Ground improvement using the SCP and SD methods was accomplished with 24-hours-a-day work using

18 SCP and SD barges. After building the slope-type rubble mound seawall, in-pipe mixed cement-
treated soil was cast behind the rubble mound seawall. The solidified soil was produced from dredged
clay soil mixed with cement. Dredged soil and cement were mixed during conveyance of the materials
through the compressed air-mixture pipeline floated on the sea. Cement was injected in quantities of 80
to 110 kg/m3 into the pipeline, in which plug flow generated by the conveyance pump pressure helped
to uniformly mix the materials.

During the reclamation work, four reclamation barges were used to unload 80,000 m3 /day of sand,
which was carried by dump trucks and compacted with vibration rollers.

The compacting thickness per layer was set as 90 cm, and the vibration rollers were mounted with GPS
equipment to control the position and frequency of compaction. In order to control the density after
compaction, small dynamic plate bearing testers (FWD testers) that enabled quick and easy
measurements were used.

 vertical drains developed which are basically consisting longitudinal channel

wick functioning as a drain

consolidation is any process which involves a decrease in water content of

saturated soil without replacement of water by air

When this occurs in a soil that is saturated with water, water will be squeezed
out of the soilIt occurs when stress is applied to a soil that causes the soil
particles to pack together more tightly, therefore reducing its bulk volume. In
general it is the process in which reduction in volume takes place by expulsion
of water under long term static loads. According to ”Karl von Terzaghi”
consolidation is any process which involves a decrease in water content of
saturated soil without replacement of water by air. Consolidation is a process
by which soils decrease in volume. CONSOLIDATION OF SOIL

1. APPROCH TOWARDS SAND DRAIN…..

2. 11. Thus, the pore water squeezed out during consolidation of the clay
due to the hydraulic gradients created by the preloading, can flow faster in
the horizontal direction towards the vertical drains.Vertical drains are
artificially-created drainage paths which are inserted into the soft clay
subsoil. To shorten the consolidation time, vertical drains are installed
together with preloading either by an embankment or by means of vacuum
pressure. Because of its low permeability, the consolidation settlement
of soft clays takes a long time to complete. 
Therefore, the vertical drain installation reduces the length of the drainage path
and, consequently, accelerates the consolidation process and allows the clay to
gain rapid strength increase to carry the new load by its own.Subsequently,
these pore water can flow freely along the vertical drains vertically towards the
permeable layers. It is taken advantage of the fact, that most clay deposits
exhibit a higher horizontal permeability compared to the vertical.
SAND DRAINS ARE CONSTRUCTED BY DRIVING DOWN CASINGS OR HOLLOW
MANDRELS INTO THE SOIL. THE HOLES ARE THEN FILLED WITH SAND, AFTER
WHICH THE CASINGS ARE PARALLEL OUT. WHEN A SURCHARGE IS APPLIED AT
GROUND SURFACE, THE PORE WATER PRESSURE IN THE CLAY WILL INCREASE,
AND THERE WILL BE DRAINAGE IN THE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL
DIRECTIONS. THE HORIZONTAL DRAINAGE IS INDUCED BY THE SAND DRAINS.
HENCE, THE PROCESS OF DISSIPATION OF EXCESS PORE WATER PRESSURE
CREATED BY THE LOADING (AND HENCE THE SETTLEMENT) IS ACCELERATED.
Sand Drain at Sea (Sea SD) Method
IMPROVEMENT PRINCIPLE-
Consolidation and Drainage

multiple sand piles are constructed under the seabed by using the specific sand piling barge. It
is one of the most typical vertical drain method executed at sea. In recent year, the piling barge
is moving towards bigger capacity, and now the specific barge with 12 pile drivers has become
the main force.
SCP Method at Sea
IMPROVEMENT PRINCIPLE
Compaction, Consolidation and Reinforcement
An improvement method whereby strong compacted sand piles are created in ground to form
composite ground at cohesive soil. This increases the shear resistant strength, and at the same
time, it stabilises early settlement to reduce the consolidation settlement rate. For sandy ground, it
increases the relative density, thus enhances the shear strength.
 Owing to the
persistent lack of space in Japan, it has become increasingly difficult to obtain space at disposal sites for
dredged soil. For this reason, systems such as the Pneumatic Flow Mixing Method have been developed to
recycle it as a value-added, lightweight high-strength material for use in reclamation work, or as backfill
behind bulkheads. Using this method, water-added dredged soil is mixed with cement slurry inside the
pipeline by means of turbulent flow generated during its transport. Aiming to further improve this method,
Penta-Ocean have developed the Pipe Mixing Method, which can realize more stabilized quality of treated
soil by equipping quantitative analysis instruments for cement supply. This method allows treatment of soil
dredged soil and reclamation work to be carried out simultaneously, eliminating the need for soil
improvement after completion of the reclamation process.