DUAL SLOPE INTEGRATING TYPE:

          Principle: Dual slope integrating type digital voltmeter has both +ve and -ve slope
during integration there by it averages the errors (or) noise that are present in the
environment.

Operation: The start pulse resets the counter to zero, the flip flop gives zero output and
keeps switch Si closed and Sr open by switch driver circuit. The integrator integrates in
+v direction when zero crossing just exceeds zero. The gate is open allowing the counter
to count the oscillator clock. When counter resets to maximum count for the next clock,
the counter resets to zero forcing the flip flop output to '1'. In this case, switch Si is open
and Sr is closed. Vr (reference voltage) is negative reference, now integrated by the
integrator with negative slope and the voltage crosses zero, the zero crossing detector
closes the gate, stopping the counter.

           The counts in the counter is proportional to 't2' ( time for integrating Vr (negative
slope) towards zero ) and is in-turn proportional to input voltage
Accumulated count
The integrated circuits used has an output
1
|V o|= RC V i T integrator
Where
Tintegrator is the period of integrator when Vi is connected to the integrator
The time period depends on the counter, to count a prefixed count, at the rate determined by the
clock. This ǀVoǀ is also the same when integration is being done for the second time with Vref
connected to the integrator.
 1 V ref
|V o|= [ ][ ]
C R
T discharge

For a 5-decade counter

105
T integrator=
fc

Accumulated counts∈the counter

T discharge =
fc

Where
fc= clock frequency
∴ Accumulated counts must be equals
Vi
Accumulated counts=
[ ]
V ref
10 5

V¿ V ref
[ ]
RC
T integrator = [ ]T
RC discharge

V ¿ 10 5 V ref Accumulated count

[ ] [ ]
RC f c
=
RC fc

Thus
Vi 5
Accumulated count= 10
V ref