1370 Inside diameter, mm 24.8
Temperature, 40 Length, mm 7.32
Pressure, atm 1 No. of tube 21
Material of construction Copper No of passes 4
Arrangement Square
Pitch.mm 37.3
Nozzle inlet diameter, mm 181
Nozzle outlet diameter, mm 181
Shell side Shell

Fluid handled Top product from V-101 Bundle diameter, mm 16

Flow rate, kg/hr 106,050 Shell diameter, mm 793
Temperature, 61.18 Nozzle inlet diameter, mm 408
Pressure, atm 1 Nozzle outlet diameter, mm 213
Material of construction Stainless steel 304
Insulation :
Type : Flexible sheet made from 85% magnesia
Thickness : 26mm
Support and foundation :
Supports : Steel saddles (2 sets)
Concrete piers : (2 sets)
Foundation : Concrete slab
Utility : Cooling water (1 atm, 40
Tolerances: Tubular Heat Exchanger Manufacturer Association (TEMA) Standards

41
 Equipment specification sheet for furnace and boiler (H-101)

Furnace And Boiler (H-101)

Identification : Furnace
Item No :H-101
Function :It tends to heat the inlet feeds (Trans-2-butene, Cis-2-butene, 1-butene)
Type of fluid : Gas

Streams: Material of Construction: Stainless Steel

Inlet: 1 Utilities: Solid Fuel
Outlet: 2

MATERIAL HANDLED

Component Mass Flow Rate (ton/hr) Mole Flow Rate (kmol/hr)

Trans-2-Butene 8.73 155.93
Cis-2-Butene 4.69 83.97
1-Butene 0.06 1.18

Total 13.50 241.08

DESIGN DATA

Inlet Pressure (atm) :1

Outlet Pressure (atm) :1
Pressure Change (atm) :0
Inlet Temperature (˚C) : 25
Outlet Temperature (˚C) : 650
Efficiency (%) : 75.5
Stack Height (m) : 8.61
No. Of Tubes : 18
Tube Height (m) : 2.96
Tube Diameter (in) :2

42
3.3 Reactor equipment design

Fixed-bed reactor is used for the dehydrogenation process of 1-butene to produce

butadiene.

3.3.1 Reactor R-101

Reactor R-101

General Catalyst

Type: ferric sulfate

Type of reactor: catalytic, tubular, fixed-bed Bulk density: 977 kg/m3
Orientation: vertical
Operation: Continuous
Material: stainless steel
Temperature: 540 ◦C
Pressure: 1 atm

Chemical Engineering Design

Amount of catalyst

By referring to Kung et al. (1980), volume flow rate of oxygen is 40 mL/min and ratio of
air : butene : water is 2.6:1:10 from (Neslerode et al., 2015), the calculation is scaled up to
mass flow rate of butane equals to 13.5 ton/hr in this plant.

Conversion
Mass flow rate from the journal
40 mL/min = 5.716x10-5 kg/min

Mass flow rate of n-butene from overall material balance

13.5 ton/hr = 13.5x103 kg/hr

43
To find mass flow rate of air, comparing the ratio mass flow rate oxygen and air
Thus, from given composition oxygen in air 0.21, x (mass flow rate of air)

5.716x10-5 kg/min 0.21

x 1

x = 2.72 x 10-4 kg/min

From mass flow rate or air, compare the ratio between air and n-butene to obtain the mass
flow rate of n-butene.

x=

Mass flow rate (n-butene) = 1.05x10-4 kg/min x = 6.3x10-3 kg/hr

Therefore, the amount of catalyst can be obtained by calculating the ratio mass flow rate of
n-butene from journal and calculated from material balance

0.2 g of catalyst 6.3x10-3 kg/hr (mass flow rate of n-butene from journal)
Y 13.5x103 kg/hr (mass flow rate of n-butene from material balance)

y = amount of catalyst = 428.6 kg of catalyst

Required reacting volume

Vm =

Vm =

Vm = 0.44 m3

44
Reactor volume

Residence time is 9.44s-1 from Couper et al. Therefore, volume of reactor,

ԏ=

v0 = 183,860

v0 = 50.04

V = 50.04 / 9.44s-1

V = 5.3 m3

From heuristic of the reactor should be above than 10-20% from the calculated vale. Thus,
the actual volume of the reactor is calculated as below

V = (5.3 m3)(1.2)
= 6.36 m3

The height and diameter of the reactor

From heuristic, the L/D of packed bed reactor is 1.5, where L represents the length while D
represent diameter.

L = 1.5D

45
 V=

Let h = 0.6

6.36 = 1.1781 D3 + 0.6283 D2

1.1781 D3 + 0.6283 D2 – 6.36 = 0
D = 1.59 m
L = 2.39 m

Insulation design

Rock wool is chosen as insulation material for the reactor. It is a robust insulation material
suitable for hot surfaces up to 650◦C (Perry, 1997).

Stress Analysis
Design stress : 60 N/mm2
Density : 140 kg/m3
Diameter of shell : 1.59 m
Height of shell : 2.39 m
Insulation thickness : 100mm
Thermal conductivity : 0.592 W/m.K

Volume of insulation = L,
Where;
rt = mean radius of reactor + thickness of rock wool
Lt = length of reactor + 2 x thickness of rock wool

V=( ( ) ) = 1.79 m3

46
Mechanical Engineering Design

Design Pressure

The operating pressure of the reactor is 1 atm. Design pressure is taken as 10% above the
maximum pressure.

Design pressure, P1 = 1.1 x 1 atm = 1.1 atm

1.1 atm x x

Design temperature

For the column, the column operates with tube temperate at 540◦C. For design temperature,
10◦C is added to the maximum operating temperature.

Design temperature = 540 + 10 = 550 ◦C

Material of construction

Stainless Steel Type 304L is chosen as the construction material since it is corrosion
resistance to most chemical substances. It also offers a good combination of strength and
fabricability. It can handle high operating temperature as 900◦C. By referring Table 3.6
(Sinnott, 1993) at 550 ◦C,

Typical design stress, f = 90

47
 Table 3.6: Typical design stresses for plate (The appropriate material standard should be
consulted for particular grades and plate thicknesses)

Welded joint factor

The strength of welded joint factor depends on the type of joint and the quality of welding.
A double welded butt with joint efficiency, J of 0.85 is used as it is approximately to 1.

For internal diameter, Di= 1.59 m = 1590 mm

Wall thickness calculation (Sinnott, 1993),

Minimum wall thickness, t =

48
Take the corrosion allowance equal to 3 mm. This is normal value that used in industry for
carbon steel. Stainless steel does not have specific value for corrosion allowance.

From M.Walas (2002), the corrosion allowance is 0.35 in. for known corrosive conditions,
0.15 in. for noncorrosive streams, and 0.06 in. for steam drums and air receivers.

Thus, for fabrication, the minimum thickness of the wall is 2 mm + 9 mm = 11 mm

The plate steel thickness of 2 mm will be used for fabricated the reactor shell. The
maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) for this wall thickness is given by:

Heads and closures

For the column design, ellipsoidal heads are chosen.

Crown radius, Rc = Di = 1.59 m

Thickness, t = , where K = 1.37

Ellipsoidal head thickness always approximate to wall thickness. Thus, the head thickness
is 11m

The maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) for this wall thickness is given by:

49
Dead weight of vessel

Let Cv be the factor to account for the weight of nozzle, taken as = 1.15 for complex
column.

Hv = L = 2.39 m

Mean diameter, Dm = Di + t = 1.59 m + (2 (11 x 10-3)) = 1.6 m

Total weight of the shell, Wv = 240CvDm (Hv + 0.8Dm)t

= 240 (1.15) (1.6) [(2.39 + (0.8x1.6)] 11 = 17.83 kN

Mass of catalyst = 428.6 kg

Total weight of catalyst = 428.6 kg x 9.81 = 4.20 kN

Volume of insulation

Volume of insulation =
=(

50
Weight of insulation

Weight of insulation
= volume of insulation x gravitational acceleration x density of insulation
= 140 x 1.20 x 9.81 = 1648.08 N

Double the value to allow the fitting, thus the weight is 3.30 kN

Total weight = shell + catalyst + insulation

= 17.83 + 4.20 + 3.30 = 25.33 kN

Wind loading

Let dynamic wind pressure = 2500

Mean diameter including the insulation = 1.59 + 2 (11 + 100) x 10-3 = 1.80 m

Loading, Fw = 2500 x 1.80 = 4500

Bending moment at bottom tangent line, Ms =

= = 12,852.23 Nm

Vessel support

Conical skirt is the type of support chosen.

Assume skirt’s diameter bottom, Ds = 6m

51
 Skirt base angle, = tan-1

=tan-1 =
70.71

The maximum dead weight load on the skirt will occur when the vessel is full of water.

Weight estimated = (

=(

=46.55 kN

Total weight = 46.55 + 12.85 = 59.40 kN

From previous calculation, loading, Fw = 4500

Bending moment at bottom tangent line, Ms = 12,852.23 Nm

Taking the skirt thickness as same as that the bottom section of the vessel 10mm

Bending stress skirt,

Dead weight stress in the skirt,

52
 =

Note:
For the test part calculation weight of vessel when it is full with water is considered. In
estimating total weight, the weight of liquid on the plates has been counted twice. The
weight has not been adjusted to allow for this as the error is small, and on the ‘safe mode’.

Base ring and Anchor bolt design

Take the pitch circle diameter Db 4m

Circumference of bolt circle = 4x103 ( = 12,566 mm

It is recommended to take minimum spacing = 0.6m

No of bolts required at minimum recommended spacing =

Bolt stress, fb = 125

Area of bolts, Ab = [ ]= [ ]= 4.89 mm2

2
Root area √

Therefore, from Figure 3.8 (Sinnott, 1993), it is suggested to use bolt size M24 with
minimum diameter of 25 mm and root area of 353 mm2 .

53
Figure 3.8 Typical vessel shapes

54
55
3.3.2 Complete specification sheet

Specification sheet for Reactor R-101

Reactor R-101
Identification
Item: Fixed Bed Reactor
Item Code : R-101
Function : To produce butadiene from n-butene by using oxidative dehydrogenation
process
Operation : Continuous Operation
Orientation : Vertical
Fixed Bed Reactor Condition
Composition Inlet (ton/hr) Outlet (ton/hr)
Trans-2-butene 8.73 0.00
Cis-2-butene 4.70 0.00
1-butene 0.07 0.07
Oxygen 7.43 1.48
Nitrogen 27.58 27.58
Carbon dioxide 0.35 2.46
Water 135.00 139.97
Butadiene 0.00 12.31
Total 183.86 183.86
Temperature (◦C) 650 500
Pressure (atm) 1 1
Catalyst Data
Type Ferric sulfate
Overall conversion on n-butene 95%
Bulk density (kg/m3) 997
MECHANICAL DESIGN
Overall height, m 2.39 Feed inlet connection, mm 1970
Outside diameter, m Product outlet connection, mm 1465
(without insulation) 1.59
Design pressure, atm 1.1
Design temperature, 550
Wall thickness, mm 10
Type of ends Ellipsoidal
End thickness, mm 10
Type of support Conical skirt
Insulation Rock wool
Insulation thickness, mm 100

56
3.4 Auxiliary Equipment Design

There are three types of auxiliary equipment design which are, pumps, storage tanks and
blowers.

3.4.1 STORAGE TANK

Tanks have been around since the beginning of butadiene production. Tanks vary
considerably, in the type and size based on the type of products to be stored and the volume
involved. The primary function of a storage tank is to store liquid substance such as
feedstock, finished products and unfinished components awaiting for further processing or
blending. The products of storage tank may settle out desirable substances such as water,
emulsion and dirt. This undesirable substance can then be removed through draw-off
devices. Products may also be mixed, blended and treated in storage tanks effectively,
using the large capacity available in these tanks. In this plant, the component that is stored
is n-butene and butadiene.

Purpose of storage tank is to hold or store the material, the output main product and
side waste from the upstream process and the downstream process. Fixed cone roof tank
constructed by carbon steel is used since it stored low temperature fluid and only moderate
corrosion resistance. There is no heat change for the tank. The detailed calculation was
shown below. A few assumptions have been made prior to the staged sizing.

Calculation TK101

Assumption

1) Material volume should be 80% of the tank total volume.

2) Basis of the amount to be stored is 5 days, 

3) The material of construction for this tank is carbon steel, SA-516M Gr.4

57
 Table 3.7: Physical properties of n-butene

Element Mass flow Volumetric Density of Volume

rate, m flow rate  liquid, 

N-Butene kg m3 kg 2364m3
12246.99 472.8 620
hr day m3

Volume of storage tank:

V  

= 2364m3

Diameter and Height:

For above ground storage tank, the ratio of height to diameter is tabulated below:

Table 3.8: the ratio of height to diameter based on tank diameter

Tank diameter, D (m) Ratio of height to diameter (HL/D)

D < 18 0.5
18 < D < 29 0.4
29 < D < 53 0.3
D > 53 0.25

To calculate height and diameter of storage tank,

D 2 H
V
4

58
Where;

D = Diameter of storage tank

H = Height of storage tank

Based on the table above, assume 18 < D < 29, the HL/D = 0.4

Hence, HL = 0.4D

Therefore;

D 2 (0.4 D)
2364 
4

D = 19.596 m (Fulfilled the requirement, 18m < D < 29m)

= 20 m

Hence, height of storage tank is:

HL = 0.4D

HL = 0.4(20 m)

HL = 8 m

Safety height, HS;

H S  H L  1.25

H S  81.25

H S  10m

59
 Volume of the tank;

D 2 H
V
4

 (20) 210
V
4

V  3141.6m3

Wall thickness

With large tank, it is economical to take account of the variation in hydraulic pressure
with depth. The minimum wall thickness required to resist the hydrostatic pressure can be
calculated from the equations for the membrane stresses in thin cylinders.

Required information;

Liquid depth, H = 8 m
kg
Liquid density,  = 620
m3
m
Gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81
s2
N
Design stress for tank material (SA-516M Gr.4), ft = 124
mm2
Tank diameter, D = 20 m
Tank thickness,

gH D
es  
2f t 10 3

(9.81)(620)(8) 20
es   3
2(124) 10

es  3.924mm

60
For carbon steel corrosion allowance = 3 mm
Total thickness = 6.924 mm
The outer diameter = 20 m

Insulation for storage tank

Rockwool
w
Thermal conductivity = 0.08
m.

N
Design stress = 40
mm 2

Advantages = Prevent the tank from freezing or heated by the solar radiation

= Pressure resistance

= Possessed excellent water repellent properties

The thickness of the insulator is determined by the calculation of critical radius, r


r
h

Where;
W
 = thermal conductivity of insulating material
m2K
W
h = external convection heat transfer coefficient
m2K
0.08
r
0.11
R=0.727m ≈ 727mm

61
3.4.2 Complete specification sheet

Specification sheet for Storage tank TK-101

Storage tank TK-101
Identification Item : Storage tank
No : TK-101
Date : 11-May-17
By :
Function : Storage of n-butene (raw material)
Operation : Hold tank
Type : Vertical vessel
Material Temperature,˚C : 25
Pressure, atm : 1
Mass flow rate, kg/hr : 12246.99
Design data Diameter : 20m
Height : 8m
Volume : 2364m3
Thickness : 6.924mm
Material of contruction : SA-516M Gr.4
Insulation Material : Rockwool
Thickness : 727 mm

62
 Specification sheet for Pump P-101
Pump P-101
Identification : Centrifugal Pump

Item No : P-101
Function : Pump water from storage tank to quench tower
Type of fluid : Water (H2O)
Streams:
Inlet: 14 Material of Construction: Carbon steel
Outlet: 15
Fluid Properties Data:
Fluid state: Liquid
Pressure Inlet (atm): 1
Pressure Outlet (atm): 1.5
Fluid Temperature (˚C): 30
Vapor Pressure water at 30˚C (atm): 0.042
Density (kg/m3): 1000
Fluid Viscosity (mPa.s): 0.798e-03
Process Data:
Flow rate (kg/s): 295.08
Total head (m): 5.298
Velocity (m/s): 1.25
Pressure Drop (atm): 0.013
NPSH avail (m): 9.75
Design Data:
Pipe length (m): 50

Pipeline internal diameter (m): 0.55

Power source: Electricity

63
 Specification sheet for Pump P-102

Pump P-102

Identification : Centrifugal Pump

Item No : P-102
Function : Pump the recycle oil from the stripping tower to the absorption column.
Type of fluid : Naphtha Lean Oil

Streams: Material of Construction:

Inlet: 27 Carbon steel
Outlet: 28

Fluid Properties Data:

Fluid state: Liquid
Pressure Inlet (atm): 1
Pressure Outlet (atm): 1.5

Fluid Temperature (˚C) 38

Vapor Pressure lean oil (atm): 0.002960

Density (kg/m3): 830

Fluid Viscosity (mPa.s): 5.5e-03

Process Data:
Flow rate (kg/s): 2.78
Total head (m): 24.92
Velocity (m/s): 2.1
Pressure Drop (atm): 1
NPSH avail (m): 11.96

Design Data:
Pipe length (m): 25
Pipeline internal diameter (m): 0.045
Power source: Electricity

64
 Specification sheet for Blower C-101
Blower C-101
Identification Item : Blower Date : 9/5/2017
Item Code : C-101 By : G6
No. Required : 1 set
Function : The C-101 is destined to blow the air before this stream is enter the mixer
(M-101) at T=25 at 1 atm, which consists of air.
Operation : Continuous
Type : Centrifugal Blower
Stream: Material of construction:
Flow rate 8.911 Carbon Steel

Temperature 25
Pressure 1 atm
Process and design data
Velocity 130 m/s
Thickness 2 mm
Power input factor, 1.04
Slip factor,  0.9
Rotational speed, N 290 rev/s
Diameter of impeller 0.5 m
Head coefficient 0.178 s/m3
Flow coefficient 500.33 s/m3

Pressure rise 3.5

Isentropic efficiency, c 0.78
Type of shape Airfoil designs because can achieve 90%
efficiency

65
 Specification sheet for Blower C-102
Blower C-102
Identification Item : Blower Date : 9/5/2017
Item Code : C-102 By : G6
No. Required : 1 set
Function : The C-102 is destined to blow the air before this stream is enter the
hydrocarbon absorption column (V-102) at T=38 at 1 atm, which consists of 1-butene,
oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and butadiene.
Operation : Continuous
Type : Centrifugal Blower
Stream: Material of construction:
Flow rate 43.89 Carbon steel

Temperature 38
Pressure 1 atm
Process and design data
Velocity 120 m/s
Thickness 5 mm
Slip factor,  0.8
Rotational speed, N 275 rev/s
Diameter of impeller 0.45 m
Head coefficient 0.183 s/m3
Flow coefficient 533.33 s/m3
Pressure rise 3.67
Isentropic efficiency, c 0.72
Type of shape Airfoil designs because can achieve 90%
efficiency

66
 Specification sheet for Blower C-103
Blower C-103
Identification Item : Blower Date : 9/5/2017
Item Code : C-103 By : G6
No. Required : 1 set
Function : The C-103 is destined to blow the air before this stream is enter the product
storage tank (TK-102) at T=50 at 1 atm, which consists of 1-butene and butadiene.
Operation : Continuous
Type : Centrifugal Blower
Stream: Material of construction:
Flow rate 12.37 Carbon steel

Temperature 50
Pressure 1 atm
Process and design data
Velocity 132 m/s
Thickness 3.5 mm
Slip factor,  0.8
Rotational speed, N 300 rev/s
Diameter of impeller 0.55 m
Head coefficient 0.175 s/m3
Flow coefficient 525.33 s/m3

Pressure rise 3.0

Isentropic efficiency, c 0.82
Type of shape Airfoil designs because can achieve 90%
efficiency

67
References

Couper, J. R., Penney, W. R., Fair, J. R., Stanley M. Walas , , and Chemical Process
Equipment, Third Edition Selection and Design (3 ed.).

ICARUS Refernce. (1998). Maryland, U.S.A.

Kung, H. H., Kundalkar, B., Kung, M. C., and Cheng, W. H. (1980). Selectivity in the
Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Butene on Zinc-Iron Oxide Catalyst. Journal of
Physical Chemistry, 84, 382-388.

L.McCabe, W., C.Smith, J., and Harriot, P. (1993). Unit Operation of Chemical
Engineering (Fifth ed.).

M.Walas, S. (2002). Chemical Process Equipment Selection and Design.

Neslerode, A., Haidermota, S., and Ngo, V. (2015). Production of 1,3-Butadiene from
Propylene.

Perry, R. H. (1997). Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook (seventh ed.).

Sinnott, R. K. (1993). CHAPTER 13 - Mechanical Design of Process Equipment Coulson

and Richardson's Chemical Engineering (pp. 703-796). Amsterdam: Pergamon.

68