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Wireless Network Management
Wireless Network Management
Paper 0296
Paper 0296
active modes than in idle modes. For example, according the organization and coordination of all measurement
to the datasheet of Freescale ZigBee transceiver nodes’ activities.
MC13192/MC13193 [3], the current consumption is just
35uA in doze mode and 500 uA in idle mode compared 3.2 Simultaneous measurement
with the 37 mA current in Receiver mode. That means if In the wireless sensor network, the simultaneous
all the transceivers stay in active mode for all time, it will measurement of data is achieved by a function called
lead to a waste of power and that is not necessary. wireless trigger. When one measurement node detects the
Therefore it is preferable for the wireless transceivers to transient signal, namely when the local input surpasses
operate only when required, that is the wireless some pre-defined threshold, it will send out a trigger
transceivers stay in doze or idle mode for some time and signal as shown in Fig.3. After receiving the trigger signal,
enter active mode for some time, even though the sensors the measurement nodes will keep the corresponding
are probably working all the time. sampled data according to the trigger signal’s time
information and stop data sampling and saving.
3) Robustness:
Since the electromagnetic environment is rather harsh, the
wireless network must have some inherent immunity to
these electromagnetic interferences so that it can work
reliably.
Guys, start
4) Simplicity: recording!
Simplicity and easy to use can decrease development cost
and increase the reliability.
Paper 0296
system. Fig.4 shows the measured result of time 5) Using directional antenna on some suitable nodes.
synchronization, from which we can see the accuracy is
within 1 microsecond. This is shorter than the duration of 3.5 System workflow
a transient field. The system can be divided into three functional phases:
Correctted data initialization, data collecting and data transmission to
5
remote controller.
4
3
Once the master node powers up, it enters the receiver
Error in microseconds
2
1 mode. Once one slave node power up, it will transmit the
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Association Request signal, then enter receiver mode.
-1
-2
When the master node receives the request signal, it will
-3 send an ACK signal to the slave node. If after some time,
-4
the slave node doesn’t receiver the ACK signal from the
-5
Samples coordinate, it will resend the request after some random
Data of Colum G time. After all slave nodes have been associated with the
Fig.4 Measured time synchronization accuracy master node, they begin the synchronization process.
Thereafter the system enters the data-collecting phase. All
3.3 Measures to decrease power consumption sensor nodes will continually collect data until they are
As mentioned before, the transceivers should only operate triggered by itself or the external wireless trigger signal.
when necessary. That means they are working in TDMA After the data collection is completed, the system enters
fashion. In the network, all nodes periodically enter into data transmission phase during which the data from all
listening slot and idle slot, which lasts several listening sensor nodes would be transferred to one remote
slot’s length. In the listening slot, all sensors will receive controller, one at a time, under the control of the master
a command signal which includes trigger information or node. When the transmission is completed, the sensor
other control information signal. If it includes trigger nodes will be given commands about what to do next by
information, the receiver sensors will begin to store the the remote controller.
relative sampled data according to the information given
by the trigger. If it includes control information, it will do 4.0 CONCLUSION
something according to the control information it
The network management protocol described in this paper
received.
not only makes the measurement system more like an
interactive wireless distributed network, the sensor nodes
Besides the information, the command signal in listening
of which could work cooperatively to get amplitude,
slot also has the function of tracking clock drift. The
frequency and time information, rather than several static
receiver-nodes will adjust their clock according to that
amplitude-only measurement devices, but also has lower
signal to keep track of sender node’s clock since there
power consumption and higher robustness.
will be time drift caused by crystal aging and temperature
effect.
REFERENCES
In addition, the total time length of the listening slot and
[1] W. C. Kotheimer, 1974, “Substation Transients and
idle slot will be less than that supported by the memory
Solid State Controls”, Northwest Electric Light and
capacity.
Power Association 51st annual conference, 8.
3.4 Measures to improve robustness
To increase the robustness of wireless communications [2] Thomas, D.E. Wiggins, E.M. Salas, T.M. Nickle,
between nodes, some measures could be implemented: F.S. Wright, S.E., 1994, “Induced transients in
1) Using some data automatic protection strategies like substation cable: measurements and models”, IEEE
FEC(Forward Error Correction) [4], ACK Trans on Power Delivery, vol.9, 1861-1867.
(Acknowledge packet) and retransmission to ensure
reliable data transmission; [3] Freescale Semiconductor, 2007, “MC1321X
2) Automatically choosing a clean channel by the master datasheet”, 47.
node.
3) Choosing some inherently robust modulation [4] Gabriella Convertino, Silvio Lucio Oliva, 2006,
techniques such as FHSS or DSSS; “Adaptive FEC for 802.11 burst losses reduction”,
4) Using some channel noise energy detect function, Second International Mobile Multimedia
which means the data communication is started only Communications Conference, 1-6.
when the noise energy is lower than some threshold;