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Tensile performance of palm oil fiber metal laminate

Conference Paper · March 2016

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 Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Research Day 2016, pp. 121-122, March 2016

Tensile performance of palm oil fiber metal laminate

F. Hussain1,2, D. Sivakumar1,2,*, M.A. Daud1,2, M.Z. Selamat1,2
1)
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UniversitiTeknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia
2)
Centre for Advanced Research on Energy, UniversitiTeknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia
*
Corresponding e-mail: sivakumard@utem.edu.my

Keywords: Fiber metal laminates; oil palm; tensile test

ABSTRACT – The effects of palm oil fiber loading on 2. METHODOLOGY

tensile behavior on polypropylene based Palm Oil Fiber
Metal Laminate (POFML) was investigates. The testing
was conducted on Universal Testing Machine according
to ASTM D3039. This type of hybrid materials was
fabricated by hand lay-up technique using
2/1configuration where the composite layer is located
between two aluminum with 10wt%, 20wt%, and
30wt% and 40wt% fiber content. The results showed the
tensile strength increased when fiber loading increase.
However, POFML with 20% fiber loading showed a
higher modulus of tensile property. The tensile behavior
in this study mainly depends on fiber loading.
1. INTRODUCTION
Following the trend of material improvement, the
new range of lightweight hybrid materials called fiber
metal laminates (FML) had been developed. The usage
of lightweight materials such as fiber reinforced
composite materials and metal-composite structures can
significantly reduce the weight of vehicles[1].
Generally, fiber metal laminates are combination of
fiber reinforced polymer composite and metal layers by
using adhesive as a bonding agent. FML system also
can further improve the mechanical properties of the
entire structure compared to their constituent materials.
Previous studies reported these materials exhibit
excellent impact properties [2], superior fatigue
performance [1], good durability, machinability and
plastic behaviour of metal [3]. M.Jawaid et al [4] found
that tensile and flexural properties of hybrid composite
is higher than EFB composite but less than woven jute
composite in their research. S.M.R Khalili [2] also
found FMLs are superior to BFRE (Basalt Fiber
Reinforced Epoxy) composite in energy absorption and
the existence of steel layers has a good effect on
improving the specific bending and tensile strength. S.E
Moussavi-Torshizi et al [5] states that fiber orientation
effects the tensile properties of FMLs where fiber sheets
with zero orientation in laminate improves modulus of
elasticity, yield stress, and ultimate tensile stress
considerably. Accordingly, the presents study attempts
to investigate the strength behavior of the POFML
under tensile test with different fiber loading.
__________
© Centre for Advanced Research on Energy
The palm oil empty fruit bunch (POEFB)
composite based polypropylene as a composite and
aluminium 6061-O as the skin was selected for this type
of FML. Both of these materials are bonded using
modified polypropylene adhesive film. The composite
produced with different weight composition
(10%wt,20%wt,30%wt and 40%wt) using a granulated
POEFB fiber as reinforcement, polypropylene as
matrices and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene
(MaPP) as its coupling agent as shown in Table 1.In
order to ensure a good level of adhesion, the Al sheet
was immersed in 0.1M concentration of sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) solution at room temperature for 10
minutes and wiped with ethanol before bonding in order
to remove any residual contamination.
Table 1 Composition of material in oil palm composite.
Composition
10% 20% 30% 40%
(gram)
Mass of Fiber 5 10 15 20
Mass of PP 43.5 38.5 33.5 28.5
Mass of MaPP 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
Total 50 50 50 50
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 2 presents the average data for three
specimens after tensile test. It shows that, the tensile
strength increase when fiber content increase. Highest
percentage of fiber loading which is 40wt% showed the
highest tensile strength with 65.99MPa. The reason is,
in composites, higher fiber content give a greater
tendency for filler-to-filler interaction to take place
between fiber and matrix [7]. However, the result of
tensile modulus showed irregular trend with 20wt%
fiber content, having the highest value. Supposedly,
Composites tensile modulus was considerably enhanced
by fiber loading at high fiber content because The
increased population of fiber leads to agglomeration,
which affects the composites’ stiffness [7]. Generally,
the probable reasons behind this is due to the
fiber/matrix interfacial bonding or interaction between
palm oil empty fruit bunch fibers and PP matrix for the
ability to absorb the stress transfer.
 Hussain et al., 2016

Table 2 Tensile properties of POFML specimens.
Tensile Tensile
Specimens Strength Modulus
(MPa) (GPa)
FML with 10% fiber loading 47.17 30.64
FML with 20% fiber loading 61.73 36.65
FML with 30% fiber loading 62.53 31.48
FML with 40% fiber loading 65.99 32.59
Figure 3(a-d) shows typical failure specimen for
10%, 20wt%, 30wt% and 40wt% fiber content of
POFML. The optical micrograph indicates delamination
as a failure mechanism between aluminium and
composite when both of this constituent’s material were
separated after testing. Delamination is caused by
improper surface preparation. On the others hand,
surface contamination will make lack of bond joining
between aluminum and palm oil composite. This failure
mechanism is called debond.
Figure 3 Typical failure mode; (a) 10% fiber loading of
POFML, (b) 20% fiber loading of POFML, (c) 30%
fiber loading of POFML and (d) 40% fiber loading of
POFML.
4. CONCLUSION
A novel Palm Oil Fiber Metal Laminate based
polypropylene was fabricated to investigates their
tensile performance. The effect of fiber loading on
POFML was studied. Based on the result, it was clearly
observed that fiber loading in composite laminates
affected the tensile properties of POFML. The tensile
results showed POFML with 40wt% fiber content had
the highest tensile strength with 65.99 MPa, while
POFML with 20wt% fiber content had highest tensile
modulus with 36.65 GPa.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research is supported under the Exploratory Grant
Scheme number:
ERGS/2013/FKM/TK01/UTEM/02/07/E00018
provided by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia
and Yayasan Sultan Iskandar Johor.
REFERENCES
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[2] S. M. R. Khalili, V. Daghigh, and R. Eslami
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