Experiment: 1 Date:

Familiarization of operational amplifier - Inverting amplifier, Non inverting

amplifier, Adder, Integrator, Comparator.
Aim:

1. To design and set up inverting amplifier, non inverting amplifier, adder, integrator and
comparator circuits using IC 741.
2. To plot the frequency response of integrator circuit.

Components required:

IC 741, Resistors, Capacitors

Theory:

INVERTING AMPLIFIER

This is the most widely used circuit of all the Op-amp circuits. The output V0 is fed back to
the inverting input through the Rf – Rin network as shown in figure where Rf is the feedback
resistor. The input signal Vi is applied to the inverting input terminal through Rin and non-
inverting input terminal of Op-amp is grounded.The output V0 is given by

Where, the gain of amplifier is

The negative sign indicates a phase-shift of 180 degrees between Vi and V0. The effective
input impedance is Ri. An inverting amplifier uses negative feedback to invert and amplify a
voltage. The Rin,Rf resistor network allows some of the output signal to be returned to the
input. Since the output is 180° out of phase, this amount is effectively subtracted from the
input, thereby reducing the input into the operational amplifier. This reduces the overall gain
of the amplifier and is dubbed negative feedback

Circuit Diagram: (left side)

 Pin Configuration: (left side)

Tabulation: (left side)

Vi=2Vpp

Rin= 1K

Input and output Waveforms: (left side)

NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER

The circuit diagram of non inverting amplifier is shown in figure. Here , the signal is applied to the
non inverting input terminal and feedback is given to inverting terminal. The circuit amplifies the
input signal without inverting it. The output Vout is given by

The voltage gain is given by

A=

Compared to the inverting amplifier, input resistance of non inverting amplifier is extremely large

Circuit Diagram: (left side)

Tabulation: (left side)

Vi=2Vpp
Ri= 1K

Input and output Waveforms: (left side)

ADDER

This is one of the liner applications of the Op-Amp. A circuit whose output is the sum of several
input signals is called a summer. Shown in fig.1 is an inverting summer. The output is

Where Rf = R1 =R2, then

V0 = - (V1+V2)
That is, the output is an inverted sum of the inputs.

Circuit Diagram: (left side)

R1=R2=Rf=1K

Tabulation: (left side)

Input and output Waveforms: (left side)

INTEGRATOR
In an integrator circuit, the output voltage is integral of the input signal. The output voltage of an
integrator is given by

At low frequencies the gain becomes infinite, so the capacitor is fully charged and behaves like
an open circuit. The gain of an integrator at low frequency can be limited by connecting a
resistor in shunt with capacitor.

Circuit Diagram: (left side)

Design (left side)

Choose
Where T= time period of the input signal
Assume and find
Select =10

Input and Output Waveforms (left side)

Tabulation: (left side)

frequency Output Voltage Gain(Vo/Vin)

COMPARATOR

The circuit diagram shows an op-amp used as a comparator. A fixed reference voltage
Vref is applied to the (-) input, and the other time – varying signal voltage Vin is applied to the (+)
input; Because of this arrangement, the circuit is called the non-inverting comparator. Depending
upon the levels of Vin and Vref, the circuit produces output. In short, the comparator is a type of
analog-to-digital converter. At any given time the output waveform shows whether Vin is greater
or less than Vref. The comparator is sometimes also called a voltage-level detector because, for a
desired value of Vref, the voltage level of the input Vin can be detected.

Circuit Diagram: (left side)

Tabulation: (left side)

Vin pp=10V
Vref=0V, -2V, +2V

Procedure:

1. Collect and check the components.

2. Connect the circuits as shown in figure.
3. Apply the corresponding input signal and observe the output signal.
4. For frequency response vary the input frequency and note the corresponding output
voltage to find the gain.
5. Plot the input and output waveforms.

Results and Inference: